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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
microscopy methods
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unstained
simple/special stains immunofluorescence electron |
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unstained
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protozoa/helmeths in fecal matter
bacteria/yeast in vaginal discharge bacteria in urine |
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simple/special stains
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gram stain - bacterial cell wall info, shape, low sensitivity, CSF, pus
Ziehl-Neelsen stain - the most common staining technique used to identify acid-fast bacteria; Bacteria are stained bright red and stand out clearly against a blue background. Mycobacterium spp. |
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immunofluorescence
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technique allowing the visualization of a specific protein or antigen in cells or tissue sections by binding a specific antibody chemically conjugated with a fluorescent dye such as fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)
examined under a fluorescene microscope detects RSV, Parainfluenza virus, Legionella, Gardia intestinalis |
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immunoflurescence staining mathods
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direct immunoflurescence staining in which the primary antibody is labeled with fluorescence dye
indirect immunofluorescence staining in which a secondary antibody labeled with fluorochrome is used to recognize a primary antibody |
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electron microscopy
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detects many viruses
negative staining technique very high powers |
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culture methods
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agar - gelantinous substance derived from seaweed, can be mixed with proteins or blood
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media types
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enrichment
selective indicator |
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enrichment media type
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amplify an organisms growth, may meutralize toxins, useful with streptococcus and haemophililus influenza
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selective media type
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ID one pathogen mixed with others, may have antibiotics mixed, useful with Streptococcus pyogenes, Salmonella, Neisseria gonorrhea
-blood agar (used in a strep test) becomes transparent in the presence of hemolytic Streptococcus - Hekloen Enteric (HE) which is selective for Gram-negative bacteria - Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) is selective for Gram-positive bacteria |
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indicator
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differential media or indicator media distinguish one microorganism type from another growing on the samne media. Uses the biochemical characteristics of a microorganism growing in the presence of specific nutrients or indicators such as phenol red or methylene blue will visibly indicate the defining characteristics of a microorganism
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typing methods
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biotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility, serotyping, bacteriophage, bacteriocin
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biotyping
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specific biochemical reactions, colony morphology, environmental tolerances, rarely has enough discriminatory power for use as the sole epidemiologic marker
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antimicrobial susceptibility typing
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compares profiles of isolates to a panel of antibiotics, problem is that closely related species can acquire new resistances readily
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serotyping
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antibiotics may be raised against a number of bacterial surface structures (e.g. capsule, outer membrane proteins, flagellae); historically, serotyping has been poorly reproducible, but it has improved as monoclonal antibodies are being used
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bacteriophage typing
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type bacteriophage (viruses of bacteria) infect certain strains, but not others; it was the standard means of typing Salmonella and Staph aureus strains until recently; drawbacks; technically tricky, need to maintain a valid stock of phages, many stains mom-typable
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bacteriocin typing
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bacterial toxins uniquely active against some members of a species; has been used for Pseudomonas aeruginosa; same drawbacks as bacteriophage methods bacteriocin
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