Hhd Unit 2 Outcome 3

Front 1

What are the different classifications of the stages of adulthood?

Back 1

Early Adulthood - 19-41

Middle Adulthood - 41-64

Late Adulthood - 65-death

Front 2

Early Adulthood Physical Development

Back 2

-Maximum adult height is reached.

-Cells continue to divide for the replacement, repair and maintenance of body tissue, rather than for growth.

-Peak bone mass is achieved. Normal ageing is accompanied by the loss of bone tissue throughout the body, which begins in the late 30s.

-Sensory organs are at their sharpest.

-Muscular strength reaches its peak.Reflexes of the nervous system are at their peak.

- It is usually in early adulthood that women go through childbearing, and their reproduction system and bodies will change physically to carry out this function.

Front 3

Early Adulthood Social Development

Back 3

-Career development

-Selecting a life partner

-Managing a home

-Start family

Front 4

Early Adulthood Intellectual Development

Back 4

-Increase in knowledge and the ability to think and reason.

-Attending university or training programs usually involves learning the skills and acquiring the knowledge for their chosen career or job

- Taught the necessary skills and information essential to carrying out their tasks in workplace

Front 5

Early Adulthood Emotional Development

Back 5

-The availability of good role models at work, at home and in the community will help to foster an individual’s self-concept, thus impacting their emotional development.

-Parents not only provide role models for their children, they also need to provide the necessary support and encouragement

-Forming and maintaining relationships, in particular intimate relationships

-Formulating an identity and developing a sense of self

Front 6

Middle Adulthood Physical Development

Back 6

-Bone density is lost.

-The metabolic rate decreases and fat deposits accumulate.

-The number of active cells decreases, leading to decreased need for energy.

-The cardiovascular system goes through significant structural changes as it ages.

-The heart muscle stiffens from tissue changes. -The circulatory system becomes less efficient. The walls of the arteries harden as a result of calcification of the arterial walls and the replacement of elastic fibres with less-elastic fibres.-Sense of hearing declines.

-Eyesight starts to deteriorate.

-Wrinkles start to appear due to loss of skin elasticity.

-Greying of hair occurs due to loss of pigmentation. Hair can also start to thin in both men and women.

-Women experience menopause as they move from the reproductive to the non-reproductive phase of their life.

-Males experience a slight decease in the production of sperm and testosterone.

Front 7

Middle Adulthood Intellectual Development

Back 7

-Increased ability to think and reason

-Development of knowledge and skills

-Improved problem solving and information processing

-Maturity/wisdom increase

Front 8

Middle Adulthood Emotional Development

Back 8

-Self concept/acceptance of who you are

-The way individual copes with success/fail

-Relationship, job, parenthood (influences)

-Accepting and adjusting to ageing

Front 9

Middle Adulthood Social Development

Back 9

-Relate to spouse/partner

-Childcare (grandchildren/children)

-Career achievements

-Significant friendships and social groups

Front 10

Late Adulthood Physical Development

Back 10

-Body systems experience a continued and gradual weakening and decline.

-Eyesight, hearing, taste, smell and touch all become less acute.

-By the age of 65, the average adult has experienced a 60 to 70 per cent decline in aerobic capacity.

-The spine starts to compact, causing older adults to lose height.

-The proportion of fat on the body increases and muscle tone decreases, thus changing the shape and appearance of the body.

-Weight can vary from weight gain to weight loss depending on individual circumstances such as level of activity, level of health and the impact of certain physical changes on the adult’s ability to eat and enjoy food.

-Rate of cell replacement slows down and some cells stop being replaced altogether. Healing times after an injury become slower.

-Bone density continues to decline.

-Muscular strength, ability and endurance decline

-Teeth deteriorate and gums recede.

-Eyelids thicken and eye sockets appear more hollow.

-Hair continues to lose pigmentation (go grey) and thin.

-Facial hair grows on women.

-Skin continues to lose elasticity, creating more wrinkles. It becomes thinner and age spots appear.

-For men, the prostate gland enlarges and becomes stiffer, and may obstruct the urinary tract.

Front 11

Late Adulthood Intellectual Development

Back 11

-Decline in the ability to process information

-Intellectual abilities decline around 70yrs

-Knowledge/memory/reaction times decline

Front 12

Late Adulthood Emotional Development

Back 12

-Transition from work to retirement

-Change in routine

-Loneliness

-Adjusting to decreased physical ability

-Loss of spouse (mourning/grieving)

Front 13

Late Adulthood Social Development

Back 13

-Retirement

-Loss of social contact

-Deciding what to do with extra time

-Travelling/volunteering/community activities

-Reestablishing relationship with partner

Front 14

List the 4 Biological Determinants

Back 14

Genetics, body weight, blood pressure, blood cholesterol

Front 15

Genetics

Back 15

- Rating and timing of development (menopause)
- Genetic conditions (Alzheimer's, Huntington's)

Front 16

Body Weight

Back 16

The body weight of adults is largely determined by the combination of genes that are inherited from the biological parents as well as lifestyle and behaviours such as physical activity levels and food habits.

Front 17

Blood Pressure

Back 17

Blood pressure can increase with exercise or exertion. Elevated blood pressure is a concern when the pressure remains high while at rest because this might indicate the heart is being overworked and the arteries have increased stress on the arterial walls.

Front 18

Blood Cholesterol

Back 18

It produces hormones, assists with digestion through the production of bile acids and is an essential component of cell membranes. Cholesterol is found in higher concentrations in the brain and nervous system.

Front 19

LDL Cholesterol

Back 19

Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol increases risk of heart disease by forming plaques on artery walls and blockage of the blood vessels

Front 20

HDL Cholesterol

Back 20

High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol can help unclog arteries by removing excess LDLs out of the cells and protects against heart disease

Front 21

Menopause

Back 21

A decrease in the female hormones after menopause may lead to the thinning of the bones (osteoporosis) and an increased risk of bone fractures, as well as an increase in the risk of heart attack, heart disease, high blood pressure and stroke.

Front 22

Alzheimer's

Back 22

P- Malnutrition, ill health (lack of hygiene)

M - Memory lapses, depression

S - Lack ability to maintain relationships, inability to hold conversation

Front 23

Huntington's

Back 23

Huntington’s disease causes the death of cells in certain areas of the brain, resulting in a gradual loss of intellectual, physical and emotional capacities.

P - malnutrition

M - depression

S - inappropriate social behaviours

Front 24

Genetic Predisposition

Back 24

Greater risk of developing particular diseases due to inheriting an altered gene

Front 25

Cancer

Back 25

Non-cancerous cells in the body grow and multiply in an orderly way. Changed genes can result in cells behaving abnormally and growing into a cancerous tumour.

Front 26

Type 2 Diabetes

Back 26

Symptoms: extreme tiredness, excessive thirst, blurred vision, increased risk of infections.

- Poor diet, smoking and lack of physical activity significantly increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, another risk factor is genetics

Front 27

List the 7 Behavioural Determinants

Back 27

Sun protection, smoking, alcohol and drug use, sexual practises, physical activity, food intake.

Front 28

Sun Protection

Back 28

P - blistering, headaches, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, severe pain, sun protection prevent risk of skin cancer.

M- if skin cancer contracted - sadness, anxiety, anger and a sense of helplessness about the future.

S - sufferers also experience a sense of loneliness and isolation

Front 29

Tobacco Smoking

Back 29

P - reduced physical endurance, increased risk of lung infections, increased risk of miscarriage in pregnant women who smoke.

Tobacco smoking has an enormous impact on the morbidity and mortality rates, Single most preventable cause of ill-health and death

Front 30

Physical Activity

Back 30

P - improves fitness, reduces risk of type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and premature death, helps control weight

M - reduces depression and anxiety, promotes mental wellbeing

S - physical activity can be done in groups, part of a gym community or a team

Front 31

Food Intake

Back 31

Food contains a range of nutrients that are important for the health and individual human development of adults. Rather than for growth, nutrients for the maintenance of body tissue are important for adults.

Front 32

Alcohol Use

Back 32

P - cirrhosis of the liver, elevation of LDL cholesterol and blood pressure

M - depression, anxiety, sleep disorders

S - impact the individual’s capacity to interact with others

Front 33

Drug Use

Back 33

P - damage to body organs (liver, throat, brain, lungs, stomach), blood-borne diseases such as hepatitis B or C and HIV/AIDS (sharing needles)

M - common to feel low after using some drugs (including alcohol) - due to drug or what happened whilst using

S - family breakdown and conflict between friends and partners

Front 34

Sexual Practises

Back 34

Sexual practices refer to the ways in which individuals experience and express their sexuality. Decisions made about sexual practices during adulthood are a continuation of the decisions and experiences made during youth, especially those made during early adulthood when selecting or attracting a partner is a major developmental milestone.

Front 35

Financial Stress

Back 35

P - migraine or tension, headaches, heart problems

M - insomnia or other sleep disorders, anxiety, anger and irritability, memory lapses

S - strain on relationships with family/friends, may feel isolated and have reduced opportunities for socialisation

Front 36

List the 4 Physical Environment Determinants

Back 36

Housing, access to healthcare, workplace safety, neighbourhood safety

Front 37

Housing

Back 37

A house provides shelter and protects adults from the outside environment, including any physical dangers.

- financial stress

Front 38

Workplace Safety

Back 38

P - injury, (due to severity) may not be able to partake in physical activity leading to decrease of muscle mass/bone strength

M - stress and anxiety associated with a long-term workplace injury may lead to post-traumatic stress disorder and depression

S - pain may impact on capacity to maintain relationships with others, reliance on family and friends may result in greater bonds.

Front 39

Neighbourhood Safety

Back 39

Feeling safe alone at home, walking alone at night in their neighbourhood, or taking public transport at night alone.

Front 40

Access to Health Care

Back 40

As morbidity and mortality rates increase with age, it is important for adults to have access to appropriate health services for the purpose of preventing disease, screening for disease or treating illness.

Front 41

List the 9 Social Determinants

Back 41

Media, education/employment/income, workplace, community belonging, living arrangements, social support, family, work/life balance

Front 42

The Media

Back 42

Internet (social media), promotion platform, newspapers, radio (music), magazines (models).

Front 43

Level of Education, Employment Status, Income

Back 43

Associated with: higher paid employment, which gives people the income needed to pay for resources that assist in promoting health and individual human development. Education also provides individuals with the skills and knowledge required for maintaining a healthy lifestyle and for gaining access to the appropriate health services.

Front 44

The workplace

Back 44

The working relationship that an adult has with colleagues has a significant impact on their health and individual human development.

Front 45

Community Belonging

Back 45

These activities enable adults to interact with other people from a diverse range of backgrounds.

- volunteering etc

Front 46

Living Arrangements

Back 46

Living arrangements refer not only to the type of accommodation that an adult lives in but also to the number of people living together and the relationships between them. The living arrangements of adults depend on family composition and lifespan stage.

- retirement, living with parents

Front 47

Social Support

Back 47

Make up the social network of the person and provide support in a variety of forms such as the provision of information, practical assistance and emotional and financial help.

Front 48

Family

Back 48

Contraception, divorce, careers, increasing costs of living impact on family.

Front 49

Work/Life Balance

Back 49

Work–life balance refers to the working conditions of parents/carers being conducive to ensuring that the social and emotional needs of all family members are being met as well as enabling adults to pursue their own recreational/leisure activities.

Front 50

Protective factors

Back 50

Protective factors enhance the likelihood of positive outcomes and lessen the likelihood ofnegative consequences from exposure to risk.

Front 51

Risk factors

Back 51

Risk factors are conditions or variables associated with a lower likelihood of positive outcomes and a higher likelihood of negative or socially undesirable outcomes.

Front 52

Health Status

Back 52

An individual's or a population's overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors.

Front 53

Differences between females/males health status

Back 53

Males - risk taking, prone to prostate cancer, suicide rates much higher than for females early adulthood

Females - prone to breast cancer, live longer as they seek help more efficiently, higher risk of dementia in late adulthood

Front 54

Similarities between females/males health status

Back 54

Leading cause of death early adulthood is suicide,

Front 55

Causes of mortality in early, middle, late adulthood

Back 55

Accidental poisoning, heart disease, car accidents for males, breast cancer, suicide

Front 56

Causes of morbidity in early, middle, late adulthood

Back 56

Mental disorders and nervous-system/sense disorders

Front 57

Burden of disease

Back 57

A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries - specifically measuring the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. Measured by DALYS.

Front 58

Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY)

Back 58

A measure of burden of disease, one DALY = one year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease or injury.

Front 59

Years of Life Lost (YLL)

Back 59

A measure of how many years of health are lost due to premature death.

Front 60

Years Lost Due to Disability (YLD)

Back 60

A measure of how many healthy life years are lost due to disability, illness or injury.

Front 61

Life expectancy

Back 61

An indication of how long a person can expect to live, it is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates do not change.

Front 62

Physical development

Back 62

Changes to the body and its systems. These can be changes of size, complexity, and motor skills.

Front 63

Incidence

Back 63

Refers to the number or rate of new cases of a disease/condition in a population during a given time.

Front 64

Prevalence

Back 64

The number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population during a given time.

Front 65

Intellectual development

Back 65

Refers to both the processes that occur within the brain and to increasing complexity of the brain.

- knowledge, language, memory, thought patterns, creativity/imagination

Front 66

Emotional development

Back 66

Developing the full range of emotions and learning appropriate ways of dealing with and expressing these emotions.

- self-concept, awareness of emotions,management of emotions, management of emotions, expression of emotions

Front 67

Social development

Back 67

The increasing complexity of behaviour patterns used in relationships with other people.

- behaviours, social roles, values/beliefs, communication skills, relationship skills

Front 68

Physical health

Back 68

Relates to the efficient functioning of the body and its systems, and includes the physical capacity to perform tasks and physical fitness.

Front 69

Mental health

Back 69

A state of wellbeing in which the individual realises his/her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully and is able to make contribution to his/her community.

Front 70

Social health

Back 70

Relates to being able to interact with others and participate in the community in both an independent and cooperative way.

Front 71

Individual Human Development

Back 71

The series of orderly, predictable changes that occur from conception until death.

Front 72

Health

Back 72

A complete series of physical, social and mental wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.