Hhd Definitions

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Behavioural determinants

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Actions or patterns of living of an individual or a groupthat impact on health, such as smoking, sexual activity,participation in physical activity, eating practices.

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Bilateral aid

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Where aid is given by one country directly to another. Anexample of bilateral aid is when Australia provides aid toEast Timor.

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Biological determinants

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Factors relating to the body that impact on health, suchas genetics, hormones, body weight, blood pressure,cholesterol levels.

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Biomedical model of health

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Focuses on the physical or biological aspects of diseaseand illness. It is a medical model of care practised bydoctors and health professionals and is associated withthe diagnosis, cure and treatment of disease.

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Burden of disease

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A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries. Specifically, it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. Burden of disease is measured in a unit called the Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY).

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Determinants of health

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‘Factors that raise or lower a level of health in a populationor individual. Determinants of health help to explain orpredict trends in health and why some groups have betteror worse health than others.’ (AIHW, 2006). Determinantscan be classified in many ways such as biological,behavioural, physical environment and social.

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Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY)

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A measure of burden of disease, one DALY equals oneyear of healthy life lost due to premature death and timelived with illness, disease or injury

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Emergency aid

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The rapid assistance given to people or countries inimmediate distress to relieve suffering, during and afterman-made emergencies such as wars and naturaldisasters such as flood, tsunami or earthquake. The termemergency aid can also be called ‘humanitarian aid’.

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Food security

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‘The state in which all persons obtain nutritionally adequate, culturally appropriate, safe food regularly through local non-emergency sources.’ (VicHealth, 2008)

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Global health

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The health of populations in a worldwide context that go beyond the perspectives and concerns of individual countries. Global health is about an international collaborative approach to achieving equity in health for all people worldwide.

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Health

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‘A complete state of physical, social and mental wellbeing,and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.’ (WHO,1946)

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Health Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE)

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A measure of burden of disease based on life expectancy at birth, but including an adjustment for time spent in poor health. It is the number of years in full health that a person can expect to live, based on current rates of ill health and mortality.

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Health status

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‘An individual’s or a population’s overall health, taking intoaccount various aspects such as life expectancy, amountof disability and levels of disease risk factors.’ (AIHW,2008)

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Human development

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Creating an environment in which people can developto their full potential and lead productive, creative livesin accord with their needs and interests. It is aboutexpanding people’s choices and enhancing capabilities(the range of things people can be and do), having accessto knowledge, health and a decent standard of living, andparticipating in the life of their community and decisionsaffecting their lives. (Adapted from the UN DevelopmentProgramme, 1990)

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Human Development Index

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A tool developed by the United Nations to measureand rank countries’ levels of social and economicdevelopment. It provides a single statistic based on threedimensions – health, education and living standards, andfour indicators – life expectancy at birth, mean years ofschooling, expected years of schooling and gross nationalincome per capita. (UN Development Programme, 2011)

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Life expectancy

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‘An indication of how long a person can expect live, itis the number of years of life remaining to a person at aparticular age if death rates do not change.’ (AIHW, 2008)

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Mental dimensions of health

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‘State of well-being in which the individual realises his orher own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life,can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make acontribution to his or her community.’ (WHO, 2009)

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Morbidity

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‘Refers to ill health in an individual and the levels of illhealth in a population or group.’ (AIHW, 2008)

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Mortality strata

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The World Health Organization classifies countries into fivemortality strata based on the mortality rates of childrenunder five years of age and adult males aged 19-59. Thefive strata are:Mortality strata A – very low child mortality and very lowadult mortality.Mortality strata B – low child mortality and low adultmortality.Mortality strata C – low child mortality and high adultmortality.Mortality strata D – high child mortality and high adultmortality.Mortality strata E – high child mortality and very highadult mortality.

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Multilateral aid

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Where aid is provided through an internationalorganisation, such as the World Bank, United Nationsor World Health Organization. Multilateral aid combinesdonations from a number of countries and then distributesthem to the recipients.

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National Health Priority Areas (NHPAs)

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A collaborative initiative endorsed by the Commonwealthand all state and territory governments. The NHPAinitiative seeks to focus the health sector’s attention ondiseases or conditions that have a major impact on thehealth of Australians. The NHPAs represent the diseasegroups with the largest burden of disease and potentialcosts (direct, indirect and intangible) to the Australiancommunity.

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Non-government organisation (NGO) aid

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NGOs take different approaches to aid, which includespecific projects or programs, emergency aid,volunteering, education and development. The aidprovided by NGOs often focus on communities.

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Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion

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An approach to health development by the World HealthOrganization which attempts to reduce inequalities inhealth. The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion wasdeveloped from the social model of health and defineshealth promotion as ‘the process of enabling people toincrease control over, and to improve, their health’ (WHO1998). The Ottawa Charter identifies three basic strategiesfor health promotion, which are enabling, mediating, andadvocacy

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Physical dimension of health

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dimension of health Relates to the efficient functioning of the body and its systems, and includes the physical capacity to perform tasks and physical fitness.

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Physical environment

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Physical environment The physical surroundings in which we live, work and play. The physical environment includes water and air, workplaces, housing, roads, nature, schools, recreation settings and exposure to hazards.

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Prevalence

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‘The number or proportion of cases of a particular diseaseor condition present in a population at a given time.’(AIHW, 2008)

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Social determinants

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Aspects of society and the social environment that impacton health, such as poverty, early life experiences, socialnetworks and support.

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Social development

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The increasing complexity of behaviour patterns used inrelationships with other people.

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Social dimensions of health

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Being able to interact with others and participate in thecommunity in both an independent and cooperative way.

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Social model of health

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A conceptual framework within which improvementsin health and wellbeing are achieved by directingeffort towards addressing the social, economic andenvironmental determinants of health. The model is basedon the understanding that in order for health gains tooccur, social, economic and environmental determinantsmust be addressed.

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Sustainability

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‘... meeting the needs of the present withoutcompromising the ability of future generations to meettheir own needs.’ (UN, 1987)

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Under-five mortality rate

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‘The number of deaths of children under five years of ageper 1000 live births.’ (WHO, 2008)

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Values that underpin Australia’s health system

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The values are effective, efficient, responsive, accessible,safe, continuous, sustainable.

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Youth

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Twelve to eighteen years of age; however, it should be acknowledged that classifications for the stage of youth can differ across agencies.