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242 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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A cut along the median plane (ventral to dorsal); cuts the body into left and right,
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Sagittal
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Sagittal is from "sagitta" (arrow). Relate this to being shot through with an arrow.
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A cut along the frontal section; cuts the body into anterior and posterior sections.
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Coronal
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Coronal is from "crown" and the cut goes from ear to ear--visualize a tiara.
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A cut through the middle of the body; cuts body into superior and inferior portions.
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Transverse
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When you get hit by a Trans(verse)Am, it tends to split you in half in the middle.
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This body cavity includes the cranial and spinal cavities.
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Dorsal cavity
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Imagine having a dorsal fin coming out of your spine.
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This body cavity includes the orbits and the nasal, oral, thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
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Ventral cavity
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A ventilator goes in your mouth, therefore ventral relates to anything on *this* side of your body.
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Study of tissues
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Histology
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Someone who's sobbing "histerically" probably needs tissues.
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Group of cells that act together to perform specific functions
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Tissue
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What are the four fundamental tissues of the body?
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Epithelial
Connective Muscle Nerve |
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Type of tissue that covers, lines and protects the body and its internal organs
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Epithelial tissue
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Epi = on
Thelium = the nipple (the milk ducts are lined with epithelial tissue) |
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Type of tissue that is the framework of the body, providing support and structure for the organs
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Connective tissue
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Type of tissue that is composed of neurons and connective tissue cells that are called neuroglia.
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Nerve tissue
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Type of tissue that has the ability to contract and shorten; it is classified as voluntary or involuntary.
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Muscle tissue
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Type muscle tissue that is voluntary
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skeletal muscle tissue
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Types of muscle tissue that are involuntary
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smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
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Basic unit of life; building block of tissues and organs
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Cell
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_______ include enzymes that regulate all chemical reactions in the body.
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Proteins
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Where does meiosis take place?
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In the gonads
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Meiosis is the "lessening process" The process of reducing the number of chromosomes from diploid (two copies of each chromosome) to haploid (a single copy of each). Necessary for the production of egg or sperm cells.
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Mucous, serous, synovial and cutaneous are membranes primarily composed of _____________ tissue.
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Epithelial
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____________ is replaced by bone during embryonic development.
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Cartilage
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__________ is mainly found in joints, the thorax and various rigid tubules (e.g. trachea).
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Cartilage
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What is the body's largest organ?
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Skin
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Layer of skin that rests on the subcutaneous tissue that connects the skin to superficial muscles.
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Dermis
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Name the layers of the epidermis from the outer layer to the inner layer
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Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Spinosum Stratum Basale (Sometimes the Spinosum and Basale are referred to collectively as the Stratum Germinativum) |
Stratum = Layer
Corneum-horny Lucidum-clear Granulosum-granular Spinosum-spiny Basale-base |
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What is the layer of epidermis where mitosis occurs
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Stratum Basale (Stratum Germinativum)
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Cells go through mitosis and "germinate" in the Germinativum
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What is the protein pigment that protects against the sun's radiation?
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Melanin
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What is the layer of skin composed of fibrous connective tissue with blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, hair follicles and glands?
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Dermis
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What are the two types of sweat glands?
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Eccrine
Apocrine |
Eccrine means "to pour out"
Apocrine means "to secrete or seep out" |
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Which type of sweat gland regulates body temperature by releasing a watery secretion that evaporates from the surface of the skin?
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Eccrine
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Sweat pours from the eccrine glands
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Which type of sweat gland is mainly found in the groin and armpit areas and contains a bit of cytoplasm in the secretion?
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Apocrine
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Oily sweat seeps from the apocrine glands
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The ________ ________ skeleton is made up of the pelvic girdle (os coxae) and the lower extremities.
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Lower appendicular
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Something appended to something larger...
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List the bones of the os coxae (pelvic girdle).
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Ilium, Ischium, and pubis
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os = bone
coxae = hip |
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Muscle contraction results from the sliding of what TWO filaments within the muscle cell or fiber?
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Actin
Myosin |
Powered by ATP!
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What are myofibrils made up of?
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Sarcomeres
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Sarco = Flesh
Meros = Part |
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What must be present for muscles to contract?
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ATP and Calcium
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Adenosine '5 Triphosphate (ATP) is continually recycled, and transports chemical energy within cells.
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Muscles that work in coordination with primary movers are called ______.
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Synergists.
A true synergist muscle is one that only neutralizes an undesired joint action, whereas a helping synergist is one that neutralizes an undesired action but also assists with the desired action. |
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Muscles that reduce the angle at a joint are called what?
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Flexors
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Flexors in the upper arm include:
Biceps brachii |
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Muscles that increase the angle at a joint are called what?
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Extensors
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Think of the extensor digitorum... Without it, you can't give the single-finger salute!
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The _____ system is made up of the brain, spinal cord and nerves.
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nervous
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What are the main parts of a neuron?
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Soma (cell body)
Dendrite ("hairs") Axon |
Some (rare) neuron types may lack an axon, others lack dendrites, but all have a soma. A soma may give rise to no more than one axon.
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_______ of a neuron transmit impulses toward the body of the cell
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Dendrites
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A synapse typically occurs between the axon of one neuron (from) and the dendrite of another (toward the soma).
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_______ of a neuron transmits impulses away from the cell body
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Axon
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Dendrites receive impulses from axons and transmit toward the soma
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Name the two parts of the nervous system.
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
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The division of the nervous system that consists of all the nerves that transmit information to and from the central nervous system is called?
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PNS
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What are the two divisions of the PNS?
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Sensory (afferent) neurons
Motor (efferent) neurons |
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Neurons that transmit nerve impulses towards the CNS are called?
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Afferent neurons (sensor neurons)
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Neurons that carry impulses away from the CNS and toward the effector organs such as muscles, glands, and digestive organs are called?
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Efferent neurons (motor neurons)
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Name the major parts of the brain.
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Cerebrum
Cerebellum Medulla Oblongata |
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Name the part of the brain that is responsible for muscle coordination.
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Cerebellum
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Name the part of the brain that is associated with movement and sensory input.
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Cerebrum
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Movement takes thought--Cerebral activity takes place in the cerebrum
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Name the part of the brain that controls many vital functions such as respiration and heart rate.
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Medulla Oblongata
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Frequently sung to the tune of "Hakuna Matata!"
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How long is the spinal cord?
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18 inches
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The spine extends from the _________ ________ to _________
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foramen magnum
L1 or L2 |
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There are ____ pairs of spinal nerves that exit the spinal cord.
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31
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The reflexes in which nerve impulses travel through the spinal cord only (and don't reach the brain).
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Simple reflexes
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The impulses that enter the dorsal horns of the spinal cord.
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Sensory impulses
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Sensation is input
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The impulses that leave through the ventral horns of the spinal cord.
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Motor
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Motion is the output (response) to sensation.
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The system that assists the nervous system with homeostasis.
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Endocrine system
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The system that plays important roles in growth and sexual maturation
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Endocrine system
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The gland that governs the pituitary and is controlled by the feedback of hormones in the blood is the _______.
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Hypothalamus
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Chemical messengers that control growth, differentiation, and metabolism of specific target cells.
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Hormones
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What are the two major groups of hormones?
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Steroid
Protein |
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The hormones that enter the target cells and have direct effect are _____.
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Steroid hormones
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Steroid hormones can be placed into which five (six on a good day...) classes, determined by the receptors to which they bind:
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1. Glucocorticoids
2. Mineralocorticoids 3. Androgens 4. Estrogens 5. Pregestogens (6.) Vitamin D |
Steroid hormones help to control:
-Metabolism -Sexual maturation -Inflammation -Immune functions -Salt and water balance Usually synthesized from cholesterol in the gonads and adrenal glands. |
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The hormones that bind to the cell wall, and act through a second messenger (e.g. hydrophilic molecules like cAMP, IP3, cGMP; hydrophobic molecules like diacylglycerol, phosphatidylinositols, or; gases like NO, CO)
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Peptide (protein) hormones
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Some may function as neurotransmitters (neuropeptides) while some neurotransmitters function as hormones when released into the blood
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Hormones affect cell activity by altering the rate of ________.
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Cell metabolism
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What are the stages of hormonal signaling?
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1. Biosynthesis (particular hormone is produced in a particular tissue)
2. Storage and secretion 3. Transport to target cells 4. Recognition of the hormone by the target cell 5. Relay and amplification of the hormonal signal, leading to cellular response 6. Hormone degradation |
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The cortisol released from the adrenal cortex reduces _____, raises _______, and inhibits the release of ________. It also decreases__________.
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Body temperature
Blood glucose level (Gluconeogenesis in the liver) Histamine (Immune system supression--reduces inflammatory response) Bone formation |
Cortisol: Hydrocortisone, is a glucocorticoid, produced in the adrenal cortex in response to stress and low blood glucocorticoid levels.
Chronically elevated cortisol levels result in proteolysis (breakdown of proteins to amino acids) and muscle wasting. |
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The pituitary gland is also known as the _______________.
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Master gland.
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The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by the _______.
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Infundibular stalk (or infundibulum)
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Infundibulum = "Funnel"
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The two major portions of the pituitary gland are:
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Anterior Lobe (Adenohypophysis: pars distalis, pars tuberalis, and the pars intermedia)
Posterior Lobe (Neurohypophysis: pars nervosa and the infundibular stalk) |
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Hormones of the anterior lobe are:
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Growth hormone (GH)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Prolactin (PRL) |
GH: Promotes growth, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism
TSH: Secretion of thyroid hormones ACTH: Secretion of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids FSH: Growth of reproductive system LH: Sex hormone production PRL: Secretions of estrogens/progesterone; milk production. |
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Hormones of the posterior lobe are:
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Vasopressin (ADH, VP, AVP)
Oxytocin (OT) |
VP/ADH/AVP: Antidiuretic hormone, raises blood-pressure, induces male aggression.
OT: Stimulates uterine contractions and lactation. |
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Whole blood consists of ______% formed elements and ______% plasma. Plasma is made up of ____% water.
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45% formed elements (blood cells)
55% plasma, which is: 95% water |
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Name the three formed elements of blood.
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-Erythrocytes (RBC)
-Leukocytes (WBC) -Thrombocytes (Platelets) |
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How do you distinguish leukocytes?
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Size
Nucleus (shape, size, position) Granules Staining |
Size: Leukocytes range from 7 micrometers for small lymphocytes--the same size as an average thrombocyte--up to 60-68 micrometers for macrophages.
Nucleus: Present or absent, multi-lobed, bi-lobed, tri-lobed, eccentric, kidney-shaped. Granules: Present or absent, size, Granule staining: Azurophilic? H&E stain? |
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True or False: Leukocytes are active in phagocytosis and antibody formation.
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True.
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True or False: Platelets are not active in blood clotting.
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False.
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Blood serves to transport ________ and ________ to body cells and to carry away ____________ and ___________.
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Oxygen and nutrients
Carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes |
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The ____________ is the double- pump organ in the human body?
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Heart
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The heart sends blood to the lungs for _______. It comes back through the pulmonary circuit then through the ________ circuit.
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Oxygenation
Systemic |
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Blood returning to the heart is received by the _________ _______.
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Right atrium
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After the blood is received by the left atria, it is pumped back into circulation by the ________.
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Aorta.
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Name the valve on the right side of the heart.
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Tricuspid
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Name the valve on the left side of the heart.
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Mitral or Bicuspid
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__________ valves are found at the entrances of the pulmonary trunk and aorta.
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Semilunar
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Blood is supplied to the myocardium (heart muscle) by the __________.
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Coronary arteries.
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Blood drains from the myocardium directly into the right atrium through the __________.
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Coronary sinus.
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The hearts intrinsic beat is initiated by the _______.
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Sinoatrial (SA) node.
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Think: Sinus rhythm... Ese (SA) has rhythm!
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Device that measures the heart's wave of electrical activity.
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Electrocardiogram (ECG)
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The period from the end of one ventricular contraction to the end of the next ventricular contraction
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Cardiac cycle
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The phase of atrial contraction
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Atrial systole
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The stage of ventral contraction
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Ventral systole
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The phase of atrial relaxation
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Atrial diastole
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The phase of ventral relaxation
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Ventral Diastole
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___________ carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, under pressure.
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Arteries
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_________ carries "spent" blood towards the heart.
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Veins
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Microscopic vessels through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body.
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Capillaries
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The smallest arteries are called?
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Arterioles.
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As arteries get further away from the heart, they become _________.
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Smaller and narrower
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Large veins that empty into the right atrium of the heart
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Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava. |
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The walls of the _________ are thick, elastic and carry blood under high pressure.
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Arteries
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Vasoconstriction and vasodilation influence ________ ________ and blood distribution to the __________.
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Blood pressure
Tissues |
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Vasoconstriction and vasodilation result from the constriction and relaxation of _____ ______ in the arterial walls.
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Smooth muscle
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Walls of _________ are thinner and less elastic, and carry blood under lower pressure than arteries.
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Veins
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Name three mechanisms that help draw venous blood back to the heart.
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Pressure of skeletal muscle on veins
Expansion of chest during inhalation Valves in veins of legs keep blood from succumbing to gravity |
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Name all the components of the respiratory system.
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Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, diaphragm, muscles around the ribs, and alveoli.
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What part of the brain controls respiration?
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Medulla oblongata
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The exchange of gases between the atmosphere and blood through alveoli is called what?
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External respiration
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The exchange of gases between blood and body cells is called what?
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Internal respiration
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The upper respiratory tubules are lined with ________ to keep dirt and debris from entering the lungs.
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Cilia
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The smoker's song: "Oh say Cilia... You're breaking my heart...You're shaking my confidence daily!"
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The contraction of the diaphragm to enlarge the chest cavity and draw air into the lungs is __________.
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Inhalation
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The process during which the lungs recoil as the respiratory muscles relax and the thorax decreases in size is called ____________.
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Exhalation
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Apocrine glands secretions trap debris and bacteria causing ______.
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Odor
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Ape-ocrine glands make you smell like a monkey!
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Glands that release sebum through the hair follicles that lubricates the skin and prevents drying are ____________ glands.
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Sebaceous
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Oil is produced by ______ secretion.
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Holocrine
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Bones are classified by _______.
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Shape.
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What kind of bone has an irregular epiphysis at each end, is composed mainly of spongy bone, and a shaft (diaphysis) composed of compact bone?
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Long bone.
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Cells that form compact bone are called __________.
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Osteoblasts
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The axial skeleton consists of _____ bones of the skull.
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28
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There are _______ _______ and ______ ______ in the categorized axial skeleton.
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14 facial
14 cranium |
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List the 14 facial bones of the axial skeleton.
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2 nasal, 2 maxillary, 2 zygomatic, 1 mandibular, 2 palatine, 1 vomer, 2 lacrimal, 2 inferior nasal conchae.
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List the 14 cranial bones of the axial skeleton.
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occipital, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, and the ossicles of each ear (mallus, incus, stapes)
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The axial skeleton also holds ___ bones of the vertebral column.
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33
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How many cervical vertebrae are there in the human body?
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7
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How many thoracic vertebrae are there in the human body?
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12
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How many lumbar vertebrae are there in the human body?
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5
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How many sacral vertebrae are there in the human body?
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5
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What is another name for the tailbone?
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Coccygeal bone
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The part of the skeleton that houses girdles and limbs.
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appendicular skeleton
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The pectoral/shoulder girdle, clavicle, scapula, and upper extremity are housed in the _______ ______ skeleton.
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Upper appendicular
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Most of the oxygen carried in the blood is bound to ________ in red blood cells.
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hemoglobin
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regulator of blood pH
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carbon dioxide
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Name the accessory organs of the digestive system.
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salivary glands
liver gallbladder pancreas |
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Name the parts of the alimentary canal
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mouth, pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus |
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mechanical process of breaking down food with teeth and tongue
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mastication
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substance that lubricates and dilutes chewed food.
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saliva
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enzyme in saliva that starts the digestive process of complex carbs.
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amylase
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A ball of food
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bolus
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narrow tube leading from the pharynx to the stomach
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esophagus
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Name the four main layers of the digestive tract (inner to outer).
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mucous membrane
submucous layer muscular layer serous layer |
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After food enters the stomach, gastric glands secrete _______ ____ that breaks down food.
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hydrochloric acid
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The stomach churns and mixes the bolus, turning it into a soupy substance called _________.
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chyme
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The stomach regulates the movement of food into the ________ ________.
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small intestine
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Where does digestion and absorption of food occur?
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small intestine
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Digestion in the small intestine is acted on by enzymes from _______ and ________ and by bile from the ______.
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small intestine and pancreas
liver |
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The _____ contributes water to dilute chyme and bicarbonate ions to neutralize the acid from the stomach.
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pancreas
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Name the regions of the small intestine
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duodenum, jejunum, ileum
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Nutrients are absorbed through the wall of the ______________.
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small intestine.
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The amino acids and simple sugars derived from proteins and the carbohydrates are absorbed directly into the _______.
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blood
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Most fats are absorbed into the lymph by the ________.
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lacteals
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After fats are absorbed and added to the bloodstream, all nutrients enter the ________ _______ _______ to be routed to the _______ for decontamination.
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hepatic portal vein
liver |
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Small finger like projections that greatly increase surface area of the intestinal wall.
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villi
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Digestive organ that reabsorbs water as well as stores and eliminates undigested food
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large intestine
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abundant bacteria of the large intestine
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intestinal flora
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Name the parts of the large intestine
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ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus, cecum and appendix
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The opening for defecation is called the ______.
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Anus
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Name the parts of the urinary system.
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2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.
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The tubes that transport urine to the urinary bladder
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ureters
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The place where urine is stored in a human body
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urinary bladder
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How urine exits the body
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urethra
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Functional units of the kidneys
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nephrons
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Nephrons are small coiled tubules that filter waste material out of the blood brought to the kidney by the _______.
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renal artery.
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The filtration process occurs through the _______ in the Bowman's capsule of the nephron.
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glomerulus
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Filtration of the blood occurs under the force of _______ _________.
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blood pressure
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As the glomerular filtrate passes through the nephron, components needed by the body leave the nephron by ______ and re-enter the blood.
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diffusion
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Water is reabsorbed at the _______ of the nephron.
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tubules.
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What is the final product of the nephrons?
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Urine
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Two functions of the reproductive system are the production of ______ and the production of _______.
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gametes
hormones |
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Functions of the sex organs are under control by the ______ hormones.
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tropic
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Reproductive activity is _______ in women and _______ in men.
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cyclic
continuous |
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Where do spermatozoa develop?
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seminiferous tubules of testes
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The interstitial cells between the seminiferous tubules produce __________.
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testosterone.
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Hormone that influences sperm cell development, produces body hair and deep voice is called?
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testosterone
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Where are sperm stored
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Epididymis
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Pathway for sperm during ejaculation
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vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra.
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Glands that produce semen
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seminal vesicles, prostate gland, Cowpers gland
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Hormones that control testicular activity
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FSH and LH
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Hormone that stimulates sperm production
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FSH
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Hormone that stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone
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LH
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_________ produced by the follicle initiates the preparation of the endometrium of the uterus for pregnancy.
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Estrogen
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At day ___ of the cycle, LH is released from the _______ gland, which stimulates ovulation and the coversion of the follicle to the ________ ________.
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pituitary corpus luteum |
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What hormone is secreted by the corpus luteum
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Progesterone
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After ovulation, the egg is swept into the _________ ____________.
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fallopian tube
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If fertilization occurs, it occurs while the egg is in the ________.
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oviduct
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A fertilized egg is also known as a _______.
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zygote
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In the uterus, the developing embryo is nourished by the ________, which is formed by materials and embryonic tissues.
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placenta
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Cavity composed of the abdomen and pelvis.
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abdominopelvic cavity.
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movement of nutrients from the digestive tube into the bloodstream
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absorption
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Protein that makes up the I band of the sarcomere.
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actin
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Building blocks of proteins
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amino acids
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special proteins that protect the body from foreign substances
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antibody
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Adenosine triphosphate (the energy of the cell)
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ATP
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Upper chambers of the heart
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Atria
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Product of the liver that emulsifies fat.
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bile
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Tissue made up of cells and fibers that connect and support
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cartilage
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gland of the ear that produces earwax
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ceruminous gland
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bodies within the nucleus made of DNA and proteins called histones.
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chromosomes
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nervous system made up of the brain and spinal cord
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CNS
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Domed shaped breathing muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
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Diaphragm
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Movement of materials from high concentration to lower concentration
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diffusion
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Crescent shaped projection of gray matter within the spinal cord where sensory neurons enter the spinal cord.
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dorsal horn
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prenatal development time between zygote and fetus stages
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embryo
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inner lining of the uterus
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endometrium
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function protein, names usually end in -ase
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enzymes
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simple sugars found in certain foods, especially fruits
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glucose
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physiologic steady state that is naturally maintained by the body
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homeostasis
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portion of the brain that regulates body temperature, sleep, and appetite.
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hypothalamus
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articulates between adjoining bones
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joints
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Tough, fibrous, insoluble protein forming the primary component of skin, hair, nails and tooth enamel
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keratin
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dead cells of the epidermis
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keratinized epithelium
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found within the villi of the intestinal wall, where fat nutrients are absorbed
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lacteal vessel
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tissue connecting bone to bone
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ligaments
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Imaginary line dividing the body into left and right portions
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Median plane
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space within the thoracic cavity that houses all the organs of the chest except the lungs
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mediastinum
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thin sheets of tissue cells that line the body openings or canals that open to the outside of the body.
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mucous membrane
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protein that makes up nearly half of the proteins in muscle cells
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myosin
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mouth, a.k.a. buccal cavity
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oral cavity
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cavities surrounding the eyes
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orbits
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structurally discrete component of a cell that performs a specific function
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organelle
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measurement associated with acids and bases
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pH
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engulfing of materials by certain cells of the body
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phagocytosis
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liquid portion of the blood
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plasma
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blood flow through a network of vessels between the heart and the lungs for the oxygenation of blood and removal of carbon dioxide.
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pulmonary circulation
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organelle of the cell where protein synthesis takes place
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ribosome
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Imaginary line running from the front to back that divides the body into left and right sections
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saggital plane
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organelle of the muscle fiber that stores calcium
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sarcoplasmic reticulum
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What is the layer of tissue under the dermis that contains adipose tissue?
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Subcutaneous tissue
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Sweat glands are also known as what?
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sudiferous glands
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General blood circulation to the body, excluding the lungs.
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systemic circulation
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Another name for chest cavity.
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Thoracic cavity
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imaginary line that divides the body into top and bottom portions
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transverse plane
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narrowing of the diameter of a blood vessel
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vasoconstriction
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widening of the diameter of a blood vessel
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vasodilation
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serous membrane surrounding the heart
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pericardium
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actively mitotic layer of the epidermis
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stratum germinativum
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What is the total number of phalanges on a normal human body?
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56
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The flexor carpi ulnaris is located where?
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In the wrist.
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The largest gland in the human body
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Liver
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The largest internal organ in the body
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Liver
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Where is melanin produced in the epidermis?
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Stratum Basale
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What are sarcomeres primarily comprised of?
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Actin & Myosin
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5 primary types of leukocyte
(Bonus for two "secondary" types!) |
(Not Everyone Believes Like Me: Many Do)
-Neutrophils -Eosinophils -Basophils -Lymphocytes -Monocytes (-Macrophages) (-Dendritic cells) |
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