Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
174 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Name the three amphibian clades (scientific) |
Caudata, Anura, Gymnophiona |
|
Name the three amphibian clades (common name)
|
Salamanders, frogs & toads, caecilians |
|
Name the four reptilian clades (Scientific) |
Rhynchocephalia, Testudines, Crocodylia, Squamata |
|
Name the four reptilian clades (Common) |
Tuatara, Turtles, Crocodilia, Squamates |
|
What are the sublineages of Squamata |
Lizards and Snakes |
|
What are some major contributions of herpetology to the broader field of biology? |
Better understanding of tetrapod evolution, embryology, medicine (pregnancy test toads), toxinology |
|
Name several things that evolved so that animals could go on land. |
-Pectoral girdle/ head independance -Pelvic girdle articulating with sacrum (more mobility) -Proximal (closer to the trunk) limb bones very robust -Reduction in number of phalangeal bones -Skull more flattened (wide instead of tall) -Eyes more dorsal, kind of on the top of the head, (kind of like crocs eyes are first thing out of water) -From Feeding: suction → tongue/ jaws -Lungs → gills (early probably had both) -Modification of kidneys (change so you can keep water in your body while still eliminating waste) -Modification of other sensory structures like ears |
|
What are the 3 competing hypotheses for ancestors of extant herps? |
Temnospondyls, lepospondyls, dyphyly |
|
Which of the 3 hypotheses for ancestors of extant herps is most generally accepted? |
Temnospondyls |
|
All extant amphibian forms + Temnospondyls are part of a larger clade known as? |
Lissamphibia |
|
Distribution and diversity of Salamanders |
Mostly northern hemisphere, some in South/ Central America. ~9% of total amphibians. |
|
The retention of juvenile or larval characteristics in reproductive individuals. |
Paedomorphosis |
|
Progenesis |
Acceleration of sexual maturation relative to other development |
|
Neoteny |
Retardation of bodily development with the onset of reproductive activity |
|
Name the major salamander (Caudata) families |
Sirenidae, Cryptobranchidae, Amphiumidae, Plethodontidae, Salamandridae, Ambystomotidae |
|
Name some charachteristics of Sirenidae |
-Eel-like
-Lack pelvic girdle and hind limbs -Paedomorphic -External gills -Almost totally aquatic throughout lives -SE United States (4 species) -Some are well over a meter in length, some have keratinized beaks |
|
|
Sirenidae |
|
Name charachteristics of cryptobranchidae |
-Includes the largest species of amphibian in the world (Asian Giant Salamander) -Only lives in Northern Asia and Eastern US (hellbender) |
|
|
Cryptobranchidae |
|
Amphiumidae characteristics |
-Similar to sirens, eel-like -Have little nubs for fore and hind-limbs -Paedomorphic -SE US |
|
|
Amphiumidae |
|
Plethodontidae characteristics |
-Most diverse salamander group -Only one with measurable tropic diversity -Lungless, cutaneous respiration -Many are arboreal -They fill the niche in the east that lizards fill in the desert -~440 sp. |
|
|
Plethodontidae |
|
Salamandridae characteristics |
-Many commonly reffered to as newts -Plastic morphology, aquatic during the breeding season |
|
|
Salamandridae |
|
Ambystomatidae characteristics |
-Mole salamanders -Tiger salamander is in this family -Many have facultative metamorphosis -North America -~30 sp. |
|
Facultative metamorphosis |
Metamorphosis depends on the surrounding conditions. e.g. weather, food availability, predator presence |
|
Frogs & Toads (Anura) distribution and diversity |
Worldwide - particularly in tropics. ~88% of amphibians |
|
Name the Anura families of note |
Ascaphidae, Pipidae, Bufonidae, Hylidae, Dendrobatidae, Ranidae, Scaphipodidae |
|
Ascaphidae characteristics |
-Tailed frogs -Only found in cold streams of north America -Only 2 extant species |
|
Pipidae Characteristics |
-Highly aquatic -Lack tongues because they feed much like fish -Dorsal ventrally flattened to be more streamlined in the water -Lateral line system -Includes the pregnancy test frog |
|
|
Ascaphidae |
|
|
Pipidae |
|
Bufonidae characteristics |
-True toads -Lack teeth -Mostly terrestrial -Conspicuous skin glands to secrete bufotoxins (toadlicking) |
|
|
Bufonidae |
|
Hylidae characteristics |
-Probably not monophyletic -Many known as "tree frogs" -Often have adhesive disks on toes to help them stick to things |
|
|
Hylidae |
|
Dendrobatidae characteristics |
-Many reffered to as poison dart frogs -BUT not all species are toxic -Aposematic coloring -Complex parental care (Sometimes they will carry a tadpole on their back until they metamorphose) |
|
Aposematic coloring |
Warning coloration |
|
|
Dendrobatidae |
|
Ranidae characteristics |
-Not monophyletic -Extremely variable -Most US frogs are in this group |
|
|
Ranidae |
|
Scaphipodidae characteristics |
-Spade-foot toads -Fossorial -Explosive breeders (all breed at the same time) |
|
Fossorial |
Live underground |
|
|
Scaphipodidae |
|
Caecilians distribution and diversity |
Pan-tropical except madagascar and east of Wallace's line. ~3% of amphibians |
|
Wallace's line |
Line down through indonesia that seperates very different diversity on both sides |
|
Caecilians (gymnophiona) families of note |
Caecilidae, Typhlonectidae |
|
Scientific name for frogs and toads |
Anura |
|
Scientific name for caecilians |
gymnophiona |
|
Scientific name for salamanders |
Caudata |
|
Caecilidae characteristics |
-A catch-all group for common cacealians -Some look like giant vertebrate earthworms -~42 species |
|
Typhlonectidae characteristics |
-Aqautic cacealians -~13 species |
|
|
Caecilidae |
|
|
typhlonectidae |
|
Hormonally mediated |
Hormones are released at specific times which bring about specific changes in the animal |
|
What are some things thta can trigger hormonally mediated reproduction |
-rainfall -temp -photoperiod -food availability |
|
2 modes of fertilization |
External and internal |
|
Which fertilization mode is ancestral? |
External |
|
Amplexus |
male grasps onto female and they both release thier gametes simultaneaously |
|
Which fertilization is most common in anurans, rare in salamanders, and non-existant in caecilians? |
External |
|
What are some problems with external fertilization? |
Sperm competition and reduced fertilization rates |
|
Which family of frogs fertilizes internally? |
Ascaphidae (tailed frogs) |
|
T/F less than 50% of salamanders fertalize internally |
False >90% do |
|
Explain the way salamanders reproduce |
Males deposit a spermataphore in environment, sometimes elaborate courtship rituals are used to bring females to spermataphore, who picks it up and stores it in spermatheca (can be stored up to several months) |
|
Phalloderm |
extended cloaca that male caecilians can insert into females |
|
Explain the reproductive mode of caecilians |
-Most oviparous and lay eggs externally into environment -Some viviparous and young feed on maternal secretions in oviduct |
|
Oviparous |
lay eggs |
|
viviparous |
live birth |
|
Caudata reproductive mode |
-Almost all are oviparous -A few ovoviviparous |
|
ovoviviparous |
egg is held inside the body until it hatches, pseudo live birth |
|
T/F Anura reproductive strategies are the most diverse |
True |
|
Anura reproductive mode |
-vast majority are oviparous with eggs deposited in water |
|
Which of the three groups often lacks a larval stage? |
Caecilians |
|
Which of the 3 groups undergoes the greates metamorphosis? |
Anuran |
|
Which of the 3 groups larval stage is similar to adult stage? |
Caudata |
|
What are 3 transformations larval frogs undergo to become adults? |
No legs --> 4 legs Vegetarian --> predatory Gills --> Lungs |
|
Amnion |
Sac that surrounds the embryo and is full of fluid |
|
Chorion |
Sac for gas exchange |
|
Allantois |
Sac adjacent to embryo for waste storage |
|
Yolk sac |
provides nutrition |
|
______ characteristics used for classification of amniotes |
Skull |
|
Mammals are what skull class? |
Synapsids |
|
Synapsids |
one hole in the skull |
|
Turtles are what skull class? |
Anapsids |
|
Anapsids |
no hole |
|
All extant reptiles besides turtles are what skull class? |
diapsids |
|
diapsids |
two holes |
|
Why do they have holes in the skull? |
-allow for sensory organs like ears -reduce weight of skull |
|
Diapsida is split into what 2 main clades? |
Lepidosauromorpha and Archosauromorpha |
|
Lepidosauromorpha includes what extant groups? |
Rhynchocephalia and squamata |
|
Archosauromorpha includes what extant groups? |
Birds and Crocodiles |
|
Which hypothesis about where turtles fit in is most widely accepted and is backed up by morphology and genetics? |
they are the sister group to archosauromorpha's |
|
Distribution and diversity of turtles (testudines) |
Worldwide except high lat. or alt., 341 species |
|
What are the two major testudine clades? |
Pleurodira and cryptodira |
|
Pleurodira |
side-neck |
|
cryptodira |
hidden neck (neck retracts into shell) |
|
Testudine families of note |
Cheloniidae, Dermochelyidae, Emydidae, Testudinidae, Chelidae |
|
Cheloniidae characteristics |
-Sea turtles (not leatherbacks) -Fully marine |
|
|
Cheloniidae |
|
Dermochelyidae characteristics |
-Leatherbacks -Largest extant reptile by weight -Greatly reduced shell -A lot of brown fat |
|
Emydidae Characteristics |
-freshwater or semi-aquatic -Most US species |
|
|
Emydidae |
|
Testudinidae characteristics |
-Tortoises -Carapace is highly domed -Similar diversity to other families besides the sea turtles |
|
|
Testudinidae |
|
Chelidae charracteristics |
-Austro-american sideneck turtles -Aquatic -Highly diverse tropical group -Pleurodires |
|
|
Chelidae |
|
Rhynchocephalia distribution and diversity |
Islands of New Zealand, 1 genus, 1-2 species |
|
Rhynchocephalia families of note |
Sphenodontidae |
|
Sphenodontidae characteristics |
-Pineal eye with some evidence of functional sight |
|
|
Sphenodontidae |
|
Lizards distribution and diversity |
Everywhere except antarctica, ~6100 species |
|
Lizard families of note |
Agamidae, Chameleonidae, "iguanidae", Gekkonidae, Varanidae, Helodermatidae |
|
Agamidae characteristics |
-"dragons" -Ecological equivalent of iguanas in old world |
|
|
Agamidae |
|
Chameleonidae characteristics |
-Chameleons -Known for color change ability -Laterally compressed bodies -Prehensile tails, move eyes independent of one another, tongue can shoot out of mouth |
|
|
chameleonidae |
|
Iguanidae characteristics |
-Most southern utah species in this family -Includes phrynosomatidae and Crotaphytidae which have recently been elevated to own families |
|
|
Iguanidae |
|
Gekkonidae characteristics |
-True gekkos -Climb because of van der waal bonds - |
|
|
Gekkonidae |
|
Varanidae characteristics |
-Monitor lizards including Komodo -Old world and australia |
|
|
Varanidae |
|
Helodermatidae Characteristics |
-Gila monster -Mexican beaded lizard -Both venemous |
|
Sort of lizard like, sort of snake like, just sort of its own weird thing |
Amphisbaenians |
|
Amphisbaenian dist. diversity |
Africa, Middle East, N/S America, ~188 species |
|
Amphisbaenian characteristics |
-Legless except for Bipes -Fossorial |
|
|
Amphisbaenian |
|
Snakes dist. and diversity |
Worldwide except antarctica; >1500 species |
|
Snakes families of note |
Boidae, Pythonidae, Viperidae, Elapidae, Colubridae |
|
Boidae characteristics |
-Boas and Anacondas -Live bearing -Heaviest extant snakes -Mostly tropical -~59 species |
|
|
Boidae |
|
Pythonidae Characteristics |
-Old world -Includes longest snakes -~40 species |
|
|
Pythonidae |
|
Viperidae characteristics |
-Venemous -Front folding fangs -36 genera; 59 species -Worldwide -Includes rattlesnakes |
|
|
Viperidae |
|
Elapidae characteristics |
-Venemous with fixed front fangs -Cobras, corals mambas, etc. -Worst to be bitten by -55 genera; 353 species |
|
|
Elapidae |
|
Colubridae characteristics |
-May not be monophyletic -Includes almost all local snakes -Many venomous with rear fangs -~255 genera; ~1800 species |
|
|
Colubridae |
|
Crocodylia dist. and diversity |
Tropical and sub-tropical worldwide; 9 genera 25 species |
|
Crocodylia families of note |
Alligatoridae, Crocodylidae, Gavialidae |
|
Alligatoridae characteristics |
-New world (except 1 in southern china0 -Alligators and Caiman -Mouth closed you can only see top teeth |
|
|
Alligatoridae |
|
Crocodylidae characteristics |
-mouth closed you can see top and bottom teeth |
|
|
Crocodylidae |
|
Gavialidae characteristics |
-Skinny snouts -Adapted to eat fish |
|
|
Gavialidae |
|
T/F all reptiles reproduce sexually |
False: most do but there are a few notale exceptions |
|
Parthenogenesis |
reproduction via clonal inheritance, results in pop. that are all female, eggs are produced mitotically, pseudocopulation may be necessary |
|
Pseudocopulation |
Females will swith between female and male roles depending on thier own hormone levals |
|
T/F reptiles, like humans, have only two heterogametic patterns (XY and XX) |
False, many exist |
|
Like mammals many reptiles exhibit what sex determination strategy? |
Genetic sex determination |
|
Temperature dependent sex determination |
Genes involved that convert one sex to another depend on the temperature |
|
Temp. dependent sex determination is exhibited by? |
Some lizards, most turtles, all crocodilians |
|
T/F Mothers may work to influence the sex ratio based on population/ environmental cues |
True |
|
T/F like amphibians, lizards also exhibit hormonal triggers |
True |
|
Name the 3 general types of reproductive cycles |
Associative, Dissassociative, Continuous |
|
Associative reproductive cycle |
Seasonal breeders where testes and ovaries develop simultaneously |
|
Dissassociative reproductive cycle |
Seasonal breeders where sperm and egg occurs asynchronously; sperm often stored for later use |
|
Continuous reproductive cycle |
reproduction may occur at any time; males typically always ready, females often cycle in receptivity |
|
T/F only some reptiles have internal fertilization |
False; all internal |
|
Turtles/ crocodiles have ______ penis |
single |
|
Lepidosaurs have paired _______ |
hemipenes; Hemipenes are used one at a time; and are variously ornamented |
|
T/F sperm storage in reptiles is common |
True |
|
All turtles and crocodilians are (oviparous/ viviparous) |
Oviparous |
|
T/F Some squamates are viviparous |
True |
|
T/F because viviparous reptile species may range from completely lecithotrophic to almost completley placentotrophic, the term ovoviviparous is not usually applied to them |
True |
|
lecithotrophic |
yolk-feeding |
|
Placentotrophic |
feeding through placenta |
|
R-selected species |
reproductive energy put into quantity |
|
K-selected species |
Reproductive energy put into quality |
|
T/F All reptiles are R-selected species |
False |
|
Describe parental care in the 3 reptiles groups |
Exhibited universally by crocodilians, largely limited to egg attendance in squamates, absent in turtles |