Herlihy A&p Chapter 5 - Microbiology Basics

Front 1

What is the failure of the body to function normally called

Back 1

disease

Front 2

A leading cause of disease in humans

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invasion of pathogens

Front 3

disease-producing microorganisms

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pathogens

Front 4

symptoms that develp in response to a pathogen infections is called

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an infection

Front 5

two types of infection

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localized infection
systemic infection

Front 6

what is a communicable disease

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any disease that can be spread from one host to another

Front 7

the study of the occurrence and distribution of disease in a population is called

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epidemiology

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a group of microorganisms that colonize a host without causing disease

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normal flora

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a hospital acquired infection

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nosocomial infection

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the ability to ward off disease

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resistance - the opposite is susceptibility

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a process that destroys all living organisms

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sterilization

Front 12

a carrier of pathogens from host to host

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is a vector
there are animal vectors
nonliving vectors

Front 13

Name the groups of microorganisms

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bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa (worms and arthropods

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bacteria

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single celled organisms found everywhere

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organisms that normally and harmoniously live in or on the human body without casing disease

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normal flora

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the largest group of pathogens

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bacteria

Front 17

bacteria cause damage by (2) answers

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entering and growing in the human cell
by secreting toxins that damage the cells

Front 18

Bacteria are classified into three groups, what are they

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coccus (round)
bacillus (rod-shaped)
curved rod

Front 19

Rickettsia and chlamydiae are classified as:

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bacteria

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round (bacterial)cells arranged in patterns

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cocci

Front 21

this cocci bacteria is arranged in chains

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streptococci

Front 22

this cocci bacteria looks like bunches of grapes and are arranged in clusters

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staphylococci
gonorrhea, meningitis and pneumonia

Front 23

this bacteria group is long and slender and shaped like a cigar

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bacilli
tetanus, diphtheria, tuberculosis

Front 24

vibrio, spirillum and spirochese bacterium belong to this group.

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curved rod - resemble a comma
cholera
spirrillum is a long cell that looks like a corkscrew

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treponema pallidum , a famous spirochete causes

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syphilis

Front 26

what is the ping-pong effect

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treatment, cure, reexposure and reinfection

Front 27

what is a luetic lesion

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a luetic lesion is a lesion associated with syphilis

Front 28

what are the two clinicallyimportant characteristics of bacteria

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(1) the presence of a cell wall
(2) the ability to form spores

Front 29

what are the two structures surrounding a bacterial cell

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a cell membrane and a (rigid) outer wall

Front 30

Penicillin works because it

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it prevents cell wall synthesis in bacterium

Front 31

what allows bacteria to survive harsh environments

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spores

Front 32

rickettsia and chlamydia are called parasites because

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they require a living host

Front 33

rickettsia is usually carried by

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fleas, ticks and lice

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chlamydial infection is responsible for

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trachoma, a serious eye infection (leading cause of blindness) and is the most prevalent STD

Front 35

Virus in latin means

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poison

Front 36

The smalles infectious agents are

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viruses

Front 37

Viruses are not cells and consist of

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RNA and DNA surrounded by a protein shell

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Viruses can only reproduce in a living cell and therefore are considered

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parasites

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examples of viruses

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mumps, measels, flu, poliomyelitis, AIDS

Front 40

A plantlike orgaism is called a

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fungus

Front 41

two types of fungi are

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yeasts and molds

Front 42

pathogenic fungi cause what type of infection

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mycotic - myco means fungus

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mycotic infections are usually found in one place and are called

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localize

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a single-cell, animal-like microbe is called a

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protozoa

Front 45

name the four main types of protozoa

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amebas, ciliates, flagellates and sporozoa

Front 46

amebic dysentery and giardiasis are caused by

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protozoan parasites

Front 47

marlaria is caused by a sporozoan called a

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plasmodium

Front 48

mulicellular organisms that cause disease are

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parasitic worms and arthropods

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another name for a parasitic work

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helminth

Front 50

worms are classified two ways, name them

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round works or flatworms

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roundworms include

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ascarides, pinworms, hookworms, trichinae, and tiny workms

Front 52

filariasis, a roundworm, is the cause of

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elephantiasis

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itching is also called

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pruritus

Front 54

most work infections are transmitted by the

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fecal-oral route

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flatworms include

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tapeworms and flukes

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animals with jointed legs and include insects and ticks are called

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arthropods

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mites and lice that live on the surface of the body are called

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ectoparasites

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an object, living or nonliving, that transfers a pathogen from one organism to another is called a

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vector

Front 59

a person or organism that is infected by a pathogen is called a

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host

Front 60

two techniques used to identify pathogens

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staining and cultures

Front 61

bacteria are classified according to staining characteristics using the _________

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gram stain

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gram positive bacteria stain

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purple or blue
streptococcus

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a gram-negative bacterium does not absorb the gram stain and is

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red or pink

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this staining procedure is when bacteria is first stained with a red dye and then washed with acid

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acid-fast stain
tuberculosis

Front 65

sprirochetes and rickettsia must be stained with special dyes and techniques

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normal gram stains don't work on these

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the growth of pathogens in a culture medium is called a

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culture

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what is a culture and sensitivity test

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cultured pathogens are grown and tested for their susceptibility to various antibiotics

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pathogens enter the body via

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portals of entry

Front 69

the parenterial route (a portal of entry) include those injuries

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that pentrate the skin or mucous membrane, such as bites, cuts and surgery

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most pathogens enter the body via the

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respiratory tract (inhaled droplets of water and dust and the gastrointestinal tract

Front 71

ports of exit are

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respiratory, gastrointestinal or genitourinary tracts

Front 72

the most important procedure in preventing the spread of inection is

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handwashing

Front 73

name the three types of how pathogens are spread

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person to person contact
environment to person
tiny animal to person

Front 74

an object living or nonliving, that transfers a pathogen from one organism to another

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is a vector

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a nonliving vector is called

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a fomite, (soiled hankerchiefs, eating utensils)

Front 76

bacteria transmission that includes contact with contaminated water, air food or soil is called

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environment to person contact

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this mode of bacterial transmission includes the use of insects

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tiny animal to person contact

Front 78

an infection caused by an insect is called what type of vector

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biological vector

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a vector where an insect is not the direct cause is called a

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mechanical vector

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the hand-washing doctor

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Ignaz Semmelweis

Front 81

puerperal fever - an infection of the uterus after chilbirth is an example of what type of infection

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nosocomial, because it's usually obtained in the hospital by direct contact