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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In what ways did Henry encourage protestant beliefs after the break with Rome |
He allowed reformers to speak openly such as Robert Tyndale He appointed some heretics as Bishops Government released propaganda supporting the changes |
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How did Henry and Cromwell introduce elements of protestant beliefs |
Ten articles of faith written by Cranmer issued by Cromwell Royal injuctions in 36 and 38 ordering clergy to follow Translation of the Bible from Latin to English meaning people understood it when read and the king could influence it |
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Why had criticisms of the church been growing since 1529 |
Corruption - Pluralism holding multiple posts and non residence I.e not living where they were supposed to Anticlericalism - Opposition to the political and social importance of the clergy |
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Dissolution of monasteries Cause Reputation |
Formerly established places of worship and the sanctuaries were a place of shelter Henry argued that because their reputation was seen as much worse by 1529 that they should be gotten rid of |
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Dissolution of Monasteries Decline in regard and numbers |
Numbers of regular clergy declined to about 10000 some now had servants and did not live humble lives. King could order inspections of religious establishments and say that they were not true to the church and should be removed |
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Dissolution of monasteries Corruption and Abuses |
Had recently gained a reputation for Abuses which had become common Cromwell instructed his commissioners to find evidence against each monastery including rumors giving the excuse to close them |
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Real reasons for the dissolution |
Monasteries were very wealthy and Henry was short of money after war and wanted to continue this Land seized could be distributed to nobility in exchange for loyalty at difficult time They were permanent reminders of the Catholic Church and could be centres of resistance to the changes |
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How much wealth did Henry gain from the dissolutions? |
About 10% of the wealth of the whole kingdom |
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How much of the monastic land was sold between 34-47 |
More than half most of it at full value |
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Valor Ecclesiasticus |
A survey of the finances of the church in England Wales and parts of island in 1535 |
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What was Thomas More's crime |
He refused to swear an oath of loyalty to Henry and was overheard saying he didn't accept him ad head of the church |
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What happened during Thomas More's trial |
It was rigged by Thomas Cromwell. One of More's supporters Richard Rich gave evidence against him. This was proof of treason and the court ordered his execution |
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How did the execution of Thomas More impact Henry |
Made him look ruthless as he had executed one of his former friends More became a martyr which could have increased resistance to Henry's religious changes |
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Aragonese Faction |
Faction who were sympathetic to Catherine in regards to the divorce. Small group of nobles and courtiers who were persecuted as Anne Boleyn and Cromwell gained more influence |
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John Fisher |
Bishop who was Catherine of Aragon chief supporter. He was eventually tried for treason and executed to public outrage. |
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Elizabeth Barton Nun of Kent |
A Nun and visionary. She predicted that if Henry proceeded with the divorce he would lose his kingdom and die a villains death. Eventually she confessed she lied about her prophecies and was executed |
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When was the pilgrimage of Grace |
From late 1536 to early 1537 |
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Why did the pilgrimage of Grace take place |
People were upset about the religious changes from commoners up to nobles |
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Where did the Pilgrimage of Grace originate |
York |
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Who was the leader of the pilgrimage of Grace |
Robert Aske a lawyer chosen because he was a good organiser and speaker |
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What did the pilgrimage rebels want to stop rebelling |
That the king would hear their demands about religion A freely elected parliament would discuss them All pilgrims would be pardoned |
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What happened to the rebel leaders after they returned to York |
Henry sent the Duke of Norfolk to attack and after the rebels surrendered Henry took the leaders to London and executed them. Aske himself was executed in York showing Henry's dominance |
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How many men was estimated to be involved in the pilgrimage of Grace |
35,000-40,0000 |
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What were Thomas Cromwells big mistakes |
Arranging a marriage to the ugly Anne of cleves Excessive religious policies unsupported by Henry |
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Who were Cromwells enemies in court and how did they bring him down |
The Duke of Norfolk and Catherine Howard his niece. They spread rumors saying that Cromwell was not carrying out the divorce fast enough and told Henry Cromwell was protecting s group of protestants in Calais |
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When did Thomas Cromwell die |
28th July 1540 on fake charges |
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How were Wolsey and Cromwell similar |
Neither of them were popular with other nobles Both worked their way up to power from nothing Both were executed after failures with a divorce for Henry |
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Wolseys positions of power |
1513 Bishop of Tournai (French Campaign) 1514 Bishop of Lincoln and Archbishop of York 1515 Cardinal and Lord Chancellor for Henry 1518 Papal Legate by Pope Leo |
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What does Alter Rex mean |
Other King (Wolsey) |
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Why was Wolsey hated by the nobles |
He had worked his way up through society which was unheard of and used his powers as Lord Chancellor to intimidate his rivals |
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What happened to the Duke of Buckingham |
He said in a private conversation the king may not last long and in response Wolsey charged him with treason and executed him as an example to anyone questioning his authority |
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Papal Legate |
Someone appointed by the Pope to act on his behalf in a particular country for a specific purpose on a limited timescale |
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Why was Wolsey criticised by ordinary people |
He represented everything that was wrong with the church eg had a mistress and lavish lifestyle Had numerous titles and positions but was permanently absent |
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How did Wolsey reform religion |
He closed down dozens of monastic houses after receiving papal permission from the Pope spending the money earned on education reforms |
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Minions (Henry VIII) |
Nobles of a similar age to Henry who he was friends with. They had private access to him and could influence him |
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Why were minions a problem for Wolsey |
Most nobles hated Wolsey and by being friends with Henry they hurt his influence |
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Wolsey s legal reforms |
Civil law over common law - Promoting natural justice and evidence over precedence Court of Chancery - Court in which Wolsey took requests from commoners popular as it was cheap and they acted fast Star Chamber - More frequently used to attack nobles and local officials for Abuses of power |
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Wolseys Economic Policies |
Trade embargo against Spain - widespread unemployment and bad harvest at this time Re Coinage - Increased number of coins in circulation but reduced the weight and therefore the value, seen as worthless |
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Hunnes Case |
A respected London tailor refused to pay the mortuary fee to the church when his son died. He was arrested and hung without trial. The verdict after parliament took up the case was murder and Wolsey was forced to beg for forgiveness himself s man of the church. |
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Amicable grant 1525 |
Wolsey ordered the clergy to tax people between a 1/6 and a 1/10 of the total value of their goods giving people only 10 weeks to find the money. Suspended by Henry after heavy resistance embarrassing both him and Wolsey |
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Arguments for Wolsey as an alter rex |
Equal or more money to the king Hampton Court a massive palace built just for him Allowed to make decisions such as punishing nobles |
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Arguments against Wolsey being an alter rex |
May have his levels of power due to him being a Cardinal All of Wolseys decisions had to be agreed to by Henry Amicable grant overruled by Henry All of his power was given to him by Henry |
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Successes in Henry's early foreign policy |
Won victories against France and Scotland bringing popularity at home and respect abroad Treaty of London put England at the centre of European affairs with Wolsey as the Peacemaker |
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Failures of early foreign policy |
Military campaigns were expensive and the spoils were limited. Anglo French treaty which forced Henry to make peace with France after HRE began negotiatong with France |
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Treaty of London 1518 |
A non aggression pact between the major European powers of the time created by Wolsey to combat the growing threat of the Ottoman Turks |
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How did Wolsey preserve the Peace of the treaty of London |
He arranged a meeting between Henry Charles V and Francis I |
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Empson and Dudley deaths |
1510 Both were Imprisoned and executed by Henry VIII hugely popular considering their hated status |
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Love or politics? Marriage to Catherine of Aragon |
Love: If he could choose anyone... He jousted for her Considered her close to an equal: she ruled in his absence Politics: Renewed alliance with Spain Moral implications of marrying brothers widow for advantage
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Henry's Court |
Not only centre of politics and government a projection of the Kings personality. Hospitable Henry increased the number of residences Renaissance King |
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Henry VIII treatment of the nobility |
Wanted nobility to be controlled through friendship rather than fear Cancelled 175 Bonds and Recognisances. Shared his sporting and artistic pleasures with them |
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Early wars with France under Henry VIII |
First invasion a failure due to illness and high costs. Embarrassing Henry who had wasted resources Second invasion far more successful as Henry captured French towns Therouanne and Tournai with the Battle of the spurs in 1513 forcing a treaty entitling Henry to compensation |
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Early Wars with Scotland |
Catherine acted as recent when Henry was away with the Battle of Flodden in 1513. Ended in English victory Scotland lost over 10000 barons,earls Bishops and James IV himself. This left Scotland in disarray for many years after |
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Erasmus |
Dutch scholar who sought to regenerate Christianity through emphasis on education and rejection of traditional Church service |
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Papal Dispensation |
Special permission from the Pope |
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What was the great matter |
Henry wanted to annull Catherine of Aragon who was no longer able to have children. Henry wanted to marry the younger Anne Boleyn with whom he had fallen in love |
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What problems will Henry have trying to obtain an annulment |
Pope gave papal Dispensation to Henry for the original decision and would have to go back on his own decision. Anne Boleyn Is seen as a Harlot whilst Catherine is a good Catholic |
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How did Anne Boleyn attract Henry |
Education- Well educated in France and the Netherlands Languages ^^^ Beauty - As opposed to aging Catherine of Aragon |
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Problems with marrying Anne |
Lord Percy Anne's previous lover who got in hot water with Wolsey She's Protestant Henry is currently Catholic also the Pope would disapprove |
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Lord Percy |
Formerly betrothed to Anne Boleyn. Humiliated in court by Wolsey and later sent a way. Anne held a grudge against Wolsey as a result |
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Leviticus 20:21 |
If a man marries his brothers wife,it is an act of impurity he has dishonoured his brother they will be childless |
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Deuteronomy |
If brethren dwell together and have no child and one die the widow must marry the brother |
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Positives and negatives of the leviticus approach. |
Advantage They had miscarriages which fits with Leviticus criteria Disadvantages They did have a healthy child Mary It suggests the Pope and therefore God is wrong |
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Diplomatic approach to annullment |
Trying to free the Pope from Charles V influence |
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Positives and negatives of diplomatic approach to the annullment |
Positives Alliance with France Get support of Pope for Divorce Negatives Would anger powerful Charles V Don't like France anyway |
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Legal Approach |
Court session in England where Henry could influence the outcome |
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Legal Approach to annullment |
Advantages Pope agrees to move court hearing to England. Use Wolseys papal Legate powers to decide in Henry's favour. Disadvantages Close scrutiny of case Court of appeal refused to recognise authority of court. |
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What were Wolseys 2 great failures |
Failure of his anti-Habsburg strategy. Inability to get the divorce to happen |
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What was Wolsey accused of in 1529 |
Praemunire - Latin term which made it a crime to use powers from the Pope to the detriment of the king |
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What did the Praemunire charge do to Wolsey |
He was stripped of his positions power and property such as Hampton Court which was given to Henry. He was also exiled to York |
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What happened to Wolsey in 1530 |
Henry summoned Wolsey to London to answer further charges. Henry acted sympathetically but was likely convinced by Anne's supporters Wolsey was working against the divorce. |
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Annates |
Tax payed to the church which was sent back to Rome |
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Supplication of the ordinarines |
1532 petition - created by Cromwell requesting that the king deal with the Abuses and corruption of the clergy. |
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Act of parliament in 1532 |
Prevented the payment of annates to Rome. Significant attack on the popes rights over the clergy |
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Restraint of appeals 1533 |
Denied Henry's subjects the right to appeal to the Pope against decisions in English courts |
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When was Henry excommunicated from the church of England/ break with Rome |
July 1533 couple months after Cranmer annulled the marriage |
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Act of Supremacy 1534 |
It granted that Henry VIII and all subsequent monarchs would be the supreme head of the church of England |
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Act of succession 1534 |
Bastardised Mary Legitimised 2nd marriage Treason to speak against Anne or the new systems |
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Date of death of Louis XII and replacement |
Death in 1515 replaced by Francis I |
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Date of death Ferdinand of Spain |
1515 |
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Treaty of Cambrai |
Alliance involving Spain, HRE, France and Papacy. England left isolated from European politics again |
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When did Charles V take over HRE |
1519 |
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Field of Cloth of Gold |
1520 competition between Henry and Francis cost £1.5m and displayed England's stature |
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When did Charles V gain control of Spain |
1520 |
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When and how did Henry obtain the title 'Defender of the faith' |
1521 - He wrote a book defending the Catholic religion and was rewarded with the title by the pope |
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1522 Treaty of Windsor |
Charles V and Henry made formal agreement to invade France in 1523 |
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Treaty of Westminster 1527 |
Attempt by Wolsey to join England and France together against Charles V |
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Trial at Blackfriars |
1529 Wolsey fail to get annullment and England are left out of another treaty of Cambrai |
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Schmalkaldic League |
1531 New (mainly German) protestant countries start to ally themselves to protect against Invasion |
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Execution of Earl of Kildare Gerald Fitzgerald |
1534 - In response to rebellions in Ireland Fitzgerald is Imprisoned in the tower and executed. Henry also signs alliance treaty with the government of Lubeck |
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New Kildare Rebellion |
1536 New Earl of Kildare declares support for the Pope and rebels against Henry who sends an army to brutally suppress the Rebellion |
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Treaty of Nice 1538 |
10 year peace treaty between Francis and Charles. Also severed links with England and Withdrew their ambassadors from Henry's Court |
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Pope Paul III papal bull |
1539 Pope urges Catholic countries to engage In a crusade against England. |
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Marriage to Anne of Cleves |
1540 Didn't end well for Cranmer or Anne |
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Six articles 1539 |
Promoting elements of catholicism in the new English church - Henry trying to appease the pope |
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Henry establishes Kingdom of island |
1540 Picked protestants to run the country |
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Henry starts rough wooing of Scotland |
1541 |
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Battle of Solway Moss |
1542 Scots defeated again James V dies soon after Mary Queen of Scots becomes Queen a week old |
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Treaty of Greenwich 1542 (failed) |
Henry attempts to arrange a marriage between his son Edward and Mary Queen of Scots rejected in 1543 |
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1544 joint invasion of France |
Henry and Charles invade France Henry captures Bolougne before Charles betrayal and siding with France |
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Treaty of Ardres 1546 |
England get to keep Bolougne and French pay a pension and debts to England. Bolougne returned to French in 1554 |
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Henry VIII death date |
1547 |
