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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Most common type of megoblastic/macrocytic anemia caused by Vitamin B12 deficiency |
Pernicious Anemia |
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The 5 steps of erythropoiesis |
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Describe the role of EPO in erythropoiesis |
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The absence of intrinsic factor from the gastric parietal cells causes which type of anemia and results in inadequate supplies of which vitamin? |
pernicious anemia vitamin B12 |
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Too many red blood cells |
polycythemia |
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too few red blood cells |
anemia |
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red cells that are present in various sizes |
anisocytosis |
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red cells that are present in various shapes |
poikilocytosis |
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Classic anemia symptoms |
Fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, tachycardia, pallor |
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In order for vitamin B12 to be absorbed, it must be coupled with |
IF |
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If a parts of the stomach are removed, a pt may develop which type of anemia? why? |
Pernicous anemia remove the parental cells that make the IF |
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Which type of anemia develops neurologic symptoms of non- reversible nerve demyelination, parenthesis of the feet and fingers, and difficulty walking? |
Pernicous Anemia |
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Loss of appetite, abdominal pain, beefy red tongue (atrophic glottitus), icterus, splenic enlargement sings of |
pernicous anemia |
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Megoblastic anemias that are due to defective DNA synthesis. Due to deficiencies in Vitamin B 12 or folate |
Normochronic-macrocytic anemia |
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Anemias characterized by abnormally small red cells and contain reduced amounts of hb |
Hypochromic-macrocytic anemias |
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Type of anemia that is caused by inadequate dietary intake of iron or excessive blood loss OR Metabolic or functional deficiency |
Iron deficiency anemia |
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Progression of iron deficiency causes |
Pallor Koilonychia glossitius cognitive impairment pica |
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Symptoms manifest in iron deficiency anemia at what hgb?
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7-8g/dl |
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Pallor Sign of Iron Deficiency Anemia |
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Koilonychia Sign of Iron Deficiency Anemia |
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Glossitus sign of Iron Deficiency Anemia |
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red cells that are relatively normal in size and hemoglobin content but insufficient in number |
normochromic-normocytic anemia |
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anemia that is due to accelerated destruction of red blood cells can be episodic or continuous leading to increased levels of EPO |
Hemolytic Anemia |
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Two types of autoimmune hemolytic anemias |
warm agglutinin antibody hemolytic anemia cold agglutinin hemolytic anemia |
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Type of hemolytic anemia where IgE binds to the eurthrocyte at normal body temperatures causing it to bind to Fc receptors on monocytes and splenic macrophages and are removed by phagocytosis |
warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia |
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autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of HIGH concentrations of circulating IgM directed against red blood cells |
cold agglutinin hemolytic anemia |
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Exposure to cold initiates acute and severe intravascular hemolysis that results in hemoglobinuria |
cold agglutinin hemolytic anemia |
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type of anemia that results from an allergic reaction against foreign antibodies of a drug. |
Drug induced hemolytic anemia |
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Describe the Hapten model of drug hemolytic anemia. |
drug + RBC + IgG = hemolysis by complement phagocytosis **drug is usually pen/ceph*** not usually hydrocortisone |
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Describe the Immune complex model of induced drug hemolytic anemia. |
Immune complex activate C protein --> C3b + RBC --> C3B +RBC +IgG= hemolysis |
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Describe the autoimmune model of drug induced hemolytic anemia. |
AB + RBC = hemolysis |
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Mild or moderate anemia in individuals with conditions of chronic disease or inflammation what causes the anemia? |
Anemia of chronic disease 1. decreased RBC life span 2. suppressed production of EPO 3. ineffective bone marrow progenitor response to EPO 4. altered iron metabolism and iron sequestration in macrophages |
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chronic myeloproliferative disease that is characterized by overproduction of RBC frequently with increased levels of WBC and platelets |
polycythemia vera |
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leukocyte count that is higher than normal |
leukocytosis (normal response to physiologic stressors or pathologic) |
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leukocyte count that is lower than normal |
leukopeia NEVER NORMAL associated with a decrease in neutrophils--> likely infection |
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Leukocytes that are granulocytes |
Neutrophils eosinophils basophils |
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Which types of cell INCREASE when there is an infection |
granulocytes and monocytes |
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Which type of cells proliferate most rapidly during early infection? |
neutrophils ***LEFT SHIFT to make more*** |
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reduction in the number of circulating neutrophils |
neutropenia |
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absolute increase in the number of eosinophils cause? |
eosinophilia allergies tissue with LOTS Of mast cells most susceptible |
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decrease in the number of eosinophils cause? |
eosinopenia caused by migration of eosinophils to inflammatory site cushings, stress, shock |
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increase in number of basophils cause |
basophilia hyperthyroidism, acute infection, long term therapy with steroids ovulation and pregnancy |
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increase in circulation of monocytes cause |
monocytosis may be transient and not related to dysfunction likely found with neutropenia bacterial infections, TB listeriosis etc |
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decrease in numbers of circulating monocytes cause |
monoctyopenia rare-not much known hairy cell leukemia and prendisone therapy |
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Lymphocytosis is most closely related to |
infection by a virus ex. EBV |
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Lymphocytopenia is most closely related to |
neoplasms and immune deficiencies destruction by drugs, viruses, or radiation AIDS |
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acute, self limiting, neoplastic lymph proliferative clinical syndrome that is caused by the EBV |
Infectious mono |
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The classic triad of symptoms for a pt with infectious mono |
pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy, fever |
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Mono infects which cell type |
B cells |
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Translocation between chromosome 9 and 22 98% of people with CML have tit |
Philadelphia chromosome |
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What cell types are myeloid? What cell types are lymphoid? |
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Leukemia that is rapid, most common in children, 91% survival rate and greater than 30% lymphoblasts and B cells |
acute lymphatic leukemia ALL |
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Leukemia that is slow, most common in adults, 85% chance of survival, and develops in monoclonal B cells |
chronic lymphatic leukemia CLL |
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leukemia that is rapid, most common adult form, 24% survival rate, and primary cell type precursor myeloid cells |
acute myeloid leukemia |
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Leukemia that is slow, found mostly in adults, with no cure, and the primary cell types are neutrophils, eosinophils or long. arise from a hematopoietic stem cell |
chronic myeloid leukemia |
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disease characterized by it's progression from one lymph node to another leading to systemic symptoms and the presence of reed stein berg cells |
Hodgkins lymphoma |
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disease characterized by multiple peripheral nodes, common to have extra nodal involvement, noncontiguous spread and rarely localized |
non-hodgkin lymphoma |
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B cell tumor that is highly aggressive and the most common type of non-hodgkin lymphoma. Fastest growing tumor in the human body EBV found in 90% of the cases MC type of lymphoma in children |
Burkitt Lymphoma |
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enlarged lymph nodes that become palpable and tender |
lymphadenopathy |
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adenopathy, mediastinal mass, splenomegaly, abdominal masses. accompanied by fever, weight loss, night sweats and pruritus paraneoplastic syndrome |
Hodgkin lymphoma |
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generic term for a diverse group of lymphomas linked to chromosomal translocations, viral and bacterial infections, environmental agents, immunodeficiencies, and autoimmune diseases |
non-hodkgin lymphoma |
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decreased platelet count |
thrombocytopenia |
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thrombocytopenia where IgG antibodies target platelet glycoproteins which then sequesters them from circulation |
ITP Immune thrombocytopenia purpura *may lead to major hemorrhage |
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thrombotic microangiopathy in which platelets aggregate and cause occlusion of arterioles within the microcirculation. Leading to platelet consumption or organ ischemia |
thrombotic thrombocytopenia purport |
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complex, acquired disordered where clotting and hemorrhage simultaneously occur |
DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation subacute hemorrrhage and diffuse microcirculatory thrombosis |
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disorder where the amount of activated thrombin exceeds the body's antithrombins and the thrombin does not remain localized |
DIC * leads to widespread ischemia, infarction, and organ hypo perfusion** |
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erythrocytes from the first incompatible fetus cause the mother's immune system to produce antibodies that affect the fetus of the subsequent incompatible pregnancies |
Hemolytic disease of the newborn |
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The two types of hemolytic disease of the newborn which is more severe? |
RH incompatibility ABO incompatability |
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increased bilirubin in neonates |
icterous neonatorum can be a result of hemolytic anemia of the newborn |
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disorder whereby mutation leads to the inability to maintain metabolic process when blood is injured. due to drugs, faba, hypoemia |
G6PD |
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a pt with G6PD that is undergoing repeated exposure to oxidative stressors will precipitate insoluble hemoglobin called |
heinz bodies *leads to hemolysis in the spleen* |
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disorder characterized by the presence of abnormal HgS |
sickle cell anemia |
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Sickling of red blood cells in a pt with sickle cell is usually due to |
deoxygenation and dehydration low temp |
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disease caused by impaired rate of synthesis of the globin A and B chains |
Thalassemia |
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chronic disease of the arterial system -abnormal thickening and hardening of the vessel walls -smooth muscle cells and collagen fibers migrate to the tunica interna |
Arteriosclerosis |
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thickening and hardening of the arteries caused by accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages in the arterial wall develops plaques process occurring throughout the body |
atherosclerosis |
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bleeding disorder in which clotting factors are missing 9/13/1 are the most common making up 90-95% of the bleeding disorders |
hemophilia |
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factor 8 missing xlinked recessive |
Hemophilia A |
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factor 9 missing x linked recessive |
Hemophilia B -- christmas disease |
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factor 11 missing autosomal recessive *less severe |
hemophilia C |
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autosomal dominant disorder missing factor 8 |
Von Willebrand disease |
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disorder of platelet consumption in which anti platelet antibodies bind to the plasma membrane of platelets, causing platelet sequestration and destruction by mononuclear phagocytes in the spleen and other lymphoid tissues at a rate that exceeds the ability of the bond marrow tons produce |
ITP |