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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is the normal number of RBC/microL?
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4-5x10^6
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what is the diameter of a normal RBC?
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7-8 micrometers and 2 micrometers thick
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how do RBCs generate energy?
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they lack mitochondria and other cellular organelles (including a nucleus) so they rely on anaerobic glycolysis for energy in maintaining hemoglobin function
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why do RBC's have a limited lifespan?
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they lack organelles such as nucleus or ribosomes to renew proteins for function
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what is the avg. lifespan of a RBC?
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120 days
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describe the diameter of a microcyte (RBC)?
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<6 micrometers
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describe the diameter of a macrocyte?
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9-12 micrometers
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what is the name of the condition where RBC's become swollen, loose hemoglobin due to lysis or leaky membrane, and the hemoglobin is excreated in large numbers in the urine?
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Black water fever
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what happens when the blood becomes hypertonic when compared to the RBC?
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crenation - RBC's shrink which causes the formation of tiny spins which extend from their surface
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in a RBC, what facilitates the formation of carbonic acid from CO2 and H2O?
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carbonic anhydrase
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what does carbonic acid disassociate into?
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1. H+
2. HCO3 (bicarbonate) |
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in what form is most of the CO2 generated by cells carried to the lungs?
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bicarbonate
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describe the process by which bicarbonate is able to cross the RBC membrane?
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the integral membrane protein, AE1 couples the efflux of bicarbonate with influx of chloride (Cl-)
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in addition of AE1 what other enzymes can be found in RBC's?
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those of the glycolytic pathway and the monophosphate shunt
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describe the lipid, carbohydrate, and protien components of the RBC cell membrane?
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50% protein
40% lipid 10% carbohydrates |
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what is the cytoskeleton composed of in the RBC?
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1. spectric tetramers
2. actin protofilaments 3. band 4.1 |
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what holds the cell membrane to the RBC cytoskeleton?
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ankyrin, which attaches the cytoskeleton to AE1 in the cell membrane
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what are the most common Rh antigens in the human population?
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C, D, and E
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what percentage of Americans have an Rh antigen on their RBC's?
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85%
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What type of cell is described below?
Bluish pink cytoplasm (or blue cytoplasmic reticulum if stained with brilliant cresyl blue); no nucleus; biconcave disk-shaped; diameter 7-8 μm |
Reticulocyte
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how many reticulocytes are in 1 L?
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25-85x10^9
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what type of blood component is described below?
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Pale blue cytoplasm;
purple granules; no nucleus; biconvex disk-shaped; diameter 3 μm |
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what number of platelets are found in 1 L of normal blood?
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150-350x10^9
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how long do reticulocytes circulate in the blood before the mature?
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2 days
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how long do platelets circulate in the blood?
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9-10 days
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describe the avg. amount of leukocytes per microL?
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6000-10000
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what are the two main groups of leukocytes?
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1. granulocytes
2. agranulocytes |
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what types of granules are described below?
found only in granulocytes; their staining properties (neutrophilic, eosinophilic, or basophilic) distinguish the three granulocyte types |
Specific granules
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what types of granules are described below?
Occur in both agranulocytes and granulocytes. Their content of lytic enzymes suggests that they function as lysosomes. |
Azurophilic granules
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what are the 2 categories of agranulocytes?
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1. leukocytes
2. monocytes |
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The following describes which category of leukocytes?
Unsegmented nuclei and are described as mononuclear leukocytes |
agranulocytes
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what types of granules could be found in a lymphocyte of monocyte?
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Azurophilic only
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what is the normal variation percentage of lymphocytes in the white blood cell count of normal blood
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20-45%
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what are the 2 major types of lymphocytes?
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1. Memory and effector cells
2. Null cells |
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what percentage of lymphocytes in the blood are T cells?
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80%
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when stimulated by an antigen, what do lymphocytes do?
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the undergo blast transformation which is characterized by enlargement and sequential mitotic divisions
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what to B cells differentiate into?
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plasma cells which produce antibodies
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what do T cells differentiate into? (3)
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they can become
1. Cytotoxic (killer) cells 2. Helper T cells 3. Suppressor T cells |
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what are the variety of signaling molecules which T cells release that influence the activity of macrophages and other leukocytes involved in an immune response?
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lymphokines (ex interferon)
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What type of cells is described below?
Circulating cells that morphologically resemble lymphocytes but exhibit neither B-cell nor T-cell They may represent circulating stem cells of lymphocytes or other blood cell types. |
null cells (type of lymphocyte)
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what are the two primary lymphoid organs in the human?
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1. thymus = T cell programing
2. bone marrow = B cell programing |
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Does this describe a antigen activated or primarily circulating lymphocyte?
Spherical, often flattened on one side, densely heterochromatic, purplish blue to black |
primarily circulating lymphocyte
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Does this describe a antigen activated or primarily circulating lymphocyte?
Large, less heterochromatic, reddish purple. |
antigen activated
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Does this describe a antigen activated or primarily circulating lymphocyte?
Thin rim around nucleus, pale basophilia, many ribosomes, sparse ER, few mitochondria, small Golgi, few azurophilic granules, no specific granules. |
primarily circulating lymphocyte
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Does this describe a antigen activated or primarily circulating lymphocyte?
More abundant, pale basophilia, many ribosomes, sparse ER, few mitochondrial, small Golgi, few azurophilic granules, no specific granules. |
antigen activated
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what type of WBC is described below?
Mean circulation time 10 hours for majority of cells; variable time in lymphoid organs and tissues; majority of cells are long lived. |
Lymphocyte
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what type of WBC is described below?
Circulate for 1-3 days; variable time in tissues. |
Monocyte
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what type of WBC is described below?
Circulation time 6-10 hours; 2-3 days in tissues. |
Neutrophil
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what type of WBC is described below?
Circulation time 1-10 hours; up to 10 days in tissues. |
Eosinophil
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what type of WBC is described below?
Circulation time estimated as 1-10 hours; variable time in tissues. |
Basophil
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what type of WBC is described below?
Nucleus is usually kidney- or horseshoe- shaped, eccentric. Chromatin less dense, “smudgy” appearance, reddish purple, 2-3 nucleoli may be seen. |
Monocyte
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what type of WBC is described below?
Cytoplasm is abundant, faint blue-gray, many small azurophilic granules, no specific granules, many small mitochondria, well-developed Golgi, sparse RER and olyribosomes |
Monocyte
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what type of WBC is described below?
Condensed chromatin, multilobed (usually 3 lobes, more than 5 [hypersegmented] in aging cells), small heterochromatic drum stick may extend from one lobe. Represents female Barr body (inactive X chromosome). |
Neutrophil
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what type of WBC is described below?
Abundant small (0.3-0.8 μm), salmon pink, specific (neutrophilic) granules; fewer reddish-purple azurophilic granules. Specific granules contain alkaline phosphatase and bactericidal cationic proteins called phagocytins, abundant glycogen. |
Neutrophil
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what type of WBC is described below?
Condensed chromatin, usually 2 lobes, often partly obscured by abundant specific granules. |
Eosinophil
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what type of WBC is described below?
Abundant large (0.5-1.5 μm), brightly eosinophilic, specific granules that are specialized lysosomes carrying peroxidase, acid phosphatase, cathepsin, ribonuclease and major basic protein (MBP, eosinophilic antiparasitic agent). In EMs, specific granules are ovoid with a dense internum surrounded by an electronlucent externum. Fewer, reddishpurple azurophilic granules. |
Eosinophil
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what type of WBC is described below?
Condensed chromatin, usually 3 lobes often in an S shape, partially or completely obscured by abundant, dark specific granules. |
Basophil
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what type of WBC is described below?
Less abundant, variable sized (0.3-1.5 μm), reddish-violet to black specific basophilic) granules. Granules contain heparin and histamine to be released in response to allergic stimuli. Fewer, reddish-purple azurophilic granules. |
Basophil
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what type of WBC is this?
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basophil
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what type of WBC is this?
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basophil
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what type of WBC is this?
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eosinophil
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what type of WBC is this?
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eosinophil
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what type of WBC is this?
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lymphocyte
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what type of WBC is this?
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lymphocyte
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what type of WBC is this?
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macrophage
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what type of WBC is this?
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macrophage
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what type of WBC is this?
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monocyte
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what type of WBC is this?
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neutrophil
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what type of WBC is this?
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basophil
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what type of WBC is this?
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Monocyte
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what type of WBC is this?
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Neutrophil
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what are the most abundant circulating leukocytes?
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neutrophils (60-70%) of circulating RBC's
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how often do neutrophils undergo mitosis?
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never, they are completely differentiated
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what type of WBC makes up 1-4% of the circulating WBCs?
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Eosinophils
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what do eosiniphils preferentially phagocytize?
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antigen/antibody complexes
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when can the numbers of circulating eosinophils be seen to increase?
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during parasitic infections and allergic responses
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when do levels of eosinophils drop in blood?
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during corticosteroid therapy
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what are the least numerous leukocytes?
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basophils <1% of all circulating WBC's
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what cells do basophils function very similarly to?
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mast cells
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what are the smallest formed elemets in the blood?
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platelets
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what cells produce platelets through a process of budding?
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megakaryocytes
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what is the typical lifespan of a platelet cell?
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8 days
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how many platelets can be found in a normal microliter of blood?
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150,000-300,000
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what are the two distinct regions of platelets?
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the hyalomere and the granulomere
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does the following describe the hyalomere or granulomere of a platelet?
Contains a few mitochondria, glycogen granules, and various purple granules. |
granulomere
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which platelet granule is described below?
Contain fibrinogen, platelet-derived growth factor, and other platelet-specific proteins? |
Alpha granules
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What type of platelet granules are described below?
contain calcium ions, pyrophosphate, ADP, and ATP; take up and store serotonin |
Dense bodies (delta granules)
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What type of platelet granules are described below?
contain fibrinogen, platelet-derived growth factor, and other platelet-specific proteins |
Alpha granules
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What type of platelet granules are described below?
contain only lysosomal enzymes |
Lambda granules
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what does this describe, the granolomere or the hyalomere?
contains a marginal bundle of microtubules that helps to maintain the platelet’s discoid shape |
hyalomere
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Describe the structure and composition that allows platelets to achieve there ultimate function of adhesion during clot formation?
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glycocalyx - rich in glycosaminoglycans
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where is the Surface-opening tubule system found in a platelet and what is its function?
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Hyalomere and it expedites rapid uptake and release of molecules from activated platelets
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where is the Dense tubular system found in a platelet and what is its function?
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Hyalomere and it probably sequesters calcium
ions to prevent platelet “stickiness” |
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what is the function of the compenents found in α-Granules?
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Contains factors that facilitate vessel repair, platelet aggregation, and coagulation of blood
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what is the function of the compenents found in δ-Granules (dense bodies)?
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Contained factors facilitate
platelet aggregation and adhesion, as well as vasoconstriction |
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what is the function of the compenents found in λ-Granules (lysosomes)?
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Contains enzymes that facilitate clot resorption
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describe the fluid content of extracellular space as compared to that of blood for small molecules and electrolytes?
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that are practially the same because they are constantly being interchanged
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describe the concentration of proteins in the extracellular fluid as compared to that in blood?
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much lower in extracellular fluid
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what is the chief protein in the bloods colloid osmotic pressure?
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albumin
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what are the 5 major types proteins found in blood?
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1. albumin
2. lipoproteins 3. globulins 4. compliment 5. clotting proteins such fibrinogen |
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aside from their function in immunity, what other functions do globulins carry out?
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Transports metal ions, protein-bound lipids, and lipid-soluble vitamins
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what are the three lopiproteins one might find in the blood?
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1. Chylomicrons
2. VLDL 3. LDL |
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what provides the structure/scaffolding for the components of bone marrow?
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reticular cells and reticular fiber
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how do the blood cells and platelets formed in the bone marrow get into the blood stream?
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through the sinusoids throughout the bone marrow comparments which have large gaps allowing passage of cells and platelets
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reticular fibers are composed of which type of collagen?
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type 3
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what is another name for reticular cells?
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adventitial cells
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where are RBC's brocken down? (3)
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1. Bone marrow
2. Liver 3. Spleen |
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when an RBC is broken down what are the 3 components that must be delt with?
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1. globin
2. porphyrin rings 3. iron |
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what is the name of stored iron in macrophages?
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ferritin and hemosiderin
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how are porphyrin rings taken from the body?
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they are conjugated with bilirubin
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what is the group of a macrophage supplying iron to surrounded developing erythrocytes called?
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erythroblastic island
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what are the 2 important types of cytokines that stimulate WBC formation?
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1. colony-stimulating factors (CFSs) and interluekins
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What factor has this function?
Promotes CFU-GM mitosis and differentiation; facilitates granulocyte activity |
GM-CSF
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What factor has this function?
Promotes CFU-G mitosis and differentiation; facilitates neutrophil activity |
G-CSF
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What factor has this function?
Promotes CFU-M mitosis and differentiation |
M-CSF
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What factor has this function?
Promotes proliferation of PHSC, CFU-S, and CFU-Ly; suppresses erythroid precursors |
IL-1
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What factor has this function?
Stimulates activated T- and B-cell mitosis; induces differentiation of NK cells |
IL-2
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What factor has this function?
Promotes proliferation of PHSC, CFU-S, and CFU-Ly as well as all unipotential precursors (except for LyB and LyT) |
IL-3
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What factor has this function?
Stimulates T- and B-cell activation and development of mast cells and basophils |
IL-4
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What factor has this function?
Promotes CFU-Eo mitosis and activates eosinophils |
IL-5
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What factor has this function?
Promotes proliferation of PHSC, CFU-S, and CFU-Ly; also facilitates CTL and B-cell differentiation |
IL-6
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What factor has this function?
Promotes differentiation of CFU-LyB; enhances differentiation of NK cells |
IL-7
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What factor has the following function?
Induces neutrophil migration and degranulation |
IL-8
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What factor has the following function?
Induces mast cell activation and proliferation; modulates IgE production; promotes T helper cell proliferation |
IL-9
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What factor has the following function?
Inhibits cytokine production by macrophages, T cells, and NK cells; facilitates CTL differentiation and proliferation of B cells and mast cells |
IL-10
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What factor has the following function?
Stimulates NK cells; enhances TCL and NK cell function |
IL-12
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which cells produce GM-CSF?
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T cells; endothelial cells
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which cells produce G-CSF?
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Macrophages; endothelial cells
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which cells produce M-CSF?
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Macrophages; endothelial cells
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which cells produce IL-1
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Monocytes; macrophages; endothelial cells
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which cells produce IL-2?
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Activated T cells
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which cells produce IL-3
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Activated T and B cells
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what cells produce IL-4?
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Activated T cells
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what cells produce IL-5?
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T cells
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what cells produce IL-6?
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Monocytes and fibroblasts
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what cells produce IL-7?
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Adventitial reticular cells?
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what cells produce IL-8?
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Leukocytes, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells
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what cells produce IL-9?
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T helper cells
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what cells produce IL-10?
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Macrophages and T cells
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what cells produce IL-12?
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Macrophages
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where does the production of blood cells first occure?
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in blood islands in the wall of the yolk sac
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during what week of development does blood production begin?
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after 2 weeks
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from the 2nd to the 6th month of intrauterine life, what are the main hematopoietic organs?
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liver and spleen
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where are most bone marrow aspirate and biopsies taken from?
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anterior or posterior illiac crests
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extramedullary hematopoiesis and myeloid metaplasia are examples of what?
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when the fetal organs for blood formation become active in that role during adulthood
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