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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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blood makes up what percentage of human body weight?
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5-7%
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plasma is made up of:
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H2O,
PROTEINS (carrier proteins, immunoproteins, coagulation proteins) ELECTROLYTES MINERALS etc.. |
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Blood Cells include:
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RBCs (mature RBCs, reticulocytes, nucleated RBCs, erythroblasts)
WBCs- granulocytes or polys (bands, metamyelocytes, promyelocytes, myeloblasts) EOSINOPHILS BASOPHILS LYMPHOCYTES (lymphoblasts) MONOCYTES PLATELETS (megakaryocytes, megakaryoblasts) |
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main site of hematopoises in first few weeks of gestation
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YOLK SAC
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main sites of hematopoiesis from 6 weeks until 6-7 months of fetal life
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LIVER and SPLEEN
continue to be sites of hematopoiesis until about 2 weeks after birth |
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most important site of hematopoiesis from 6-7 months of fetal life and only source of new cells shortly after birth?
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BONE MARROW
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where are developing cells produced my bone marrow located?
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developing cells are situated outside the bone marrow sinuses and mature cells are released into the sinus spaces
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into what structures are mature blood cells produced my bone marrow released?
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mature cells are released into:
-the sinus spaces -the marrow microcirculation -the general circulation |
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in infancy all the bone marrow is what?
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HEMATOPOIETIC
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during childhood bone marrow is progressively replaced by what in long bones?
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marrow is progressively replaced by FAT
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in adults, hematopoeietic marrow is confined to:
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the axial skeleton
and proximal ends of the femurs and humeri (even in hematopoeietic areas, the marrow consists of 50% fat) |
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sites that may produce hematopoetic cells in adults in TIMES OF NEED
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marrow in sites replaced by fat
also in the liver and spleen (EXTRAMEDULLARY HEMATOPOIESIS) |
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sites of EXTRAMEDULLARY HEMATOPOIESIS
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liver and spleen may become sites in times of need
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all hematopoietic cells come from
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a PLURIPOTENTIAL SELF-REPLICATING STEM CELL
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what are cfu's?
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colony forming units
stem cell precursors of hematopoeitic cells, that form "colonies on agar plates" |
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what are bfu's?
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"burst forming units"
cfu's that grow looking like subursts (stem cell precursors of hematopoeitic cells, that form "colonies on agar plates") |
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most common way to id stem cells in the marrow
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ANTIGENIC MARKERS
most common is CD34 expression |
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where to transfused stem cells home?
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transfused stem cells home to and replicate in the BONE MARROW STROMA (the appropriate microenvironment for hematopoeitic cell dvpt)
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growth factors responsible for hematopoietic dvpt
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GLYCOPROTEIN HORMONES
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where do the GLYCOPROTEIN HORMONES responsible for hematopoietic dvpt come from?
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may be produced by local cells in the marrow (t-cells, MOs, endothelial cells and fibroblasts)
or come through the circulation from distant sites (eg erythropoietin from the kdiney) |
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biological effects of GLYCOPROTEIN HORMONES, the GROWTH FACTORS responsible for hematopoietic dvpt are MEDIATED BY:
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specific cell surface receptors, which send signals to the nucleus to respond in certain ways
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how many miles does our blood travel per day?
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12,000
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how many liters of blood are in our bodies?
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5-6 liters
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marrow of a normal adult contains > # hematopoietic cells?
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1,000,000,000,000
(1x10^12) |
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typical hematopoietic production might average:
x RBCs/second x WBCs/second x platelets/second |
3 million RBCs/second
27,000 WBCs/second 2-4 million platelets/ second |
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how much can hematopoietic production increase on demand?
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by 5-10 fold
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PLASMA makes up what percent of total blood volume?
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it makes 55% of total blood volume
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components of plasma
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91% WATER
7% BLOOD PROTEINS(fibrinogen, albumin, globulin) 2% NUTRIENTS (amino acids, sugars, lipids)HORMONES (erythropoietin, insulin, etc) and ELECTROLYTES (na+, k+ and ca++, etc.) |
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Cellular Components make up what % of total blood volume
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they make up 45% of total blood volume
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CELLULAR COMPONENTS of blood can be centrifuged into:
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BUFFY COAT:
-WBCs(7000-9000/mm^3 blood) -platelets(250,000/mm^3 blood) and RED BLOOD CELLS (5 million /mm^3 of blood) |
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HEMOCRIT
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RBC component of TOTAL BLOOD VOLUME
typically ~45% |
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water makes up what percentage of blood volume?
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~50%
Plasma makes up a little more than half of blood volume (55%) Plasma is almost all water (91%) |
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What is the BUFFY COAT?
what is it used for? |
white blood cells and platelets
used to look for infection, abnormal white cells |
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When is epsilon hgb made?
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beginning of fetal life (really primitive) mostly between 1-3 months gestation
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When is gamma hemoglobin made?
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throughout fetal period and a few months post-natally
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what is the last type of globin chain to be made in fetal life?
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delta (INSIGNIFICANT< not until ~8 months)
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when is beta globin made?
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small amounts made in fetal development, increases to near same levels as alpha ~6 months after birth
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what can a Lymphoid stem cell become?
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a T lymphocyte or a B lymphocyte
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with the exception of T and B lymphocytes all other blood cells come from what lineage?
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MYELOID STEM CELL
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Erythrocyte lineage
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STEM CELL
MYELOID STEM CELL PRONORMOBLAST BASOPHILIC NORMOBLAST POLYCHROMATIC NORMOBLAST ORTHOCHROMATIC NORMOBLAST POLYCHROMATIC ERYTHROCYTE ERYTHROCYTE |
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PLATELET lineage
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STEM CELL
MYELOID STEM CELL MEGAKARYOCYTE PLATELETS |
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MONOCYTE lineage
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STEM CELL
MYELOID STEM CELL IMMATURE MONOCYTE MONOCYTE |
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NEUTROPHIL LINEAGE
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STEM CELL
MYELOID STEM CELL MYELOBLAST N. PROMYELOCYTE N. MYELOCYTE N. METAMYELOCYTE N. BAND NEUTROPHIL |
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Eosinophil Lineage
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STEM CELL
MYELOID STEM CELL MYELOBLAST IMMATURE EOSINOPHIL EOSINOPHIL |
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BASOPHIL Lineage
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STEM CELL
MYELOID STEM CELL MYELOBLAST IMMATURE BASOPHIL BASOPHIL |
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CLP
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committed lymphoid progenitor
can only become T lymphocytes or B lymphocytes |
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CMP
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committed myeloid progenitor
can become erythrocyte, platelets, basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil, Monocyte, Macrophage, Kupffer Cell, Langerhans Cell, Dendritic cell or Osteoclast |
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erythropoietin
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cytokine involved in erythrocyte production by kidney (sensitive to decreased oxygen)
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IL-3
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**stimulates proliferation and differentiation of granulocyte, macrophage, eosinophil, mast cell, megakaryocyte, T and B-cell lineages and early myeloid stem cells
interacts with erythropoietin to stimulate erythroid colony formation **stimulates proliferation of AML blasts, stimulates proliferation of mature MOs, histamine release by mast cells and eosinophil killing of schistosome manson larvae |
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G-CSF
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GRANULOCYTE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR
stimulates granulocyte lineage proliferation and ? |
