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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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S&S of hematological disorders
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edema
congestion thrombus embolus infarction lymphedema shock anemia polycythemia leukocytopenia leukocytosis |
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edema
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accumulation of fluid in interstitial tissues/body cavities
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congestion
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accumulation of blood in vessels
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thrombus
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blood clot in vessel that is stationary
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embolus
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blood clot that has broken off and moved
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infarction
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cell death and tissue necrosis caused by dysruption in blood supply
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lymphedema
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chronic swelling due to accumulation of interstitial fluid 2ndary to obstruction of lymphatic vessesl of lymph nodes
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shock
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blood pressure falls so low that perfusion of organs can't occur
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anemia
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RBC count falls, reduction in hemoglobin and ability of blood to carry O2 to organs
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polycythemia
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too many RBC cause viscosity increase of the blood and congestion
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leukocytopenia
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significant reduction in total WBC count (vulnerable to infection)
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leukocytosis
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blood disorder in which immature WBC accumulate
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shock
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hypovolemic (heart doesn't have enough blood to pump)
cardiogenic (heart fails) obstructive (obstruction of bowel, fluid goes to this area) septic (blood born infection) neurogenic (injury to CNS) |
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aging and hematopoeitic system
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decrease in red bone marrow
decrease total serum iron, iron binding capacity, intestinal absorption of iron increased fragility of RBC membrane rise in plasma fibrinogen and platelet adhsiveness decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit decreased Vit B12 absorption (pernicious anemia) decreased number and size of lymph nodes decline in cellular immunity due to altered T cell fxn |
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erythropoietin
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normally in blood in inactive form, converted to its active form by erythropoietic factor (produced by kidneys), stimulates bone marrow, promotes hematopoiesis
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blood transfusion (need for)
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surgery/bleeding
trauma burns certain disease states |
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complication with blood transfusion
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ABO incompatibility
type II hyperimmune reaction HBV, HCV, HIV air embolism circulatory overload |
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Adverse Reactions: S&S
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fever and chils
rash jaundice hematuria transfusion related acute lung injury (resmebles adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)) |
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adult respiratory distress syndrome
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break down barrier of alveolus and fluid comes in , breathe through water, fibrorenigin causes clotting and thickens edge of alveolus, O2 diffusion problem, lungs are stiff and uninflatable, can't breathe well on own
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blood tranfusions
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autologous transfusions (donate own blood before surgery, and transfer back to you)
recombinant human erythropoietin (see other notecard)(cancer patients getting chemotherapy) |
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hemochromatosis
accumulation of iron |
arthropathy (in joints)
cirrhosis and hepatomegaly (liver) cardiomyopathy (heart) diabetes mellitus (pancreas) emphysema (lungs) sterility (reproductive organs) rusty colored skin |
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porphyria
genetic disease |
accumulations of porphyrins
porphyrins needed to form hemoglobin (precursors to hemoglobin) accumulate in tissues (CNS) seizures, behavioral changes port wine urine |
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leukocyte differential count
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granulcytes
neutrophils (50-75%) eosinophils (1-2%) basophils (0.5-1%) angranulocytes more lymphocytes than monocytes |
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RBC indices
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MCV - red blood cell size
MCHC - hemoglobin concentration in each RBC (percentage) MCH - amount of hemoglobin in each RBC |
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Hemoglobin variants
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HbA or HbA2 (adult hemoglobin)
HbF (fetal hemoglobin, replace it with adult hemoglobin) HbS, HbC, HbMemphis : sickle cell anemia (abnormal type of hemoglobin) |
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normal RBC lifespan
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120 days
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Anemia values for males and females
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hemoglobin <14 gms/100ml males
hemoglobin <12gms/100ml females |
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Anemia S&S
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pallor
tachycardia cardiac murmurs angina dyspnea fatigue headaches dizziness syncope tinnitus anorexia constipation/diarrhea stomatits pica |
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Anemia causes
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excessive blood loss
destruction of erythrocytes decreased production of erythrocytes |
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Excessive blood loss
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normocytic (cells look normal), normochromic (normal amount of hemoglobin in them)
just don't have enough of them |
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destruction of erythrocytes
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autoimmune hemoltyic anemia (attack RBC)
malaria (parasites invades RBC and destroys them) hypersplenism |
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decreased production of Erythrocytes
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macrocytic, normochromic
too few RBC and are bigger than they should be pernicious anemia (vit B12 def) |
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decreased production fo erythrocytes
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microcytic, hypochromic
RBC are smaller than normal hemoglobin concentration is low insufficient heme synthesis (iron def states) insufficient globin sythesis (thalassemia, alpha or beta protein def in hemoglobin (protein parts are missing)recessive genetic trait) |
