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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cardiology |
study of heart |
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Angiology |
science of blood vessels |
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Hematology |
study of blood
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Arteries |
-carry blood away from the heart
-Thick walled and can resist high blood pressure -also called RESISTANCE VESSEL |
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Veins |
-Towards the heart -Thin walled, stretch |
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Capillaries |
-Small thin walled, interconnect arteries and veins -Exchange of gases, waste and nutritions -EXCHANGE VESSEL |
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Great vessels |
major arteries and veins leaving and entering the heart
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Pulmonary circuit |
Carry blood to the lungs for gaseous exchange and returns it to the heart
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Systematic circuit |
carry blood to the tissues and returns it to the heart
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Stethoscope |
Device for auscalutation(listen to normal and abnormal internal sounds)
Heart sounds ass through the pericardium, surrounding tissues and the chest wall |
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Sphygmomanometer |
Device used to measure blood pressure |
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Electrocardiograph (EKG, ECG) |
-Diagnostic tool that measures and records the electrical activities of the heart
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Catheter |
-small diameter long, flexible plastic tube , inserted into large artery of arm or leg and guided to plaque in the coronary artery. Catheder can remove single soft plaque |
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Defibrillator |
two large paddle shaped electrodes pressed against the skin of the chest to stop cardiac arrest
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Stent |
metallic, wire tube placed in arterz to keep open and permit blood flow
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Balloon angioplasty |
catheter tip contains inflatable balloon
In position balloon gets inflated, compressing the plaque against the vessel wall |
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Coronary bypass surgery |
Taking arery or vein to create detour around the obstructed portion of coronary artery
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Pulse
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-Where artery compress against the bone
-Count the rate per minute |
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Heart info |
-12cm from apex to base -weights 300g -protected within the ribs and diapraghm |
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Pericardium |
Membrane that surrounds and protects the hearth |
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Fibrous pericardium |
Tough, dense, irregular connective tissue with collagen fibers
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Serous pericardium |
a) parietal pericardium-outer layer,fused with fibrous pericardium Fib+Par=Paricardial disc b)Visceral pericardium-part contact with heart Loose connective tissue of visceral pericardium called epicardium bound to the cardiac muscle |
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Pericardial cavity |
gap between pariteal and visceral pericaridum |
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Pericardial fluid |
cavity is filled with a thin film of serous fluid, secreted by pericardial cells
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Epicardium |
-thin tissue -Outermost layer with simple squamous epithelium |
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Myocardium |
-Cardiac muscle, responsible for pumping action of heart -atrial myocardium is thin and ventricular is thick |
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Endocardium |
Inner surface, simple squamous epithelium
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Cardiomyocytes |
cells with single centrally placed nucleus - |
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Intercalated discs |
-Unique wall between two adjacent cardiocytes to attach myofibrils and separate each cells |
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Gap junctions |
Move ions and molecules for direct electrical connection between two cells |
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Fibrous skeleton |
Cardiomyocytes wrapped in a strong (collagen), elastic (elastin) connective tissue sheath. Extensive connective tissue network is called fibrous skeleton -Electrically isolates the atrial myocardium from the ventricular myocardium |
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Coronary sinus |
Veins collect blood from walls, and deliver to the coronary sinus |
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Pectinate muscles (musculi pectinati) |
internal ridges of myocrdium in the right atrium and both auricles |
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Fossa ovalis |
in 5week of embyotic stage septums communicate with eachother through opening FORAMEN OVALE. 48h after birth it permanently closes leaving small depression called FOSSA OVALIS. If it doesnt close->cardiac enlargement, fluid buildup in lungs and HA |
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Coronary artery |
after aorta leaves the left ventricle, it gives off right and left coronary artery. Right and left coronary arteirs are first brances of aorta. Blood presure here is the highest |
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Arterial anastomosis |
Point where two arteries come together and combine their blood flow to further downstream. This serving as backup routes for blood to flow if one link is blocked or compromised |
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Thebesian veins
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smallest cardiac veins originate from cardiac arteriole and opens into right ventricle |
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Cardiac veins |
-collect blood from smaller veins, delover blood to coronary sinus |
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Authorytmycity |
human heart is myogenic (heartbeat originating from muscle fiber). Without any stimulation heart will still contract |
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Conducting cells |
incapable of undergoing powerful contraction called conducting cells b) Conducting fibers- distribute the contractile stimulus to the general myocardium |
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SA NODE of CARDIAC PACEMAKER |
-depolarizing nodal cells->reach treshold->all other nodal cells treshold->PACEMAKER CELLS |
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AV NODE |
-Electrical gateway to the ventricle -Can become pacemaker (SECONDARY PACEMAKER) |
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Bundle of his |
Devides into right/left bundle branch |
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Artificial pacemaker |
Device that sends out small electrical currents, stimulate heart to contract. |
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Heartbeat |
Atrial systole-0.1 s Ventricular systole-0.3 s Quiescent period-0.4 s |
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Origin of heartbeat |
SA node impulse->Heartbeat->Spread into atria and to AV node->bundle of his->right/left bundle brances->Purkinje fibers--moderator band-->Papillary muscles. Atrial contraction complete, ventricular begins |
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Electrocardiogram (EKG, ECG) |
-Intrument to record electrical activity-< electrocardiograph |
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LUBB sound |
closure of AV valves, during ventricular systole. Louder, longer |
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DUPP sounds |
Closure of semilunar valves. Short, soft |
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Third and fourth sounds |
Blood flowing in to the ventricle and atrial contraction. Usually very quiet, not audible in adults. In children it is called triple rhythm or gallop |
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PMI (point of maximal impulse) |
-Where you best feel heartbeat |
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Cardiac cycle |
Events during a complete heartbeat (from start of one heart beat to beginning of another)
Consist of sequence of interdependent electrical and mechanical events |
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Systole |
contraction phase. Chamber eject blood into another chamber or to the blood vessel |
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Diastole |
Relaxation phase. Fills with blood and prepares for the start of the next cardiac cycle. |
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Ventricular filling |
During atrial systole AV valves open and blood flows into the ventricles. There are three stages: -rapid ventricular filling -Diastasis or slower ventricular filling -Atrial systole to complete filling process |
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End diastolic volume (EDV) |
End of ventricular filling each ventricle contains maximum amount of blood - In adult, at rest, it is 130ml |
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Isovolumetric contraction |
AV valve closes, S1 occurs (lubb). All four valves remain closed so blood doesnt go anywhere. Ventricles tries to contract but there is no change in their volume. |
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Ventricular ejection |
Ventricular start contraction (iso-tonic) -first rapid ejection -reduced ejection -will not eject all -healthy heart eject 70ml (Stroke volume) -remained blood called End-systolic volume (ESV) |
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Isovolumetric relaxation |
-ventricle begins to expand, fibrous skeleton over the cardiocytes expands -semi lunar valves closed, S2 (dubb) sound occur -All four valves are closed (iso-volumetric) |
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Cardiac output (CO) |
-Volume of blood ejected by each ventricle in one minute -L/min -dependand on Heart rate and Stroke volume |
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Cardiac index |
CO per square meter of body surface. - |
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Vigorous exercise increases CO as much as 21L/ min |
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Cardiac reserve |
The work that the heart is able to perform beyond that required of it under ordinary circumstances. Difference between maximum and resting cardiac output. |
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Venous return |
Primary controller of CO: Flow of blood to the heart from the veins |
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Stroke volume (SV) |
Volume of blood pumped from one ventricle of the heart with each beat. P |
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Preload |
Pressure that heart has when relaxing. Depends on venoius return |
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Contractility |
contraction of ventricle, more powerful->faster |
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Afterload |
Pressure of contracting heart. Work heart has to do to push blood into the aorta and around the body. |
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Heart rate (HR) |
Measure by taking pulse |
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Tachycardia |
Persisten resting adult HR above 100 |
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Bradycardia |
Persistent resting HR below 60 bpm |
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Effect of chemicals on heart rate |
Calcium: hypercalcemia |
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Pericarditis |
inflamattion of pericardium, due to infection or radiation therapy. Resist expansion of heart |
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Cardiac tamponade |
Abnormal accumulation of fluid or clotted blood in pericardial cavity |
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Infective endocarditis |
Bacterial infection of endocardium |
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Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) |
Mitral valve cusps do not close properly. |
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Heart murmur |
Rushing sound. MVP show it. |
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Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) |
ductus arteriosus remained open, which increase pulmonary trunk blood pressure |
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Atrial septal defect |
Fetal foramen ovale of interatrial septum fails to close after birth |
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Tetralogy of Fallot or blue baby |
Cyanosis in infants (bluish discoloration in nail bed and musuc membrane) |
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Cor Pulmonale |
Right ventricular hypertrophy due to obstructed pulmonary circulation |
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Arteriosclerosis |
Hardening of arterioles as a result of sustained high blood pressure. Arterioles lose elasticity |
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Atheroschlerosis |
Yellow plaque in arteries called atheroma formed from fatty deposits. |
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Cardiac arrhythmias |
abnormal patterns of cardiac electrical activity abnormal rhythm |
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Cardiac arrest |
sudden unexprected cessation of an effective heartbeat |
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Bradycardia |
Heart rate is slower than normal (50-) |
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Tacycardia |
Fater than normal HR (100+) |
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Fibrillation |
very rapid, uncoordinated heartbeats |
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Atrial fibrillation |
Atria quiver insted of contraction -symptoms are shortness of breath and palpitation (uncomfortable sensation in chest) |
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Ventricular Fibrillation |
Ventricle quiver rather then contract |
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Heart block |
Electrical pathway between the atria and ventricles are blocked |
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Angina pectoris |
Obstruction of coronary artery and the resulting in chest pain. In the abscence of O2, cardiomyocytes shifts to anaerobic respiration and produce lactic acid, which stimulate nociceptors |
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Myocardial infarction (MI) or Heart Attack |
Sudden death of patch of myocardium resulting from long term obstruction of coronary circulation or atheroma -Weakens heart wall -lack of oxygen, death of cardiac muscle cell -infarct (nonfuctional area). Later replaced with scar tissue (RHCP) |