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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are three purposes of hearing aids?
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1) To amplify speech and environmental sounds
2)To optimize intelligibility and sound clarity 3) to assure loud sounds are not uncomfortable or distored |
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In what decade was electrical amplification introduced?
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1920's
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In what decade did miniaturization begin?
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1960's
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In what decade were audiologists begining to be allowed to dispense?
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1970's
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what was the "digital/programmable" decade?
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1990's
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what was the "implantable" decade?
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2000's
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Name the 4 basic components of the hearing aid
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1) microphone
2) amplifier 3) receiver 4) battery |
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Name the 3 basic controls of the amplifier
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1)gain control
2) tone control 3) input/output compression |
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Name 5 controls and features of a hearing aid
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1) on/off switch
2) telecoil 3) volume control 4) compression 5) directional microphone |
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Name the 6 styles of hearing aids
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1) body aid
2) behind the ear (BTE) 3) In the ear (ITE) 4) In the canal (ITC) 5) Completely in the canal (CIC) 6)ITD |
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what specialized device works well for unilateral hearing loss?
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CROS/BICROS (Contralateral Routing of Signal)
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what specialized device works well for conductive hearing loss?
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Bone Conduction Aid
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What specialized device works well for conductive and/or unilateral loss?
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Bone Anchored Hearing Aid (BAHA)
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what is the style for earmolds?
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There is a variety of styles and materials
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mofifying low frequency is _____.
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Venting
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modifying mid frequency is ____.
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damping
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modifying high frequency is____.
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accoustic horn
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What 3 things determine if you are a hearing aid candidate?
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1) degree of hearing loss
2) degree of communication problem 3)motivation to use hearing aids (i would say also type of hearing loss) |
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How is criteria #1 for hearing aid candidacy (the degree of hearing loss) determined?
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Thresholds Audibility Index, Count the Dots
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How is criteria #2 for hearing aid candidacy (the degree of communication problem) determined?
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Self-assessment
Case history |
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What are 4 preselction measures in choosing a hearing aid?
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1) Pure-tone thresholds
2) Speech reception 3) Speech recognition (quiet/noise) 4) Uncomfortable loudness (UCL) |
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What 11 hearing aid components factor in to selection of a hearing aid model?
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1) Style
2) Gain and frequency response 3) Multiple channels 4) Multiple memories 5) Compression 6) Expansion 7) Directional microphone 8) Noise reduction 9) Feedback reduction 10) Linked hearing aids 11) Data logging |
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Name 14 factors affecting the impact of HL
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1)Age at Onset,
2)Identification, 3)Intervention 4)Degree of HL 5)Permanence of Loss 6)Affected Ear(s) 7)Site of Lesion/Etiology 8)Sensory Device Use/Benefit 9)Extent and Type of Intervention 10)Cognitive Ability 11)Other Handicapping Conditions 12)Family, 13)Culture, 14)Socioeconomic Status |
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describe brink and stone's chain reaction
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Hearing Loss →
Communication Problems → Social Engagement → Self-Concept (esp. for children) → Mood |
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describe the 7 components of Kubler-Ross' cycle of grief
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1) (Shock – even when diagnosis suspected)
2) Denial 3) Anger 4) Bargaining 5) Depression 6) Acceptance 7) Cyclical Process – renewed grief |
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What did Vernon's 1965 review of intellectual development for the hearing impaired show?
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Vernon’s Review (1965)
Range of IQ among deaf same as hearing Disproportionate prevalence of lower IQ’s No relationship between degree of loss and IQ |
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what are 7 changes in intellectual abilities
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1) Attention
2) Memory 3) Academic and everyday knowledge 4) Problem solving 5) Imagination 6) Creativity 7) Language |
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What are 9 social/emotional development issues
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Attachment
Emotional communication Self-understanding Knowledge about others Interpersonal skills Friendships Intimate relationships Moral reasoning Behavior |
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describe HI's potential impact on attachment
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Emotional bond between infant and caregiver (later with familiar people)
Affected by audition, vision, tactile Enhanced by communication competence Failure to bond – long term implications |
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describe potential communication between parent and HI child
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“Rigid, negative, more directive, less praise”
Child-Directed Communication Mixed and missed signals Native language Natural interaction Visual contact needed Parent vs. surroundings |
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Describe impact on self-regulation and emotional expressivement
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Newborn → Infant → Toddler
Develop ability to regulate feelings; retreat from negative situations; control negative emotional displays Need language Labels of feelings, consequences, shared meaning Goal: adaptive functioning |
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Dscribe the skills needed to develop satisfying relationships/ social competence
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Skills needed to develop satisfying relationships
Think independently Self-direct and self-control Understand feelings, needs of self and others Flexibility Tolerate frustration Ability to rely on or be relied upon Maintaining healthy relationships |
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describe HIs potential impact on social and emotional development
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Inability to mediate experiences and feelings with language
Lack of motivation/initiative (learned helplessness?) Low academic achievement Underemployment Social maladaption (violence, drugs, alcohol) |
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Describe Impact on Incidental Learning: Learning Through Passive Exposure
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Reduces natural learning
Puts parent in role of “teacher” Learning limited by language, communication skills, experiences |
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describe the developmental tasks of adolescence
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Developmental tasks
Affiliation with peer group Identify formation Occupational preparation Adjustment to physiologic changes |
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Seek attention/help from others to satisfy needs/wants
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Instrumental dependence
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Desire for proximity, approval, affection from others
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Emotional dependence
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sense of belonging
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Intimate attachments
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Name 4 adoescent risks
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Less emotional bonding
Greater aggression Rejection of amplification Increased self-consciousness |
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Discuss deafness's potential impact on personality
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Emotional immaturity
Egocentricity Irritability Impulsiveness Suggestibility |
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Name 3 advantages of being deaf of deaf
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Consistent parenting
Effective communication Tolerant social environment |
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name 4 positive outcomes of being deaf of deaf
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Better adjustment
Higher educational level Better command of language Higher teacher/counselor ratings (e.g., maturity, independence, sociability) |
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Adult Adjustment to HL Affected By:
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Same factors that affect adjustment among children +
Internal responses Cognitive appraisals Emotional reactions External behaviors Positive and maladaptive |
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A 2000 NOCA survey of hearing impaired adults measured emotional instability, anger/frustration,depression symptoms,paranoia, and denial in HI adults over age 50 (HA users and non-users in 5 categories of degree of HL).
It found |
1) Negative emotional effects increased with severity of HL
2) Negative effects greater among non-users of HA’s |
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how long does it take for adult onset HI adult to take action
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7 years or more average
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adjustments to impairement in adult are impacted by____ and ____.
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1) deinal
2) stigma (hearing aid effect). |
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name 8 potential negative reactions to hearing impairment
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Anxiety
Irritability Frustration Depression Withdrawal Lack of independence Disrupted relationships Paranoia |
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describe 3 findings on HI impact on mental health
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1) Impact of HL on mental health inversely related to age
2) Mental health ratings increase 0.1SD per 10 dB of HL 3) Little or no impact of HL on mental health IF low frequency hearing maintained |
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which hearing impaired people report the most depression symptoms(when thinking about hearing aids and adherence)
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non-adherent women
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who reported the least depression symptoms (when thinking about hearing aids and adherence)
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adherent women
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You must differentiate between choice to "disengage" and _______.
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handicap
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define 3 main cognitive functions and 3 other cognitive functions
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main: perceiving, remembering, thinking
other:Attention, Processing Speed, Memory |
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when is cognitive function the best
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in your 30s and 40s
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when do changes in cognitive function become noticable
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not until your 70s
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what percentage of people in their 80s only have a small decline in cognitive function
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2/3
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define attention
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focus on information, determine relevance
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define processing speed
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time to perform a mental task
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discuss the impact of late onset deafness
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Cycle of grief
Impact on significant others, work No ties to deaf community Loss of primitive hearing ability |
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What 3 aspects of counselling are within the ASHA scope of practice?
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1) Provide patient/client and family/caregiver with information and support
2) Make appropriate referrals to other professionals 3)Help patient/client develop problem-solving strategies to enhance rehabilitation |
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Name 5 goals of counselling
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1) Appraise strengths and limitations
2) Increase confidence, knowledge, skill 3) Reduce stress 4) Facilitate access to support 5)Promote positive function |
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Name 5 factors which may affect adaptation
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1) Family
2) Personality factors 3) Socioeconomic factors 4) Resources 5) Exposure to hearing loss |
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compare and contrast professional versus non-professional counselling by descring 3 aspects of each
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Professional counselling:
1) focuses on reorganizing or reinterpreting personal conflicts 2) affect major personality changes 3) Explore the subconscious Non-Professional counselling: 1) Not primary identity 2) Not trained as a professional counselor 3) Focus on coping with and adjustment to hearing-related problem |
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hearing loss management counselling is based on the ______ model.
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Hearing loss management counselling is based on the well-patient model.
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is the patient psychological normal/abnormal in hearing loss counselling?
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normal
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Is hearing loss counselling typical long-term or short-term
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short term (and focused on practical changes)
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List 4 counselling theories or styles
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1) Person-focused
2) Empathic listening 3) Behavioral 4) Cognitive/Rational |
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What is patient-focused counselling
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Patient knows best
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What is behavioral counselling
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Directive approach
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What is cognitive/rational counselling?
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Emotive
Patient learns to identify and modify irrational, self-defeating thoughts |
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describe 4 aspects of the counselling process
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1) Help patient tell and clarify “story”; what do they see as their problem
2) Help patient take responsibility 3) Help patient set goals 4) Help patient develop, implement, and evaluate plan to solve problems |
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5 Clinician Behaviors and Attitudes That Interfere or Reduce Effectiveness of Counselling
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Habituation
Generalization Comparison Being Right Multitasking |
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name 4 important boundaries for non-professional counselling
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1) Limited to problems related to hearing impairment
2) Guided by and supportive of individual and family 3) Does not foster dependency 4) Does not enter realm of clinical psychology |
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name 4 appropriate hearing-related topics for non-professional counselling
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1) Feelings
2) Information 3) Concerns about treatment results or prognosis 4)Treatment planning or decision making |
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name 3 borderline appropriate topics for non-professional counselling
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Intense negative reactions/feelings
Problems with relationships On-going adjustment problems |
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completely inappropriate topics for non-professional counselling
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Other medical
Chronic unhappiness Marital problems Violence and other illegal or maladaptive actions |
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name the two main types of non-professional counselling
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informational and personal adjustment counselling
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define informational counselling
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content counseling
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define personal adjustment counselling
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social-emotional, support
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name 6 problems addressed by informational or content counselling
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Description of hearing
Causes of hearing problems Treatment options Sensory device options Hearing aid problems Service options |
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name 4 Problems Requiring Personal Adjustment or Emotional Counseling
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Acceptance of HL
Participation in family activities Psychological adjustment Social-vocational difficulties |
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Universal Newborn Screenings result in ________-driven counseling whereas the focus should be on ______needs and strengths
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Universal Newborn Screenings result in institution-driven counseling whereas the focus should be on family needs and strengths
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According to Roush & Harrison, what are the 3 groups pediatric counselling needs?
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1) Parents of children w/mild-moderate HI
2) Parents of children w/severe-profound HI 3) Pediatric Audiologists |
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when should pediatric counselling occur?
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Needs at time of diagnosis and (w/i) 6 months later
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what are the 5 counselling needs during diagnosis of a mild-moderate pediatric hearing loss?
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1)causes
2)audiogram 3)timelines for learning speech/language 4) anatomy & physiology 5) coping |
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what are the 4 counselling needs 6 mos. after a diagnosis of a mild-moderate pediatric hearing loss?
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listen/speak,
realistic timelines, EI agencies, legal rights |
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what are the 4 counselling needs during diagnosis of a severe-profound pediatric hearing loss?
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1)causes
2)audiogram 3) anatomy & physiology 4) coping |
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what are the 4 counselling needs 6 mos after a diagnosis for a pediatric with severe/profound hearing loss?
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listen/speak, cochlear implants, communication options, realistic timelines
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what are the 4 counselling needs at the time of diagnosis for pediatric audiologists?
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coping, causes, audiogram, anatomy and physiology
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what are the 4 counselling needs 6 mos after a diagnosis for a pediatric audiologist?
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listen/speak, expectations from HA, realistic timelines, coping
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List 7 steps for delivering bad news
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Privacy & Time
Choosing the Words Determine What’s Understood Encourage Expression of Feelings Listen Respond with Empathy Plan What Comes Next |
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name some counselling services in the delivery model
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1-on-1
Group – professional led Group – self-help Individual or Group with S.O. Key: appropriate services that meet the needs of the individual |