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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Composed of the body’s bones and associated ligaments, tendons, and cartilages.
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Skeletal System
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two functions of the skeletal system
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Support, Protection, Movement,
Reservoir for minerals and adipose tissue, Hematopoiesis |
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Forms long axis of the body.
Includes the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. These bones are involved in protection, support, and carrying other body parts |
Axial Skeleton
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Bones of upper & lower limbs and the girdles (shoulder bones and hip bones) that attach them to the axial skeleton.
Involved in locomotion and manipulation of the environment. |
Appendicular skeleton
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4 types of bones
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Long Bones
Much longer than they are wide. All bones of the limbs except for the patella (kneecap), and the bones of the wrist and ankle. Consists of a shaft plus 2 expanded ends. Your finger bones are long bones even though they’re very short – how can this be? Short Bones Roughly cube shaped. Bones of the wrist and the ankle. Flat Bones Thin, flattened, and usually a bit curved. Scapulae, sternum, (shoulder blades), ribs and most bones of the skull. Irregular Bones Have weird shapes that fit none of the 3 previous classes. Vertebrae, hip bones, 2 skull bones ( sphenoid and the ethmoid bones). |
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What are bones composed of
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Bone tissue (a.k.a. osseous tissue).
Fibrous connective tissue. Cartilage. Vascular tissue. Lymphatic tissue. Adipose tissue. Nervous tissue. |
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a type of connective tissue, so it must consist of cells plus a significant amount of extracellular matrix.
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bone tissue
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Bone-building cells.
Synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other organic components of bone matrix. Initiate the process of calcification. Found in both the periosteum and the endosteum |
Osteoblasts
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Mature bone cells.
Osteoblasts that have become trapped by the secretion of matrix. No longer secrete matrix. Responsible for maintaining the bone tissue. |
Osteocytes
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Huge cells derived from the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes (a type of white blood cell).
Cells that digest bone matrix – this process is called bone resorption and is part of normal bone growth, development, maintenance, and repair. Concentrated in the endosteum |
Osteoclasts
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What are the expanded ends of a long bone
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epiphyses
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Blood cell formation
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Hematopoiesis
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Thin layer of compact bone covering an interior of spongy bone.
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Epiphyses
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Joint surface of each epiphysis is covered w/ a type of hyaline cartilage known as _________ _________. It cushions the bone ends and reduces friction during movement.
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articular cartilage
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The external surface of the entire bone except for the joint surfaces of the epiphyses is covered by a double-layered membrane known as the __________
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periosteum.
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richly supplied with nerve fibers, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels
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Periosteum
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the process of bone tissue formation.
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Osteogenesis
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Fracture where bone ends penetrate the skin
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Open
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Fracture where bone ends don't penetrate the skin
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closed
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bone fragments into 3 or more pieces. Common in the elderly (brittle bones).
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comminuted
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bone breaks incompletely. One side bent, one side broken. Common in children whose bone contains more collagen and are less mineralized.
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Greenstick
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ragged break caused by excessive twisting forces. Sports injury/Injury of abuse.
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Spiral
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one bone fragment is driven into the medullary space or spongy bone of another.
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Impacted
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bone will grow or remodel in response to the forces or demands placed on it.
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Wolff's law
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Normal bone growth/maintenance cannot occur w/o sufficient dietary intake of _______ and _________ salts.
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Calcium, phosphate
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Calcium and phosphate are not absorbed in the intestine unless the hormone __________ is present
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calcitriol
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Calcitriol synthesis is dependent on the availability of the steroid ______________ (_._._ _______ _)
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cholecalciferol (a.k.a. Vitamin D)
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Literally “soft bones.”
Includes many disorders in which osteoid is produced but inadequately mineralized. Causes can include insufficient dietary calcium Insufficient vitamin D fortification or insufficient exposure to sun light. |
Osteomalacia
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Children's form of osteomalacia
More detrimental due to the fact that their bones are still growing. Signs include bowed legs, and deformities of the pelvis, ribs, and skull. |
Ricketts
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Inflammation of bone and bone marrow caused by pus-forming bacteria that enter the body via a wound (e.g., compound fracture) or migrate from a nearby infection.
Fatal before the advent of antibiotics. |
Osteomyelitis
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Group of diseases in which bone resorption occurs at a faster rate than bone deposition.
Bone mass drops and bones become increasingly porous. Compression fractures of the vertebrae and fractures of the femur are common. Often seen in postmenopausal women because they experience a rapid decline in estrogen secretion; estrogen stimulates osteoblast and inhibits osteoclast activity. |
Osteoporosis
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Childhood hypersecretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland causes excessive growth.
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Gigantism
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Adulthood hypersecretion of GH causes overgrowth of bony areas still responsive to GH such as the bones of the face, feet, and hands.
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Acromegaly
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GH deficiency in children resulting in extremely short long bones and maximum stature of 4 feet.
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Pituitary dwarfism
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consists of 8 bones fused together
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cranium
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has 14 bones. Most are fused, whilst others like the mandible (lower jaw bone) can move independently
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face
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5 main regions of vertebral column
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Cervical spine (7)
Thoracic spine (12) Lumbar spine (5) Sacrum (5) Coccyx (4) |
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first cervical vertebra
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Atlas
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Second Cervical Vertebra
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Axis
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are found between each vertebrae and keep spine flexible and they absorb shock
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Intervertebral Discs
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12 pairs of ribs
Joined to thoracic vertebrae Top 10 ribs joined to sternum Remaining two have “free” ends – ‘floating’ |
Thorax
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Heavy, dense, strong bone tissue
Ivory appearance & covers the complete bone Thickest at the center of the shaft |
Compact Bone Tissue
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Honeycomb appearance
Strong, hard & less dense than compact bone Found mainly ends of bones |
CANCELLOUS BONE TISSUE
or “spongy bone” |
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Toward the Head
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Superior
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Toward the feet
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Inferior
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Toward the front
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Anterior
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Toward the back
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Posterior
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Toward the midline (inside)
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Medial
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Toward the side (outside)
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Lateral
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Nearer the trunk
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proximal
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Further from the trunk
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Distal
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Face down (on stomach)
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Prone
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Face up (on back)
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Supine
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Changing rate of growth to the body is affected by what two things
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height and weight
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hardens into bone
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Ossifies
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(bone builders) – add bone to the outside surface, enlarging and elongating the bone
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Osteoblasts
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(bone eaters) – tunnel out the marrow cavity and internal spaces (these work at the same time as osteoblasts.)
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Osteoclasts
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(growth plates) found at either end of the bone where the shaft (diaphysis) meets the head or base (epiphysis). These growth plates are made of cartilage cells which multiply rapidly and the outside cells ossify, increasing the length of the shaft.
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Epiphyseal plates
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Responsible for most growth changes occurring.
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Growth Hormone
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(1) stimulates the epiphyseal plates to expand and form bone
(2) increase protein uptake by the muscles, therefore increasing muscle growth |
Growth Hormone
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