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158 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
consent
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each person is fre to act
person gives permission responsibility to get consent lies with person who initiates activity consent can be withdrawn at any time |
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sexual violence stats
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20-25% of women have experiences rape or attempted rape
80% know the perpatrator women are more likely to be vicims than men 34% of women have been victims of coercion most perpatrators are men |
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violence = power issue
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used by members of a more powerful group to take over a less powerful group (ex: financial power, legal power, psych. power, physical power)
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stalking
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a person is afraid for their safety b/c they have been watched, sped on, waited for, called, sent emails or letters, etc. repeatedly
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examples of sexual harassment
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verbal comments, gestures physical contact, quid pro quo
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where most assualt happens
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by someone the person knows in a private residence
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risk factors for perpatration
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alcohol and drugs, coercive fantasies, impulsive tendencies, preference for impersonal sex, hostility towards women, hypermasculinity, childhood history of abuse
assosciation with aggressive or delinquent pairs strong patrarchal relationship or environment unsupportive family environment poverty societal norms weak laws about gender equity high tolerance for crime |
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preventing sexual violence
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prevention, risk reduction/avoidance, self-defense
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why men should care about rape
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men are rape
rape confines men men know survivors men can stop rape |
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things men can do to protect sexual violence
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realize that its a men's issue that affects women, dont remain silent, understand how your attitudes and actions can perpatrate sexism, offer help to women close to you, respect women, speak out against homophobia, educate yourself on gender issues, mentor boys on how to treat women, refuse to purchase magazines, videos, etc. that degrade women
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consent
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each person is fre to act
person gives permission responsibility to get consent lies with person who initiates activity consent can be withdrawn at any time |
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sexual violence stats
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20-25% of women have experiences rape or attempted rape
80% know the perpatrator women are more likely to be vicims than men 34% of women have been victims of coercion most perpatrators are men |
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violence = power issue
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used by members of a more powerful group to take over a less powerful group (ex: financial power, legal power, psych. power, physical power)
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stalking
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a person is afraid for their safety b/c they have been watched, sped on, waited for, called, sent emails or letters, etc. repeatedly
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examples of sexual harassment
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verbal comments, gestures physical contact, quid pro quo
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where most assualt happens
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by someone the person knows in a private residence
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risk factors for perpatration
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alcohol and drugs, coercive fantasies, impulsive tendencies, preference for impersonal sex, hostility towards women, hypermasculinity, childhood history of abuse
assosciation with aggressive or delinquent pairs strong patrarchal relationship or environment unsupportive family environment poverty societal norms weak laws about gender equity high tolerance for crime |
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preventing sexual violence
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prevention, risk reduction/avoidance, self-defense
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why men should care about rape
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men are rape
rape confines men men know survivors men can stop rape |
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things men can do to protect sexual violence
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realize that its a men's issue that affects women, dont remain silent, understand how your attitudes and actions can perpatrate sexism, offer help to women close to you, respect women, speak out against homophobia, educate yourself on gender issues, mentor boys on how to treat women, refuse to purchase magazines, videos, etc. that degrade women
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sleep deprivation stats
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40 million ammericans suffer from sleep problems
30-30 million do not get enough sleep |
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functions of sleep
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necessary for survival
growth/repair (growth hormones in kids, cell production, slowed activity in parts of brain that control decision making and emotions) nervous system functioning (neurons repaired, exercising neural connections) |
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sleep cycles
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each cycle is 90-110 min. and made of stages (1-4 = REM/quiet sleep, affect integration of memory)
1. light sleep 2. 50% of sleep time - brain waves slow in occasional bursts of rapid waves) 3-4. deepest: repair and regenerate tissue and strengthen immunity 5. REM - occurs after about 90 min. (rapid eye movement, vivid dreams, high HR, increased breathing); lasts 10 min. in first cycle and increases to 90-120 min. intervals; simulates brain regions used in learning - can help brain development in infants and consolidate memory to exercise nerve networks; can affect procedural memory |
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effects of sleep deprivation
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decrease in: attention, concentration, memory, cognitive judgment, reaction time, immunity, emotional function, academics, creativity, problem solving, math skills
increase in: risk of depression and other psych. issues, types 2 diabetes and obesity, hypertension, relationship probs., car wrecks |
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sleep tips
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make a schedule, exercise, avoid caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, etc. before bed, relax before bed, sleep until sunlight, don't lie in bed awake, control room temp, see a doctor if prob. continues
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people's interpretation of stess
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stress = worry
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body's interpretation of stess
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stress = change
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what causes stress
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interaction b/t stressors and a person's perception and reaction to the stressors; if not dealt with effectively, feelings of lonlieness, neurosis, sleeplessness, and excessive worrying can result
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stress is...
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psychological, but the affects are physiological
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central nervous system
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brain and spinal cord
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automatic nervous system
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consists of sympathetic nervous system (norepinepherine) and para-sympathetic
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endocrine system
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under auspices of ANS, primarily the SNS
specific glands, tissues, and calls control body functions by releasing hormones and chemical messengers into the bloodstream stress hormones are examples of these entities (cortisol, catcholamines/epinephrine via adrenal glands) |
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fight or flight response
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created by walter canon
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stress response
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stressful event - automatics NS is stimulated and adrenaline and norepinephrine are released by adrenal glands; endocrine system: pitutary glands ACTH into blood and ACTH stimulates release cortisol and other stress hormones by adrenal glands
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how people respond to stress
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fight or flight, return to homeostasis
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emotional and behavioral responses to stress
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a person's perception of the stressor determines the resulting emotional or behavioral response; the more intense the response to the stressor, the more intense the physical response
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behavioral responses to stress
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controlled by the somatic nervous system; effective respsonses can promote wellness and enable us to function at our best; inappropriate responses include substance abuse, overeating, and hostility
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coping
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the act of managing behaviors to lessen the physical and psych. effects of excess stress; directly related to decreased anxiety and decreased academic failure
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signs of successful coping
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good knowledge of the world you live in, ability to use inner resources, believing you have control, social support, spiritual orientation
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factors affecting somatic response to stressors
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perceived prob. solving abilities, personality types, gender, past experience
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type a personality
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high motivation, time conscious, hard driving, hostile and impatient, cynical
high stress risk |
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type b personality
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easy going, non-aggressive, patient
low stress risk |
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type c personality
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supesses emotion and anger, feel hopeless and in dispair, unable to forgive, low self-esteem
high risk for stress |
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general adaption syndrome
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Hans Selve
3 stages: alarm resistance exhaustion |
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allostatic load concept
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high load is linked to greater risk for disease
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links b/s stress and certain conditions
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altered immune system fuction
endocrine effects and pregnancy complications cardio. disease psych. probs. injuries digestion probs. insomnia and fatigue headaches |
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common sources of stress
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major life changes, daily hassles, job-realted stressors, social stressors, environmental stressors
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hassles
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irritating and annoying things that place demands on our time
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uplifts
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positive experiences that buffer negative affects of hassles
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college student stress
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academic stressors, interpersonal stressors, time-related pressures, financial probs.
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techniques for managing stress
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time management skills, take action, employ cognitive techniques, sleep, eat well, exercise, rest your mind, take time for fun, address self-esteem, ask for help
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relaxation response
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progressive relaxation, visualization, meditation, biofeedback, deep breathing, yoga, music, massage
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dangerous coping strategies
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use of tobacco, alcohol, drugs, binge eating, etc.
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continuum of substance abuse
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abstinence -- experimentation -- use -- abuse ---- physical dependence -- death
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basic info about alcohol
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ethanol alcohol is a CNS depressant
alcohol enters the bloodstream through the stomach wall and upper intestine -- usually reaches the blood stream in about 15 minutes ad reaches its peak concentration in about 1 hr. |
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absorption of alcohol
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stomach -- intestines -- bloodstream
alcohol primarily dilutes itself in the water volume of the body vital organs that contain a lot of water ad require a high amount of flood flow are the most affected |
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metabolism of alcohol
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- 90-95% of alcohol consumed is metabolized by the liver; broken down into two enzymes (alcohol dehydrongenase and CYP2E1 -- acetaldhyde is a harmful byproduct)
a small amt. is metabolize in the stomach a small amt. is excreted unchanged -- breath and urine tests |
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effects of alcohol on metabolism
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body weight
sex hormones medications liver addiction |
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immediate effects of alcohol
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- .03-.05%: relaxation and jovial
- at .05%: mental impairment, emotional instability, impaired RT at .1%: physical impairment at .2%: uncontrollable movement at .35%: coma and possible death |
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impairment
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occurs on a cellular level in the brain
disrupts cell protein arrangements level of disruption is based on tolerance level brain adapts to assure CNS functioning |
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alcohol withdrawl
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symptoms:
- sleep disturbance - irritability, anxiety, restlessness - tremors/"morning shakes" - physical weakness and rapid HR - mental sluggishness - difficulty thinking clearly of flexibly |
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tolerance
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tolerance
functional tolerance |
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why students drink
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social dependence
psychological dependence physical dependence |
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biological risk for alcoholism
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1. parent or grandparent with alcoholism?
2. multiple fam. members w/ alcoholism? 3. high tolerance? if all answers are no, no increased risk if yes to #1 or #3, moderate risk if yes to #1 AND #3 or yes to #2, high risk |
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causes of alocholism
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precise causes are unknown, h/o the following factors are involved:
- genetics - personality - social factors - environment - family structure |
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alcoholism
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nearly 14 million people in the US (1 in 13 adults) abuse alcohol or are alcoholic
people who start drinking at an early age (14 or younger) greatly increase risk of developing alcohol probs. at some point |
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health of effects of alchoholism
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physical: acute withdrawal symptoms or more severe ones (seizures, DTs)
social: causes dysfunctional relationships economical: affects employment and health care costs |
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treatment for alcoholism
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rehab centers, hospitals, medication, counseling, support groups
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facts about sexual health
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- 15 million new cases of STIs in the US
- 2/3 of new STI cases occur in people under 25 - half of all americans acquire an STI by age 25 - US has higher rates of STIs than other developed country - 50 million americans have genital herpes (1.6 million new cases per year) - at least 15% of all infertile women are because of tubal damage due to PID, resulting from an STI - less than half of adults ages 18 to 44 have ever been tested for an STD other than HIV |
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good sexual practices for women
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consistently use BC
monthly breast self-exam avoid feminine hygiene sprays, douches, and bubble baths wash hands and genitals before and after sex urinate after sex wipe genitals front to back use condoms consistently go to gyno after age 18 |
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for women...
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most women do not experience symptoms for STIs, chlamydia, HIV, and gonorrhea
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good sexual practices for men
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monthly testicular exam
wash genitals before and after sex wear condoms for any sexual activity regular STI screening |
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discharge STIs
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- HIV, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis
-transmitted when infected semen or vaginal fluids contact mucosal surfaces (urethra, vagina, cervix) - condoms offer best protection by providing impermeable barrier to STI pathogens |
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genital ulcer diseases
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- transmitted by skin to skin contact
- genital herpes, syphilis, HPV - less protection through condoms because infection can occur in areas outside of condom - condom use has been associated with decreased risk of cervical cancer in women |
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vaginal infections (yeast)
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can cause thrush (colored discharge and itching); protozoan infections are trichomonisis
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bacterial vaginosis
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common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge
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pubic lice
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crabs that are highly contagious and feed on blood around and in hairs
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scabies
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parasites that deposit eggs beneath skin creating an intense itch
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STIs - seek medical attn. if...
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you experience:
unusual discharge painful urination unusual bumps or lesions unusual vaginal bleeding pain in abdomen retrograde ejaculation inflamed prostate itching and soreness fever or flu-like symptoms |
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curable STIs
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bacterial: chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis
also: trich. and pubic lice |
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STIs that stay in body for life
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viral: 4 H's: Herpes, HIV, HPV, and hepatitis
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untreated bacterial an viral STDs
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can lead to:
damage to rep. system or sterility increased risk of other infections, such as STIs, bladder infections, bacterial infections cancer of penis, vulva, cervix, and liver transmission to child during delivery death |
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STI vaccines
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Hepatitis B (and A): 3 injections over a 6 month period
HPV (gardasil): by age 50 over 80% of women will have acquired HPV; protects against 4 types of HPV responsible for 70% of cervical cancer and 90% of genital warts; approved for women ages 9-26; series of 3 injections over 6 mon. ($120/shot) |
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STI testing
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very important for you and your partner; person cannot be tested for everything; testing available at GT health center and other local agencies
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HIV infection
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more than 65 million people have been infected with HIV; 1 million americans are living with HIV; continues to spread even though death rates have declined among americans; a cure has not yet been discovered
what is it? chronic virus that attacks the immune system (CD4cells, monocytes, and macrophages spread through: direct contact involving exchange of blood, semen, vaginal secretions; through infected blood products; prenatal transmission or during breast feeding |
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phases of HIV
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following several weeks after being infected: about half of those develop flu symptoms -- primary infection phase (when half of all HIV cases are spread)
chronic asymptomatic stage: can last 2-30 yrs.; during this time, the virus is progressively infecting and destroying cells of the immune system |
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diagnosis of HIV
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enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
western BLOT test rapid tests, home tests and non-blood tests are currently available |
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diagnosing AIDS
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more severe than HIV
diagnosis is made if: person is HIV positive has developed an infection defined as AIDS indicator has severely damaged immune system based on CD4 T cell count |
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HIV treatment
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no cure
medications can slow progression: antiviral drug cocktails, treatments for opportunistic infections |
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chlamydia
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- most prevalent bacteria
- majority of those infected are asymptomatic - symptoms in men: painful urination, slight watery discharge, pain in testes - symptoms in women: vaginal discharge, burning urination, lower abdominal pain - diagnosis: urine sample - treatment: antibiotics |
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gonorrhea
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- bacteria; est. 700,000 new cases annually
- symptoms for men: yellow discharge (urethritis); swollen lymph glands in groin - symptoms of women: most women are asymptomatic but will sometimes have discharge and pain during urination - diagnosis: culture from urine or discharge sample - treatment: antibiotics |
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pelvic inflammatory disease
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- occurs when the initial infection of either gonorrhea or chlamydia goes beyond the cervix
- even if disease is treated effectively, 25% will still have l/t problems - leading cause of infertility among young women - risk increases as # of parters increases - diagnosis usually requires a pelvic exam and lab tests - treatment w/ antibiotics |
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HPV
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- virus
- genital warts that can lead to cervical cancer in women or penile cancer in men - very contagious and difficult to control since many people are asymptomatic - symptoms: growths that cause irritation and bleeding - diagnosis: appearance of lesions, biopsy, testing of cervical cells - treatment: cryosurgery or laser surgery |
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genital herpes
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- caused by herpes simplex 2 virus (HS2)
- infected ppl. can appear asymptomatic - herpes lesions can contain and transmit HIV - symptoms: flu-like w/ painful lesions around genitals - diagnosis: sample of fluid from lesions - treatment: no cure but antivirals can reduce symptoms |
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hepatitis B
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- virus
- inflammation of the liver - transmission: contact with blood, semen, saliva, urine, and vaginal secretions (sex or drug use) - symptoms: fever, nausea, abdominal pain, jaundice -- many are asymptomatic - diagnosis: blood test - treatment: no cure -- use antivirals |
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syphilis
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- cause by spirochete (thing, corkscrew shaped bacteria)
- transmitted through passing the pathogen through breaks in the skin of mucous membranes via kissing or sexual activity - symptoms: sores (chancre) that are usually painless - late damage can damage organs of the body and lead to death - diagnosis: blood test - treatment: antibiotics |
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what you can do about STIs
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education
vaccines knowledge of symptoms getting tested informing partners getting treatment |
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cardiovascular overview
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heart
blood arteries veins capillaries |
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functions of cardiovascular system
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deliver nutrients and oxygen to the body
transport wastes for disposal transport hormones and signaling proteins for regulation of body functions regulate body temp. fight infection |
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arteries
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high pressure
away from the heart walls made of smooth muscle can expand and contract in diameter |
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veins
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low pressure
towards the heart |
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blood flows from body
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right atrium -- right ventricle -- lungs -- left atrium -- left ventricle -- to body
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blood overview
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blood is thicker
55% plasma 44% mostly red blood cells 1% white blood cells |
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circulatory system
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adult human has about 100,000 mi. of blood vessels
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carotid artery
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supplies blood to the brain
most likely place for a stroke to occur can become blocked by disease |
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coronary artery
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supplies blood to the heart
first to receive oxygen rich blood can become blocked by disease most likely to cause a heart attack |
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veins
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vessels that return blood to heart
low pressure have valves to prevent backflow pumping action done by muscle contraction muscle contracts and squeezes the vein; milks blood against gravity and back to the heart |
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capillaries
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smallest blood vessel
allow for oxygen and nutrient exchange most common blood vessel about 6 microns in diameter when we gain weight the size of fat cells increase and more capillaries are created to accomodate these cells -- more demand on heart -- causes higher BP, HR, and heart size |
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heart hypertrophy
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over time the heart will enlarge to meet the increase in demand, but pumping efficiency declines
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obesity and heart complication
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increases demand on heart
blood pressure and HR go up to meet higher demand creating a greater risk of heart attack |
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type II diabetes
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cells become insulin resistant
insulin needed to help glucose enter the cell for energy glucose stays in blood, increasing blood sugar |
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cardiovascular system and diabetes
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your cells need glucose for metabolism
with glucose stuck in the bloodstream, your cells will produce glucose from fat and protein -- glucogenesis -- leads to ketone bodies (risk of ketone acidosis and breath smells like acetone) as bloodstream fills with byproduct from gluconeogensis, blood thickens |
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problems assosciated with changes in blood viscosity
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heart hypertrophy
increased BP increased resting HR sensory nerve endings die in lower limbs inhibits immune system can rupture capillaries kidney failure loss of lower limb sensation and compromised immune system can turn a small blister into an ulcer |
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cardiovascular system and diabetes
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type II diabetes can start as a prob. maintaining blood sugar, but its the cardiovascular complcations that have severe health consequences
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CVD stats.
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CVD is the #1 cause of death in the US -- 40% of deaths
leading cause of death in 35-44% of men over 1.5 million americans experience a heart attack per year; for 25% of these people cardiac arrest will be their first symptom women 5X more likely to get CVD than breast cancer CVD costs our economy $400 billion annually |
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major forms of CVD
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CAD (coronary artery disease)
hypertension stroke congestive heart failure |
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atherosclerosis
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form of arteriosclerosis -- hardening of the arteries
arteries become narrow due to plaque buildup process deprives blood and vital oxygen to specific organs, such as heart, brain, etc. can cause: coronary HD, stroke, peripheral arterial disease |
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cornonary artery disease process
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most common form of CVD
slow buildup of plaque in arteries reduces blood supple to heart tissue, which can result in onset of symptoms of heart attack |
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diseased heart
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blockage cut off blood supply to artery(ies) which results in heart attack of myocardial ifarction
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symptoms of coronary artery disease
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can be a response to a lack of oxygen
angina: chest pain or tightness which usually develops upon exertion arrhythmia: irregular heart bear which occurs when electrical conduction of heart is disrupted; in severe cases this can result in cardiac death |
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hypertension
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blood pressure is the force exerted on artery walls by blood as heart pumps it; measure in mmHg; contracting pressure is called systolic and relaxed pressure is called distolic
hypertension (140/90) -- 30% of adults prehypertension (120/80 - 139/89) BP is too high; increased pressure on arteries; heart must pump harder -- increased blood output and resistance in arteries BP too low: low circulation |
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normal blood pressure
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115/75
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factors of hypertension
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controllable: obesity, diet (high sodium, low potassium, low calcium), alcohol/drugs, lack of exercise, stress
uncontrollable: ethnicity, heredity, age |
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treatment of hypertension
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controlling BP helps reduce stroke incidence, heart attack incidence, heart failure incidence
only about 34% with hypertension control it right lifestyle changes and meds. |
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stroke (cerebrovascular accident)
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blood supply to brain is shut off
types: ischemic (blockage), hemorrhagic (ruptures) diagnosis: CT scan, MRI treatment: clot dissolving drug therapy (TPAs) |
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congestive heart failure
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heart is not able to pump enough blood to body's other organs -- aka pulmonary edema
also affects kidney's ability to dispose of sodium, causing further edema causes: other illnesses, heart defects, prior heart attack/damage, high BP treatment: drugs, lifestyle changes |
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risk factors of HD
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major and changeable: high BP, high choleserol, physical inactivity, smoking, obesity
primary/major and secondary |
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cholesterol
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derived fat which can be obtained in the diet through consumption of animal products; ca also be produced in body by liver
LDL (low density lipoproteins) -- bad; dump excess choleserol into blood vessels HDL (high " ") -- good; shuttle unused choleserol to the liver |
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blood cholesterol values
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ratio: total cholesterol divided by HDL; blood profile measure for assessing whether a person's cholesterol is too high; LDL and cholesterol ratio should be as low as possible
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altering blood cholesterol
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increase HDL while lowering LDL
HDL can be increased through cotinuous exercise and consumption of omega 3 fatty acids LDL: lowered primarily through diet modification -- lower fat intake and cholesterol intake |
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risk factors for cancer
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tobacco and diet/obesity -- leading risks
sedentary lifstyle genetics occupation virus/bio. agents alcohol pollution UV radiation |
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what is cancer?
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abnormal, uncontrolled cellular growth
these cells do not respond to normal signals to stop growth - divide w/out appropriate signals - do not exhibit inhibition/stop b/c of crowding - continue dividing eventhough there is DNA damage |
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what is a tumor?
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mass of tissue with no physiological function
damage/altered DNA: genes that control cell growth or death are altered benign: cells look like surrounding tissue, do not spread, and are usually not a heath threat unless it interferes with body function malignant: cancerous; capable of spreading; life threatening - in situ: self-contained; hasn't spread - metastasis: spread of malignant tumor |
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classifications of cancer
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lung
breast colon bladder/prostate leukemias: blood-forming cells lymphomas: lymphatic system myelomas: white blood cells sarcomas: fat, bone, muscle |
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role of DNA and cancer
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- cancer spreads from changes in DNA that affect cell behavior
- DNA mutations: any change in the norm. sequencing of nucleotides as a result of heredity, cell division errors, and mutagens; not longer contains codes for producing proper protein; takes several mutational changes before a norm. cell becomes a cancer cell |
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genetic mutations that cause cancer
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- genes whose protein products stimulate or enhance the division and viability of cells; also include genes that inhibit cell death (mutated versions of these genes are called oncogenes)
- genes who protein products should directly or indirectly prevent cell division or lead to cell death |
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heredity and cancer
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- most cancers not linked to heredity
- born with only one copy of a gene that is important to cell division/death (apoptosis) - born with set of genes that icnrease susceptability to carcinogens - born with a set of genes that do not repair DNA as well as they should |
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what damages DNA
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carcinogens: cancer causing agents
radiation: UV, x-rays, radon, power sources ingested chemicals: cigarette smoke; household, industrial, environmental; pesticides; in foods -- nitrates and nitrates which can combine with other substances to produce nitrosamines environmental and industrial pollution tobacco microbes: herpes, hepatitis, h-pylori bacteria, HPV |
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cancer prevention -- diet
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low in fat, high in fiber
limited fried starches more fruits and vegies alcohol in moderation avoid obesity limit on salt-cured, smoked, nitrate-cured foods |
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antioxidants
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help prevent cancer
protect cells from damage by free radicals; neutralize free radicals before they damage cells; interrupt reactions once free radicals have entered cells, preventing damage to DNA |
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phyochemicals
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help prevent cancer
block formation of cancerous growths; disrupt process of tumor growth |
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physical activity and cancer prevention
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lower incidence of cancer in physically active people
perhaps due to improved immunity helps prevent obesity |
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skin cancer
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UVB -- more damaging
UVA -- tanning damages connective tissues, leads to wrinkles, premature aging -- leads to development of skin cancer damage DNA -- uncontrolled cell growth |
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cancer treatments
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surgery, chemo, radiation
biologic therapy: stimulation of immunity with interferon/interleukin; antibodies w/ or w/out radioactive activity gene therapy, stem cell transplants, drugs that prevent growth of blood vessels to tumors; inhibitors of cell division and ability to invade |
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7 warning signs of cancer
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change in bowel or bladder habits
unusual bleeding or discharge thickening lump persistent indigestion or difficulty swallowing obvious change in wart or more persistent cough or hoarseness |
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types of skin cancer
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basal cell and squamous cell -- more common
melanoma -- most dangerous, spreads fastest |
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ABCD of melanoma
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Asymmetry
Border irregular Color irregular and variable Diameter grater than 1/4 in. |
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increased risk for melanoma
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blondes and redheads
fair skin - freckle easily actinic keratoses family history 3 or bad sunburns at a young age spending a lot of time outside using tanning beds |
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prevention
|
avoid blistering snuburns
wear clothing that offers sun protection sunscreen: spf 15 or higher; apply 30 min. before going in the sun; reapply frequently limit sun exposure |
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smoking and CVD
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#1 preventable cause of CVD
nicotene increases BP and HR carbon dioxide damage to the arteries carbon dioxide raises LDL and supresses HDL accelerates rate of fatty deposit builup accelerates rate of fatty deposit buildup in arteries |
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obesity and CVD
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major risk factor
what it does: increase strain on heart, causes high CP and cholesterol, type II diabetes, limited activity tolerance |
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CVD risks factors that cannot be changed
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heredity
age sex race |
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CVD risk factors that can be changed
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diabetes
elevated trigyleride levels, esp. in combo. w/ low HDLs, obesity, and/or diabetes social factors alcohol and other drug use |
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psych./social factors
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stress
chronic hostility and anger supressing psych. distress depression anxiety social isolation low socio-economic status |
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risk factors being studied
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inflammation and C-reactive protein
homocysteine infectious agents LDL particle size blood viscosity and iron |
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screening for CVD
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EKG
stress test echo chest x-ray blood tests angiograms |
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treatments for disease
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balloon angioplasty
coronary bypass surgery pharmacological treatments |
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protecting yourself against cardio. disease
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heart-healthy diet
manage weight participate in at least moderate amounts of physical activity no tobacco check BP effective coping strategies manage medical conditions |