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263 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Some treatments used today were also used in.... |
Ancient times |
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People used both heroes and planted as... |
Both food and medicine |
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Quinine |
Is an effective malaria treatment used in the early 20th century that comes from the China tree, originally discovered by the Quechua people of Peru and Bolivia |
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In ancient time is was common belief that disease and illness was caused by... |
Evil spirts and demons |
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Religion played an important role because sickness was seen as... |
A punishment |
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Religion rites were used to... |
Eliminate evil splits and restore health |
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The human body was a mystery because most religions did not allow |
Dissection of the body |
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Egyptians |
The first people to record health records (but most people couldn't read) |
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Chinese |
Held a strong belief in holistic health methods which stressed treating the mind body and soul |
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Greeks |
Were the first to stress that a good diet and cleanliness would help prevent diseases |
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The father of medicine |
Hippocrates helped prove that disease is caused by natural causes |
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The Roman's |
Realized that disease was connected to filth, bad water and poor sanitation But sewers for waste and aqueducts to deliver clean water They created laws to keep.streets clean and eliminate garbage The first hospital were established |
4 points |
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Early medieval period (400-800A.D.) |
Aka the day ages After the fall of the Roman Empire then formalized Aristides medicine stopped Emphasis was placed on saving the soul Prayer and diving intervention were used to treat illness and disease Average life span was 20-30 years |
4.5 points |
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Middle ages (800-1400A.D.) |
The study of medicine flourished Monks found and translated the writings of Greek and Roman physicians Medical universities were created Average life span was 20-35 years |
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The black death |
1300 a major epidemic of bubonic plague killed 75% of the population Which is now easily cured by a simple antibiotic |
4 points |
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Bubonic plague was carried by |
Rats |
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________ formally forbbided by law were allowed to be preformed by plague doctors in hopes that a cure could be found |
Autopsies |
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Renaissance (1350-1650A.D.) |
The rebirth of Science of medicine
Human dissection was allowed ( doctor could now see the body organs and different systems) Michelangelo and Leonardo Da Vinci we able to draw the body accurately
Average life span 30-40 years
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4 points |
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16th-18th centuries |
Invention of the microscope by Anton van Leeuwenhoek Edward Jenner developed a vaccine to prevent smallpox Average life span was 40-50 years |
3 points |
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Smallpox originated |
Over 3000 years as in India or Egypt |
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Smallpox killed ___% of those infected |
30 |
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__-__% of survivors were marked with deep pitted scars (pockmarkes) |
60-80 |
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One third of cases of smallpox resulted in |
Blindness |
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Jenner created the vaccine using |
Cowpox a less virulent debilitating disease |
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Where was the last case of natural smallpox |
Somalia 1978 |
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19th century |
Industrial revolution
Physicians associated the tiny microorganisms seen in microscopes to diseases
Average life span 50-65 years |
3 points |
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20th century |
Most rapid growth in Heath care
X-rays were used to view the body
Antibiotics were developed Surgical techniques provided cures to fatal conditions Computers used in ever aspect of health care
Average life span 60-80 years
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6 points |
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What's next |
Stem cell research and development of clone cells could lead to a treatment that will cure many diseases Bioterrorism is a real threat New viruses could.mutate and cause worldwide epidemics The world health organization is constantly monitoring health problems though out the world |
4 points |
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Conventional medicine |
Aka western, allopathic or orthodox medicine Focuses on treating symptoms Emphasis on disease and treatment technology Scientifically based Doctors study the human body, diseases and their treatment Includes drug therapy and surgery |
6 points |
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Tradition medicine |
Medical practices stemming from Chinese, Ayurvedic, Tibetan, aboriginal or other indigenous groups Philosophies and practices are centuries old Based on the tradition a of the society |
3 points |
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Western medicine focuses on |
Pathology |
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W.M. adversarial medicine |
How can I destroy the disease |
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W.M. investigate disease with a divide and conquer mindset ... |
Cause and effects of the disease in the physical realm |
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W.M. heath history focuses on |
Patient and family |
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W.M. What is primary |
Intellect |
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Physician is an |
Authority |
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Native American medicine focuses on |
Health and healing the person and community |
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W.M. reductionistic |
Diseases are biological treatment should produce measurable outcomes |
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N.A.M. complex |
Diseases do not have a simple explanation. They are not always measurable |
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N.A.M. teleological medicine |
What can the disease teach the patient? Is there a message or story in the disease? |
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N.A.M. looks at the big picture |
The emotional, environmental, social and spiritual |
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N.A.M. health history includes |
The environment |
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N.A.M. what is primary |
Intuition , healing us based on spiritual truths |
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N.A.M. healer is a |
Health counselor and advisor |
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Alternative medicine |
Health methods that are not part of conventional medical training
Used instead of conventional care
Holistic view
Maybe be adapted from traditional medicine
Mostly less invasive than conventional medicine Some are supported be scientific evidence Many alternative techniques are used by healthy people to feel better. Avoid illness and promote a healthier lifestyle |
7 points |
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Evidence based decision making and diagnosis |
Involves tracking down the best external evidence with which to answer clinical questions |
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5 step decision making process |
1. Asking focused questions 2. Finding the evidence 3. Critical appraisal 4. Making the decision 5. Evaluations performance |
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Clinical trails |
Are studies conducted on him. Subjects to generate data regarding the safety and effectiveness of drugs, medical devices, treatment and vaccines |
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Pre-clinical studies |
Drugs are tested on non-human subjects to find out toxicity and efficacy |
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Phase 1 |
Very small, tested on 10-100 healthy people to establish dosage and safety |
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Phase 2 |
Tested on 100-300 patients to determine efficacy |
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Phase 3 |
Tested on 1000+ patients now looking to understand therapeutic effect |
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After phase 3 |
Researchers are monitoring long term effects |
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Randomized study |
Each study subject is randomly assigned to receive the trial drug or a placebo |
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Blind study |
The study subject does not know if they received the drug or the placebo |
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Double blind study |
The researchers also do not know which treatment a subject receives (prevent bias) |
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Placebo- controlled |
Use a fake treatment (placebo) to separate treatment results from the placebo effect results |
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Wellness |
Involves being in good health site a balanced relationship between physical, mental and social health
Improve quality of life
Importance of excerisize, good nutrition, weigthconttol and health living habits |
3 points |
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Physical wellness |
Good diet Regular exercise Routine physics Dental and eye exams Careful use or avoidance of alcohol, tobacco, caffeine, drugs and risky sexual behaviors |
5 points |
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Emotional wellness |
Understanding person feelings and expressing them appropriately
Adjusting to change
Coping with stress
Enjoying life |
4 points |
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Social wellness |
Showing concern, affection, fairness and respect for others Communicating well with others Practicing honesty and loyalty |
3 points |
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Mental wellness |
Being creative, Logical, curious and open minded
Using common sense
A life long learner
Asking questions and thinking critically
Learning from experiences and mistakes
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5 points |
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Spiritual wellness |
Using values, ethics and morals to find direction and purpose in life May include believing in a higher authority and observing religious practices |
2 points |
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CAM therapies |
Complementary and alternative medicine |
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Ethics |
Best course of action and why How to behave and treat one another |
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Medical ethics |
Rationalization - right and wrong, weighing the options |
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Autonomy |
What does the patient want while not interfering with a person's ability to make and carry out decisions |
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3 steps the ethic problem solving |
1. What does the patient want (autonomy) 2. What can be done for the patient to and what are the risk factors (beneficence and maleficence) 3. Are the patients requests fair, trainable and able to be satisfied (justice) |
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How do I recognize an ethical questions. |
When individuals or groups might be harmed or disrespected or unfairly disadvantaged |
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Scientific fast |
Answer questions about harm and benefits |
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Who could be effected by the decisions |
Stakeholders |
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Beneficence and maleficence |
which actions would do the least harm and provide the most benefits |
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Fairness (Justice) |
Ensure that resources, risks and costs be distributed equitably |
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7 step procedure to solving ethical dilemmas |
1. Recognize that a patients situation raises an important ethical problem 2. Identify the problem that needs to be solved 3. Determine reasonable alternative courses of action 4. Consider each option in relation to the 3 fundamental ethical principles 5. Decide on. A resolution to the problem 6. Consider your position critically 7. Do what you feel is the right thing |
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Anatomy |
Scientific study that exam was the bone structure of living organisms The study of the human body |
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Physiology |
Scientific study of how the body and it's parts work or function |
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Gross anatomy |
Large structures, easily observable |
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Microscopic anatomy |
Structures cannot be seen with the naked eye, only viewed with a microscope |
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Skeletal |
Protects and supports body organs
Provides sites of muscle attachment for movement
Site of blood cell formation
Store minerals Diaphysis Epiphysis metaphysis Fractures |
4 points |
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Intergumentary |
Forms the external body covering
Protects deeper tissue from injury
Helps regulate body temperature
Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Skin Fingernails Hair Skin cancer melanoma |
4 points |
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Muscular |
Produces movement
Maintains posture
Produces heat Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Heart Neuromuscular disease |
3 points |
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Nervous |
Fast acting control system
Responds to internal and external change
Activities muscles and glands Brain Spinal cord Nerves MS |
3 points |
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Endocrine |
Secretes Regulatory hormones
Growth
Reproduction
Metabolism
Pituitary gland Hypothalamus Thyroid gland
Hyperthyroidism |
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Cardiovascular (circulatory) |
Transports materials through out the body via blood pumped by the heart
Oxygen and nutrition distribution
Removal of wastes and carbon dioxide Heart Arteries Veins Heart attacks |
3 points |
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Lymphatic |
Returns fluids to blood vessels
Clean the blood
Involved in immunity Lymph Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes Hodgkin's lymphoma |
3 points |
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Respiratory |
keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Lungs Trachea Mouth Asthma |
2 points |
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Digestive / gastrointestinal |
Breaks down food
Allows for nutrients absorption into the blood
Eliminates indigestible materials as feces Mouth stomach intestines Crowns disease |
3 points |
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Urinary |
Eliminates so nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid-base balance Regulates water and electrolytes |
3 points |
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Reproductive |
Produces offspring Testes produce sperm and male hormone Ovaries produce eggs and female hormones |
3 points |
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Immune |
Bodies defense system
Skin Bone marrow Lymphocytes and Leukocytes
AIDS autoimmune deficiency syndrome. |
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Parts of the brain |
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Female reproductive |
Pregnancy
Uterus Ovaries Fallopian tubes
Endometriosis
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Male reproductive |
Produce sperm to fertilise egg
Penis Testicles prostate gland
Prostate cancer
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Parts of the heart |
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Necessary life functions |
Growth Reproduction Movement Responsiveness Digestion metabolisme Excretion |
7 |
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Survival needs |
Nutrients Oxygen Water Stable body temperature Atmospheric pressure |
5 |
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Homeostasis |
Maintenance of a stable internal environment |
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Homeostasis imbalance |
A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in illness or disease |
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Receptor |
Aka sensors Respond to change (stimuli) Send info to control center |
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Control center |
Analyzes info Determines a response |
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Effectors |
Means of support to the stimulus |
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Afferent pathways |
Incoming nerve messages from receptors to control center |
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Efferent pathway |
Outgoing nerve messages from control center to effectors |
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Feedback mechanisms |
The process that serve to maintain or in some cases temporarily interrupt homeostasis |
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Negative feedback mechanisms |
Includes most mechanisms to maintain homeostasis
Shuts off or stops the original stimuli or reduces it intensity
Thermostat Increase blood pressure from exercise |
3 |
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Positive feedback |
Does not maintain homeostasis Increases the original stimulus has a time limit: must be completed within a certain time (blood clotting and childbirth) Childbirth |
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Harmful effectual of positive feedback |
Fever -protein denaturation |
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Nasal |
Nose |
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Frontal |
Forehead |
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Oral |
Mouth |
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Cephalic |
Head |
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Cervical |
Neck |
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Occipital |
Base of scull |
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Umbilical |
Navel |
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Vertebral |
Spinal column |
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Dorsal |
Back |
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Lumbar |
Loin (lower back) |
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Brachial |
Arm |
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Antebrachial |
Forearm |
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Coxal |
Hip |
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Sacral |
Sacrum, between hips |
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Gluteal |
Buttock |
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Inguinal |
Groin |
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Femoral |
Thigh |
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Patellar |
Knee |
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Sural |
Calf |
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Digital |
Fingers or toes |
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Body cavities |
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Dorsal and ventral |
Back and belly |
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Cranial and caudal |
Head and tail |
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Anterior and posterior |
Ventral surface and dorsal surface |
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Superior and inferior |
Towards the Head and towards the feet |
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Right and left |
The specimens right and left |
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Lateral |
Side |
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Proximal and distal |
Nearest to the point of reference, furthest from the point of reference Normally the midline of the body |
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Origin and insertion |
Closer to the midlife (less moveable), further from the midlife (more moveable) |
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Medial and lateral |
Nearer to the midline, further to the midline |
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Superficial and deep |
Nearer the skin, away from the skin |
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Sagittarius plane |
Divides right and left |
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Frontal plane |
Divides dorsal and ventral |
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Transverse |
Divides top from bottom |
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Protraction and retraction |
Protraction: slouch forward, the movement of the femur or humerus (upper arm) forward (anterior)
Retraction: pulling shoulders back, the movement of the femur or humerus backwards (posterior) |
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Abductive and adductive |
Abductive: away from the midline Adductive: towards the midline **movement of the jaw and legs out and in (ex move out to the right then back in) |
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Flexion and extention |
Flexing: decreasing the angle of the joint (bending the knee) Extention: increase the angle of the joint (straightening the knee) |
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Long bones |
Longer than wide
Almost all Limb bones
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Short bones |
Cube shaped Carpels and tarsals |
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Flat bones |
Thin flattened often curved Most skull bones |
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Irregular bones |
Complicated shapes that don't fit in any other cases Vertebrae and coxae |
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Diaphysis |
Done shaft |
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Epiphysis |
Ends of the bone |
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Metaphysis |
Growth plate |
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Articular cartilage |
On the ends of the bone |
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Bone formation occurs when... |
1. Initial formation in womb 2. Growth of bone (whole growing) 3. Remodeling of bone 3. Repair |
4 |
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ligaments |
Dense connective tissue that attaches bone to bone |
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Hyaline |
Cartilage found on joint surfaces |
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Elastic cartilage |
More flexible (ears) |
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Fibrocratilage |
Must withstand a lot of pressure and stench (knees) |
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Tendons |
A fibrous cord of dense connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone |
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Axial skeleton |
Rib, back, head and neck |
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Aplendicular skeleton |
Shoulders, arms, hips and legs |
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Simple fracture |
closed fracture, Does not break the skin |
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Compound fracture |
Open fracture, Breaks through the skin, |
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Complete fracture |
Broken into 2 or more pieces |
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Incomplete fracture |
Bone is cracked |
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Comminuted fracture |
Three or more piece, most common in elderly people with brittle bones |
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Compression |
Bone is crushed |
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Spiral |
Twisting force, (common in sport fracture) |
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Depressed |
Bone broken inward (skull) |
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Greenstick |
Incompletely broken bone, half the bone breaks the other ends (common in children) |
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Osteomalcia |
There inadequately mineralised bone |
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Electrical stimulation |
Increases healing possibly by stimulating growth factors that affect done cells |
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Ultrasound (bone repair) |
reduces healing time of broken arm bones and shin bones by 35% seems to stimulate cartilage cells |
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Free vascular fibular grafts |
Graft normal blood vessels along with pieces of fibula to replace missing or severely damaged bone |
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Vascular endothelial growth factor |
Stimulates growth of blood vessels and formation of bone cells and proteins at site of repair |
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Nanobiotechnology |
Synthetic fibers mimic collagen fibers and stimulate mineral deposits may speed healing |
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Bone substitutes |
Cadaver bone or synthetics used to replace sponge bone in epiphysis |
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Endoprothesis |
Artificial devices used to replace joints (knee, hip replacements) |
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Pathogen |
Bacterium, virus or other microorganisms that can cause disease |
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Viruses |
Are not cells, the have no nucleus, no cytoplasm, no surrounding membrane and viruses are much smaller |
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obligate intracellular parasites |
Which Rana viruses reproduce by invading a host cell and using enzymes and the organelles of the host cell to make more viruses |
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Viruses are spread by |
Wind, water, food, blood or other bodily secretions |
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Viruses were discovered ... |
By Dmitri Iwanowski in 1892 but he couldn't see it |
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Viruses were first seen by |
Dr. Wendell Stanley in 1946 |
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Bacteriophage structure |
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HIV (retrovirus structure) |
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Retroviruses |
A virus that reverse-engineers DNA from its RNA core to insert into the host cells genome |
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Lytic cycle |
1.Absorption 2.entry 3.replication 4.assembly 5.release |
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Absorption |
The virus attaches itself to specific receptor sites on a host cell |
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Entry |
The virus releases an enzyme that weakens a spot in the cell membrane of the host and then injects its DNA into the cell through the weak spot in the wall |
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Replication |
The viral DNA takes complete control of the cell activity. It directs the cell to make viral DNA and viral proteins that make up the structure of he virus |
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Assembly |
Proteins coded for by viral DNA act as enzymes that put new virus particles together |
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Release |
the viruses release and enzyme that digests the cell from within. The disintegration of the infected host cell allows new viruses to leave the cell. The new viruses can now infect other cells and start the process over again |
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Prophage stage |
the proteins of the temperate virus attaches to the host cells DNA. When the host cell replicates itself, the coral DNA acts like part of the hosts it causes no harm to the cell. This stage may last a long time |
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What percentage of cancer is associated with viruses |
5% |
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What percentage of cancer is associated with viruses |
5% |
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Oncogenes |
Are genes that cause cancer |
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Lymphocytes |
Helper T-cells |
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HIV and AIDS |
HIV infects the helper T-cells, then something trigger the virus eventually AIDS is developed and with a weakened immune system and opportunistic infection takes advantage of the weakened immune system to ravage the body |
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Ebola |
Ebola |
Average mortality rate 50% Prevents coagulation the patients succumbed to shock and bloodless |
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Viroid |
Short, single stands of infectious RNA with no surrounding capsize |
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Prion |
A glycoprotein particle contain a poly peptide of about 250 amino acids Thought to be responsible for a group of transmissible and or inherited neurodegenerative diseases |
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Virulence |
The ability of the disease to interfere |
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Immunity |
The ability of the host to cope with or overcome the virus. It may be natural (present at birth) or you may acquired immunity during the course of your life. The body produces antibodies that are able to destroy he foreign virus |
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Vaccination |
Placing a dead or weakened virus inside the host to stimulate the immune system to produce antiviral substance. It prepares the body's defense against a particular pathogen before it strikes. The body is able to remember the specific virus and when it is encountered again the body produces the correct antiviral substance to destroy it |
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Interferon |
Proteins made and released by lymphocytes in response to the presence of pathogens or tumor cells. They allow communication between cells to trigger the protective defense of the immune system |
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Bacteria |
Single celled organisms |
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Coccus |
Spherical |
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Bacillus |
Rod shaped |
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Spirillum |
Spiral/coiled |
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Diplo |
Two / pairs |
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Staphylo |
Cluster |
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Strepto |
Chain |
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Anaerobic bacteria |
Must live without oxygen. Can live in extreme environments |
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Aerobic bacteria |
Need oxygen to survive |
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Faculatative anaerobes |
Prefer anaerobic environments but can survive in the presence of some oxygen |
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Prokaryotic cells |
Bacteria that do not have a nucleus and organelles found known their own cells |
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Some bacteria are parasites that |
Absurd nutrients directly from their hosts and cause disease, they produce toxins that harm the host |
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Toxin |
A poisonous substance that disrupts the metabolism of the infected organism |
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Endotoxins |
Found on the walls of certain bacteria these toxins all cause the same symptoms, fever, weakness and damage to the circulatory system |
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Exotoxins |
Products of the metabolism of some bacteria. There toxins are secreted into the area surrounding the bacteria and are the most potent poisons known |
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Tetanus |
Enter via deep puncture wounds and release a neuro toxin that can cause nerve damage and uncontrollable muscle contractions Often brings with lockjaw 73% mortality rate |
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Necrotizing fasciitis |
Flesh eating disease The bacteria enter the skin, multiples and creates toxins that spread rapidly under the skin into fat and muscle tissue creating massive bruising and tissue degradation |
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Botulism |
The bacteria poison the nervous system causing symptoms such as blurred vision and extreme weakness can cause death by respiratory failure
Likes soil and canned foods |
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Syphilis |
If untreated can cause gammas, seizures, dentist, effect the cardiovascular and nervous systems |
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Antibiotics |
Chemotherapeutic agents that inhibit or stop the growth of bacteria |
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Narrow spectrum antibiotics |
Target particular types of bacteria |
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Broad spectrum antibiotics |
Affect a wide range of bacteria |
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Bactericidal |
Destroy bacteria |
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Bacteriostatic |
Prevents the bacteria from multiplying |
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Antibiotic resistance |
Normal all the bacteria die sure treatment however sometimes the bacteria mutates and becomes resistant to the antibiotic. They then reproved and spread their immunity |
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Causes of antibiotics resistant |
Failure to take the entire prescribed course Failure to rest for sufficient recovery Inappropriate antibiotic treatment (using the wrong tunes of antibiotics or using them on viruses) |
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Phage therapy |
Using bacteriophage (viruses that attack bacteria) to treat bacteria infections |
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Pharmaceutical compounds |
Scientists are trying to engineer compounds to counteract the antibiotic resistant properties |
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General goal of vaccines |
Weaken the virus or bacteria in a way that allows the recipient to to develop an immune response without developing any symptoms of infection |
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Strategies to making vaccines: weakening the virus |
Most effective, allows the bodies memory B-cells to provided protectionLifelong immunityCannot be given people with weak immune systems |
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Strategies to making vaccines: Inactivate the virus |
Viruses are dead Can be given to everyone Several doses need for immunity May not be life long immunity |
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Strategies to making vaccines: using part of the virus |
Using the surface proteins which causes the body to kill the entire virus **bacterial vaccine can also be made this way hang the cell wall) |
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Why don't vaccines always work |
The virus can mutate There is many different strands of the virus (influenza) May still get sick from the virus bit less severe |
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Vaccines for bacterial diseases |
Some bacteria cause disease by producing toxins Vaccines can be made to inactivate the toxin so that it no longer causes harm (diphtheria and tetanus) |
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Kidney diagram |
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Who invented the first modern vaccine and what did it treat |
Edward Jenner and smallpox |
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Complementary medicine |
Alternatives r medical techniques used along side conventional methods |
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Catabolism |
Breaking down complex molecule into smaller ones, releases energy for Anabolism to use |
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Anabolism |
Builds larger molecules from smaller ones, uses energy from catabolism |
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Epiphyseal (growth plate) is located..what happens if it is damaged in youth |
At the metaphyses, stunted growth, the bone may not grow anymore, grow more slow or grown oddly |
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Gram positive |
Retains the purple die More receptive to antibiotics |
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Gram negative |
Retains pink die More receptive to antibiotics** |
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Gram negative |
Retains pink die Less receptive to antibiotics |
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Hypothalamus |
Maintains internal balance (homeostasis) through stimulating and inhibiting hormones |
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Pituitary gland |
Helps regulate the function of the other endocrine glands |
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thyroid gland |
Regulates metabolism |
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Adrenal gland |
Produces hormones that are vital to life (regulate metabolism, respond to stress, control blood pressure)
Produces nonessential hormones (adrenaline -dealing with stress) Produces nonessential hormones (adrenaline -dealing with stress) (better known for) |
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Pineal body |
Controls sleep, creates melatonin, maintains the circadian rhythm and regulates reproductive hormone |
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Reproductive glands |
Main source of the sex hormones: Ovaries estrogen and progesterone Testes testosterone |
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Pancreas |
Maintains blood sugars Insulin |
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Parathyroid gland |
Controls calcium levels |
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Hormones |
A chemical substance produced in the body that controls and regulates the activity of certain cells or organs. |
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Skeletal muscle |
You can control these muscles and striated |
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Smooth muscle |
Involuntary muscle, found in the walls of hollow organs ex stomach, esophagus |
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Cardiac muscle |
Are like both smooth and skeletal muscles, they are striated but you can control them |
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Neurons |
Are specialized cells of the brain and nervous system and they transmit nerve impulses |
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Scapular |
Shoulder blade |
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Flat bones |
Thin flattened often curved Most skull bones |
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