Health Policy

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CANADA'S GOV IS A:

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CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY

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CANADA IS A CONFEDERATION OR A FEDERATION?

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FEDERATION

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LEVELS OF GOV MENTIONED IN CONSTITUTION

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FEDERAL AND PROVINCIAL

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WHO CHOOSES THE MINISTER OF HEALTH

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PRIME MINISTER

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WHO APPOINTS MINISTER OF HEALTH

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GOVERNOR GENERAL

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CURRENT MINISTER OF HEALTH

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JANE PHILPOTT

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CONSERVATIVE PARTY OF CANADA LEADER

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RONA AMBROSE

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YOU ARE AN MPP IF:

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YOU ARE ELECTED TO PROVINCIAL LEGISLATURE

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WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MLA MPP:

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THERE IS NO DIFFERENCE

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WHY ISN'T THE PROVINCIAL LEGISLATURE BICAMERAL?

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THERE IS ONLY 1 PROVINCIAL LEGISLATURE

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LOBBYIST

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INDIVIDUAL, GROUP, OR AGENCY THAT TRIES TO INFLUENCE POLICY BY MEETING WITH INDIVIDUAL LEGISLATORS.

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PHYSICIAN LICENSCING IS A ______ CONCERN

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PROVINCIAL

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PLURALITY

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A PARTY RECEIVES A PLURALITY WHEN IT GETS MORE VOTES THAN ANY OTHER PARTY

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CANADA'S HEAD OF STATE

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MONARCH/QUEEN/CROWN

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DECONCENTRATION/DECENTRALIZATION

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TRANSFER OF RESPONSIBILITY FROM CENTRAL TO PERIPHERAL OFFICE OF SAME ORGANIZATION

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FEDERAL GOV CAN OVERRULE PROVINCIAL GOV ON:

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AGRICULTURE AND IMMIGRATION

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POLICY:

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INTERRELATED DECISIONS INVOLVING POLITICAL ACTORS. POLICY IS ABOUT SELECTION OF GOALS AND MEANS OF ACHIEVING THEM.

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EXAMPLES OF UNWRITTEN POLICY:

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UK COMMON LAW, APPT/NEIGHBOURHOOD RULES

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EX OF ABSENCE OF POLICY:

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OBAMACARE. UNLESS YOU ARE ON MEDICARE OR MEDICAID, YOU PURCHASE YOUR OWN HEALTH CARE

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EX OF GAPS IN POLICY:

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WEED IS ILLEGAL BUT RARELY ENFORCED

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EX OF REPLACING A HARD-TO-SOLVE PROBLEM WITH A NEW PROBLEM:

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OBAMACARE (AFFORDABLE CARE ACT):

ORIGINAL PROBLEM = MILLION WITHOUT HEALTH CARE

NEW PROBLEM: HARD TO GET INSURANCE WITH EXISTING HEALTH CONCERN

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FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN EXAMINING A POLICY:

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1. STRUCTURES, PROCESSES, AND OUTCOMES (MEETINGS, IMPLEMENTATIONS, ETC)

2. IDEAS, INSTITUTIONS AND INTERESTS (IDEOLOGIES/BELIEFS OF ACTORS)

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STRUCTURES AND INSTITUTIONS INVOLVE:

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EXISTING POLITICAL MECHANISMS SUCH AS STAKEHOLDERS OR INTERESTED PARTIES (GOV AGENCIES, AFFECTED INDUSTRY, THINK TANKS, INDEPENDENT EXPERTS, ETC)

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INDEPENDENT EXPERTS BENEFIT FROM INVOLVEMENT BY:

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GETTING MORE ATTENTION AND FUNDING FOR THEIR OWN RESEARCH

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VALUES AND RULES STRUCTURE SOCIAL INTERACTIONS BY:

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SHAPING AND CONSTRAINING BEHAVIOUR (NUTRITION LABELS AND RESTAURANT CALORIE COUNT).

PEOPLE WITH DIFF VALUES HAVE HARD TIME UNDERSTANDING EACH OTHER BECAUSE THEIR OWN VALUES ARE SO INNATE TO THEMSELVES

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GOVERNMENT:

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COMPLEX SYSTEM OF ORGANIZATION THAT ALLOWS CENTRAL AUTHORITY TO OPERATE THROUGHOUT A POLITICAL SYSTEM/STATE/PROVINCE/COUNTRY.

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BUREAUCRATIZATION:

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-DEVELOPMENT OF A SYSTEM TO MANAGE AND CONTROL COMPLEX HUMAN ACTIVITIES

-ATTEMPT AT OBJECTIVE, MANAGEABLE, FUNCTIONAL SYSTEM IN LARGE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE.

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MAX WEBER: POWER EXISTS IN A CENTRAL HIERARCHY, BUT AUTHORITY IS DIFFUSED THROUGHOUT THE SYSTEM TO ACHIEVE ITS GOALS.

EXAMPLES:

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DRIVING SCHOOL PPL, COPS, LIQUOR STORE EMPLOYEES--> IMPLEMENT STATE REGULATIONS BUT ARE ALLOWED FLEXIBILITY AND USE OF OWN JUDGEMENT.

- POLICY AT PROVINCIAL LEVEL MUST TRICKLE DOWN AND BE IMPLEMENTED AT LOCAL LEVEL.

-CANNOT BE ALL SUBJECTIVE. MUST HAVE OBJECTIVE REGULATIONS OR ELSE POLICY WILL BECOME ARBITRARY.

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OSSIFICATION:

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SOMETHING UNMOVEABLE, UNFLEXIBLE.

THIS IS A CHARACTERISTIC OF BUREAUCRACY.

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GOALS OF BUREAUCRACY:

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REPRODUCE ITSELF, STRENGTHEN ITSELF, JUSTIFY ITS EXISTENCE, KEEP ITSELF GOING, NOT BE REDUNDANT.

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IMPORTANT TO UNERSTAND ABOUT BUREAUCRACY:

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UNDERSTAND THE ACTUAL OPERATION, NOT JUST THE IDEAL OPERATION. OUTCOME OF POLICY FORMATION, REASONS IT MIGHT FAIL, CONTEXT IN WHICH POLICY MUST BE WRITTEN.

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GOVERNMENTALITY:

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WAYS GOVERNMENT CAN CONDUCT OUR CONDUCT.

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BIOPOLITICS:

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MANAGING THE SELF AS AN EMBODIED BEING. WE ALL HAVE BODIES AND FEEL PAIN/PHYSICAL SENSATION

EX: YOU CAN DRINK ALCOHOL, BUT YOU HAVE TO DO IT WITHIN CERTAIN LIMITS (CANT SERVE ALCOHOL BEFORE 11AM)

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FEDERALISM:

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DIVISION OF RESPONSIBILITIES BETWEEN PROVINCE AND FEDERAL GOV.

SOME CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS/RESPONSIBILITIES OVERLAP--> AGRICULTURE/IMMIGRATION ARE BOTH FEDERAL AND PROVINCIAL

EX: NATIVE HEALTH POLICY, IMMIGRATION (INFECTIOUS DISEASE), MILITARY.

--> SOME SHARING OF RESPONSIBILITIES: CANADIAN BLOOD SERVICES IMPLEMENTED PROVINCIALLY, OPERATED FEDERALLY.

--> SOME FINAGLING OF REGIMES OF AUTHORITY (DRUG POLICY VS ALCOHOL PROHIBITION).

*** UNITARY SYSTEMS EXIST IN OTHER COUNTRIES.

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FISCAL FEDERALISM:

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TRANSFERRING FUNDS TO PROVINCES, USUALLY UNRESTRICTED BUT SOMETIMES STRINGS ATTACHED.

** SOME FEDERAL FINANCIAL SUPPORT ALLOWS PROVINCIAL AUTONOMY.

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WHO DECIDES ON MUNICIPAL RESPONSIBILITIES?

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PROVINCE

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EXAMPLES OF REGIONAL/LOCAL AGENCIES SET UP TO MANAGE OPERATIONS OF COMPLEX HEALTH SYSTEMS:

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CCAC, LHIN, REGIONAL/LOCAL PUBLIC HEALTH AGENCIES.

** IDEA IS TO MANAGE HEALTH RESOURCES BASED ON SPECIFIC NEEDS OF THE REGIONS POPULATION.

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KEY GUIDING DOCUMENTS SHAPING AND CONSTRAINING POLICY:

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CONSTITUTION / BNA ACT, CHARTER OF RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS

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WHY IS THERE POLITICAL DISTASTE OF "ACTIVIST JUDGES"?

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CONSTITUTION OR "CHARTER CHALLENGE" TO THE SUPREME COURT.

SOME THINK THAT JUDGES SHOULD BE MORE NEUTRAL.

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CRITICAL JUNCTURES:

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WHEN YOU DISCUSS KEY DECISIONS THAT HELP SET FUTURE POLICIES. THE RESULT IS A SERIES OF POLICY LEGACIES.

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PATH DEPENDENCY:

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EMPHASIZE EXTENT TO WHICH PRIOR POLICIES MAKE IT DIFFICULT TO REVERSE.

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HISTORICAL INSTITUTIONALISM:

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STRESSES IMPORTANCE OF INSTITUTIONS AND INFLUENCING OUTCOMES.

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WHO HAS THE LEAST INFLUENCE OVER HEALTH POLICY FORMATION?

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GOVERNOR GENERAL

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LIBERAL:

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LEFT SIDE. FREEDOM AND RIGHTS. VALUE SOCIETAL RIGHTS OVER INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS.

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BIG "L" LIBERAL:

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FROM LIBERAL PARTY

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SMALL "L" LIBERAL:

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AGREES WITH LIBERAL VIEWS/VALUES

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LIBERTARIAN:

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INDIVIDUAL-FOCUSED. LIMITED GOVERNANCE. AS LITTLE GOV INVOLVEMENT AS POSSIBLE.

- MORE FISCAL, ECONOMIC

-OFTEN SOCIALLY PROGRESSIVE VALUES (SAME SEX RIGHTS).

-USED TO ADVOCATE FOR SOME BEHAVIOURS THAT MAY BE SEEN AS DISTASTEFUL.

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FRANCE, IMMEDIATELY PRE-REVOLUTION:

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MORE EMPHASIS ON LIBERAL VALUES, AND INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS (THIS IS OLD LIBERALISM--> NOW FOCUSED ON COLLECTIVE RIGHTS).

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RIGHT SIDE OF SPEAKER:

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-SUPPORTED MONARCH (CHURCH, ELITES, TRADITIONS OF STATE, OLD INSTITUTIONS).

-WANTED TO "CONSERVE THE PAST"

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LEFT SIDE OF SPEAKER:

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-OPPOSED MONARCHY, WANTED MORE RIGHTS FOR THE PEOPLE

-SUPPORTED CHANGE, *INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS* AND FREEDOMS.

-LIBERAL BECAUSE THEY WANTED TO BE FREED FROM TRADITIONAL INSTITUTIONAL OBLIGATIONS.

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*MODERN* RIGHT SIDE:

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-WANTS TRADITIONAL INSTITUTIONS

-INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS OVER COLLECTIVE.

-LESS GOV CONTROL

-REJECT "NANNY STATE"

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FISCAL CONSERVATIVES:

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BELIEVE IN NEED TO RESTRICT STATE SPENDING, REDUCE TAXES, SHRINK THE GOV BUREAUCRACY.

*FEWER REGULATIONS REGARDING BUSINESS (ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS).

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SOCIAL CONSERVATIVES:

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-OPPOSE THINGS LIKE SAME-SEX MARRIAGE.

-THINK THINGS LIKE THAT UNDERMINE TRADITIONAL INSTITUTIONS (FAMILY, CHURCH, VALUES).

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RADICAL CONSERVATIVE:

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WANTS TO GO BACK TO THE ROOTS OF BELIEFS.

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*MODERN* LEFT SIDE:

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-COLLECTIVE RIGHTS

-EFFECTIVE GOV INSTITUTIONS AS WAY OF BALANCING SOCIAL INEQUITIES (PROVIDE EQUITY).

-PROGRESSIVE TAXATION.

-REDISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH

-SUPPORT POOR THROUGH WELFARE SYSTEMS.

-RIGHTS OF WORKERS

-POLICY TO REDUCE NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF CAPITALISM.

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WHICH TYPES OF PARTIES ARE USUALLY SUPPORTED BY UNIONS?

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"LEFT-LEANING" PARTIES. THESE UNIONS HAVE COLLECTIVE RIGHTS FOR WORKERS IN MIND.

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PROGRESSIVE TAXATION:

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-IS A LIBERAL VIEW

-RICHER PEOPLE WHO CAN AFFORD TO PAY MORE WILL PAY MORE

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FASCISM:

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-ULTRA CONSERVATISM

-LESS POWER TO INDIVIDUALS, STATE IS MOST IMPORTANT.

-GOV SEEN AS IMPORTANT BECAUSE OF EXISTENCE OF GOV, NOT FOR PURPOSE OF PROVIDING FOR THE PEOPLE.

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SOCIALISM:

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-INTERESTED IN SOCIAL EQUALITY

-GOV INVOLVEMENT TO ALLOW PEOPLE TO BE AS SAFE AND HAPPY AS POSSIBLE.

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COMMUNISM:

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DECISIONS MADE COLLECTIVELY, IN "COMMON". ABOUT COLLECTIVE RIGHTS.

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WHO WOULD BELIEVE IN PERSONAL LIBERTY, LOW GOV INVOLVEMENT, BUT ALSO RESTRICTIONS TO ABORTION: LIBERAL, SOCIAL CONSERVATIVE, FISCAL CONSERVATIVE, OR PROGRESSIVE CONSERVATIVE?

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SOCIAL CONSERVATIVE

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"COLLECTIVE RIGHTS, GOV ACTION TO CURB CORPORATE POWER, INCOME EQUALITY" IS THE IDEOLOGY OF LEFT WING OR RIGHT WING?

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LEFT WING IDEOLOGY

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CANANDA'S CURRENT GOVERNMENT:

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LIBERAL DEMOCRACY

-THIS IS CLASSIC LIBERALISM WHICH MERGED FROM THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND FRENCH REVOLUTION

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IN EUROPE, THE TERM "LIBERAL" IS CLOSER TO OUR IDEA OF:

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LIBERTARIAN

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ORIGINAL "LIBERTY":

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-THE LIBERTY OF PURSUING INDIVIDUAL GOALS (FREEDOM FROM CONSTRAINT).

-ROLE OF THE STATE: TO FACILITATE INDIVIDUAL LIBERTY.

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ROLE OF THE CAPITALIST STATE:

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TO PERMIT INDIVIDUAL ACCUMULATION OF WEALTH.

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CAPITALIST SYSTEM IS ABOUT ____.

LIBERAL SYSTEM IS ABOUT ____.

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1. ACCUMULATED WEALTH

2. ALLOWING THAT WEALTH TO ACCUMULATE.

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LIMITS OF LIBERAL DEMOCRATIC STATE:

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-MID 19TH CENTURY CREATED ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMBALANCES.

-VERY RICH INDUSTRIALISTS/ POOR WORKERS.

-CAPITALISM

-"LAISSEZ FAIRE" ECONOMICS.

-FORCING POOR OUT OF LAND AND INTO DIRTY/DANGEROUS FACTORIES.

-NO WELFARE FOR INJURY, ETC.

-LIMITED ABILITY FOR PPL TO THRIVE.

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"LAISSEZ FAIRE" ECONOMICS:

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KEEP THE GOVERNMENT OUT OF IT

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WHO ARGUED THAT THE SYSTEM "LAY THE SEED OF ITS OWN DESTRUCTION"?

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KARL MARX (GERMAN) AND FREIDRECH ENGELS (SON OF AN INDUSTRIALIST).

** THIS INCREASED ALIENATION, AND IMPOVERISHMENT OF POOR WORKERS LEAD TO WORKER UPRISINGS (HAPPENED IN 1848 AND 1870S).

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IN RESPONSE TO THE INDUSTRIAL WORKING CONDITIONS, ETC, STATE REACTED BY:

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-CREATING LAWS/REGULATIONS TO EASE INEQUALITIES.

-LEGALIZED UNIONS, BASIC WORKPLACE REGULATIONS.

-FACTORY LAWS, LIMITS TO HOURS OF LABOUR.

-SAVE CAPITALISM FROM ITSELF BY CONSTRAINING ITS MOST RAPACIOUS/GREEDY ASPECTS.

-THIS WAS THE BEGINNING OF CONSTRAINTS ON DEMOCRACY.

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WHAT WAS CREATED AS A RESULT OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION?

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A WELFARE STATE.

SYSTEM TO PROTECT THOSE WHO HAVE LOST OR CAN'T FIND JOBS, OLD, SICK, ETC.

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DOES THE LEFT OR RIGHT SIDE CRITICIZE THE IDEA OF THE WELFARE STATE?

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THE RIGHT SIDE.

SOME THINK IT ENCOURAGES LAZY/USELESS CITIZENS.

**YET, HISTORICALLY, THIS WELFARE STATE HAS PROTECTED CAPITALISM FROM UNREST.

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BETWEEN DIFFERENT POLITICAL PARTIES, THERE IS A _____ OF INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIAL RIGHTS.

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BALANCE.

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IDEA OF GOV "INTERFERENCE" VS "INTERVENING":

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-SOME TALK ABOUT GOV INTERFERENCE IN FREE FLOW OF CAPITAL AND INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS.

-OTHERS TALK ABOUT INTERVENING TO MAKE A SYSTEM MORE EQUITABLE.

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CREATION OF THE SOCIALIZED HEALTH CARE SYSTEM (MEDICARE, OHIP, ETC) WAS RESULT OF:

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RESULT OF LEFT-LEANING PARTY THAT CAME INTO PROMINENCE DURING DEPRESSION, AND INTO POWER IN THE 1940S.

-THIS SYSTEM HAS BECOME A KEY ELEMENT IN CANADIAN IDENTITY.

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BENEFITS OF HAVING A HEALTH CARE SYSTEM:

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IF YOU HAVE A WORKFORCE THAT HAS ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE, THERE WILL BE LESS INJURIES/ILLNESS, ETC.

* SO, IN A WAY, IT SUPPORTS INDUSTRIES.

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EXAMPLES OF BALANCING INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETAL RIGHTS:

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-CANADA'S FOOD GUIDE IS FOR EVERYONE, BUT ALSO FOCUS ON INDIVIDUAL HEALTH LITERACY-EDUCATION.

-CALORIE COUNT ON MENUS MAY CONSTRAIN YOUR FREEDOM TO NOT FEEL GUILTY ABOUT MAKING A CHOICE.

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BURGEOIS CONCEIT:

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POLICY THAT DOESNT RECOGNIZE THE CONDITIONS OF THE PERSON YOU ARE SPEAKING TO.

EX--> TELLING SOMEONE THE ONLY WAY THEY CAN BE HEALTHY IS TO BUY ORGANIC VEGGIES, BUT MAYBE THEY CANT AFFORD THIS.

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PROGRESSIVE CONSERVATIVE:

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DOESNT MEAN MORE PROGRESSIVE IN MOVING FORWARD ON ISSUES SUCH AS LGBT RIGHTS.

** PROGRESSIVE CONSERVATIVE IS KIND OF A MERGE OF FISCAL AND SOCIAL CONSERVATISM.

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EX OF THE LEFT AND RIGHT WING SWAYING TO EACH OTHER'S SIDE:

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THE LIBERALS IN BC ARE MORE CONSERVATIVE THAN THE ONES IN ONTARIO.

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NEO-LIBERAL:

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-IS CONSERVATIVE

-"OLD LIBERALISM" OR "CLASSICAL LIBERALISM".

-REFERS TO ECONOMICS, RATHER THAN THE TERM CONSERVATISM WHICH IS MORE POLITICAL.

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FREE MARKET:

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IS A NEO-LIBERAL ECONOMIC ARGUMENT.

-IF YOU GET RID OF ALL THE CONTROLS, THE MARKET WILL FIX ITSELF.

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WHAT IS "FRAMING" SOMETIMES REFERRED TO AS?

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A "SPIN."

IMPORTANT TO SPEAK THE LANGUAGE OF THE AUDIENCE.

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SMOKING EXAMPLE OF FRAMING:

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EITHER FRAME IT BY FOCUSING ON INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM VS SOCIAL GOOD.

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SECURITY:

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SATISFACTION OF MINIMUM HUMAN NEEDS.

PERSON AND STATE ARE SECURE.

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LIBERTY:

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DO AS YOU WISH AS LONG AS YOU DO NOT HARM OTHERS.

*FUNDAMENTAL LIBERAL IDEAL FOR BOTH SIDES.

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EQUITY:

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TREATING LIKES ALIKE.

*CHOCOLATE CAKE EXAMPLE.

* NEED TO CONSIDER RECIPIENT, ITEM, AND PROCESS.

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EFFICIENCY:

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GETTING MOST OUT OF A GIVEN OUTPUT.

GENERALLY AND ECONOMIC ARGUMENT.

RESOURCE ALLOCATION.

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RECIPIENTS, ITEMS, PROCESS:

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RECIPIENTS: WHO DESERVES/NEEDS IT MORE?

ITEMS: VALUE OF ITEM WITHIN CONEXT.

PROCESS: FAIR WAY OF DISTRIBUTING EVEN IF NOT EQUAL.

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AUTONOMY:

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RECOGNITION THAT INDIVIDUAL CAN MAKE OWN DECISIONS.

AVOID PATRONIZING AND PATERNALISM.

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BENEFICANCE:

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DOING SOMETHING IN BEST INTEREST OF THE INDIVIDUAL.

BALANCE BENEFITS AGAINST COSTS.

ACTING PERSON MUST QUESTION THEIR OWN INTENTIONS.

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NON-MALEFICANCE:

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DO NO HARM.

IDEA THAT AN ACTION ON BALANCE SHOULD BE HELPFUL.

INFORMED PARTICIPANT, KNOWING THE RISKS.

BALANCE POTENTIAL HARMS AND GOOD.

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JUSTICE:

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LIKE FAIRNESS/EQUITY.

BENEFIT MUST BE DISTRIBUTED EQUALLY.

** THIS IS TRICKY BECAUSE IN RESEARCH, BENEFITS ARE SOMETIMES WITHHELD FROM PARTICIPANTS.

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BENEFITS OF ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS:

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LIMITS RESISTANCE AND ENSURES EFFECTIVENESS (MORE BRAINS=MORE IDEAS).

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PUBLIC GOOD:

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SOMETHING ACCESSIBLE FOR ALL.

MUST BE:

1. NON-EXCLUDABLE.

1. NON-RIVALROUS.

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NON-RIVALROUS:

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WE DONT COMPETE FOR IT.

EX--> IF SOMEONE IS WEARING GLASSES, NOBODY ELSE CAN.

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NON-EXCLUDABLE:

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SOMEONE DOES NOT CONTROL ACCESS TO IT.

THESE THINGS ARE OWNED BY OR ACCESSIBLE TO THE PUBLIC.

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EXAMPLES OF PUBLIC GOODS AND GOODS THAT ARE NOT PUBLIC GOODS.

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PUBLIC GOODS: CLEAN AIR, PUBLIC PARKS, PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES.

NOT PUBLIC GOODS: CLEAN WATER, UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE (CHEMO), HIGHWAY 407.

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EXTERNALITIES:

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EXIST WHEN PRIVATE COSTS/BENEFITS DO NOT EQUAL PUBLIC/SOCIAL COSTS/BENEFITS.

** AN EXTERNALITY IS BASICALLY A COST OR BENEFIT THAT AFFECTS A THIRD PARTY.

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EXAMPLE OF NEGATIVE EXTERNALITY:

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POLLUTION.

PRIVATE COMPANIES BENEFIT FROM STATE MANAGING/REGULATING POLLUTION.

THEY ALSO BENEFIT FROM STATE-RUN WATER CLEANING SYSTEMS.

THEIR ACTIONS (FOR PROFIT) NEGATIVELY AFFECT INDIVIDUALS.

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EXAMPLE OF POSITIVE EXTERNALITY:

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HERD IMMUNITY, NEIGHBOUR FIREPROOFING THEIR HOUSE, CLEAN WATER SYSTEM.

* MANY ASPECTS OF PUBLIC HEALTH ARE POSITIVE EXTERNALITIES, BECAUSE THE COST TO INDIVIDUAL CITIZENS IS LOWER THAN IF THEY HAD TO PAY FOR THINGS THEMSELVES.

* MORE PEOPLE PAYING INTO SOMETHING MAKES THE PRICE GO DOWN.

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TO JUSTIFY A PUBLIC HEALTH INTERVENTION, NEED TO:

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DEMONSTRATE A RISK, DEMONSTRATE EFFECTIVENESS, ASSESS ECONOMIC COST, ASSESS BURDEN ON INDIVIDUALS, ASSESS FAIRNESS OF POLICY.

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INTERESTS:

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DIFFUSE VS CONCENTRATED.

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LATENT INTEREST GROUP VS PRESSURE GROUPS:

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GENERALLY DISORGANIZED VS HIGHLY ORGANIZED.

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ASTROTURF ORGANIZATION:

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LOOKS LIKE A GRASS-ROOTS FOUNDATION, BUT IT TURNS OUT THEY ARE RUN AND FUNDED BY LARGE ORGANIZATIONS.

* THEY DEPLOY A RANGE OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL POWER.

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POLICY COMMUNITY CONSISTS OF:

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GOV AGENCIES, INTEREST GROUPS, MEDIA, INTERESTED INDIVIDUALS.

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WHO IS INVOLVED IN SCOPE OF CONFLICT?

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STAKEHOLDERS, HIGHER LEVEL ADMINISTRATORS, BUREAUCRATS.

* BUREAUCRATS LOOK FOR BUREAUCRATIC SOLUTIONS.

* SCOPE OF CONFLICT CAN BE MANIPULATED TO ACHIEVE THE ENDS IT WANTS.

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LOUDEST VOICES OFTEN THE ________.

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RICHEST.

EX--> PORT DALHOUSIE VS RYKERT BUS LANES.

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SETTING AGENDA:

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DETERMINES WHICH INTERESTS WILL BE ADDRESSED.

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SOMETIMES ISSUES POP UP THAT TAKE OVER POLICY ATTENTION SUCH AS:

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OUR COUNTRY MAY HAVE A CERTAIN FOREIGN POLICY, BUT SOMETHING HAPPENS ELSEWHERE IN THE WORLD THAT INFLUENCES THAT POLICY.

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EXHORTATION:

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CONVINCING THROUGH WORDS OR GESTURES.

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EXPENDITURE/TAXATION:

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FUNDING TO ADVANCE A POSITION.

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REGULATION:

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RULES TO ENCOURAGE OR PUNISH ACTIONS.

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PUBLIC OWNERSHIP:

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GOV DIRECTLY RUNS THE ACTIVITY (GOV OWNS THE BUSINESS).

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CREATION OF "TRUTHS":

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IDEAS, CONCEPTS, BELIEFS HELD TO BE NON-DEBATABLE.

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IN SCIENCE WE LOOK AT TESTS TO GIVE CREDIBILITY TO A THEORY. OVER TIME:

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THAT THEORY MAY BE CONSIDERED IMMUNE FROM DISAGREEMENT (AT LEAST BY REASONABLE ARGUMENT. SEE EVOLUTION VS CREATIONISM).

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DEVIANCE IS _______ TO GOOD CITIZENSHIP.

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ANTITHETICAL (OPPOSED).

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SOME THINGS CONSIDERED TO BE TRUTHS ARE ACTUALLY ________ ________ BEHAVIOURS.

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HISTORICALLY CONSTRUCTED.