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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
a mild weakness (in the eye) noted only when fusion is blocked
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phoria
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a constant malalignment of the eyes
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trophia
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unequal pupil size. Exists normally in 5% of population, consider CNS disease
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Anisocoria
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Constricted and fixed pupils. Occurs with the use of Narcotics and with brain damage to the pons
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Miosis
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Dilated and fixed pupils. CNS injury
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mydriasis
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the decrease in power of accommodation with aging
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prsbyopia
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squint or cross eye
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strabismus
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nearsighted
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myopia
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farsighted
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hyperopia
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a blind spot in the visual field surrounded by an area of normal or decreased vision, occurs with glaucoma, with optic nerve and visual pathway disorders
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scotoma
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inability to tolerate light
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photophobia
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the perception of 2 images of a single object
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diplopia
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an even yellowing of the sclera extending up to the cornea, indicating jaundice.
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sclera icterus
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eye lids are swollen and puffy. This occurs with local infection; crying; and systemic conditions such as congestive heart failure, renal failure, allergy, hypothyroidism (myxedema)
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Periorbital edema
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this eye condition is associated with thyroid conditions
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exophthalmos (protruding eyes)
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inability to tolerate light
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photophobia
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the perception of 2 images of a single object
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diplopia
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an even yellowing of the sclera extending up to the cornea, indicating jaundice.
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sclera icterus
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eye lids are swollen and puffy. This occurs with local infection; crying; and systemic conditions such as congestive heart failure, renal failure, allergy, hypothyroidism (myxedema)
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Periorbital edema
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this eye condition is associated with thyroid conditions
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exophthalmos (protruding eyes)
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occurs from neuromuscular weakness. Gives a person a sleepy appearance
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ptosis
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red, scaly, greasy flakes and thickened, crusted lid margins occur with staphyloccal infection or seborrheic dermatitis of the lid edge. Symptoms include burning, itching, tearing, foreign body sensation, and some pain
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Blepharitis (inflammation of the eyelids)
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A localized staphylococcal infection of the hair follicles at the lid margin. It is painful, red, and swollen - a pustule at the lid margin
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hordeolum (stye)
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infection and blockage of sac and duct in the eye. Pain, warmth, redness, and swelling occur below the inner canthus toward nose. Tearing is present. Pressure on sac yield purulent discharge from puncta
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Dacryocystitis (inflammation of the lacrimal sac)
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pain, swelling, redness occur in the outer third of the upper lid. It occurs with mumps, measles, and infectious mononucleosis, or from trauma
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Dacryoadenitis (inflammation of the lacrimal gland
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(eye)
rare, but occurs most often on the lower lid and medial canthus. Looks like a papule with an ulcerated center |
Basal Cell carcinoma
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"pink eye", has red beefy looking vessels at periphery but usually clear around iris. Symptoms include itching, burning, foreign body sensation, and eyelids stuck together on awakening
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conjunctivitis
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red patch on the sclera. Red patch has sharp edges like a spot of paint. It occurs from increased intraocular pressure from coughing, sneezing, wight lifting, labor during child birth, straining at stool, trauma
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subconjunctival hemorrhage
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Deep dull red halo around the iris and cornea. Person also has marked photophobia, constricted pupil, blurred vision, and throbbing pain. Warrants immediate referral.
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Iritis (circumcorneal redness)
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This is the most common result of blunt eye injury, but irregular ridges usually visible only when flourescein stain reveals yellow-green branching. Because the area is rich in nerve endings, Person feels intense pain, foreign body sensation, lacramation, redness, and photo phobia
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Corneal abrasion
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Shows an opaque gray surrounded by black background as it forms in the center of lens nucleus. It begins after age 40 and develops slowly, gradually obstructing vision.
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Central gray opacity—nuclear cataract
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Soft exudates or “cotton wool” areas look like fluffy gray-white cumulus clouds. They occur with diabetes, hypertension, subacute bacterial endocarditis, lupus, and papilledema of any cause.
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Exudates
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tonsil grading:
1+ means: |
visible
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tonsil grading:
2+ means: |
halfway between tonsillar pillars and uvula
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tonsil grading:
3+ means: |
touching the uvula
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tonsil grading:
4+ means: |
touching eachother
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Bright red throat; swollen tonsils; white or yellow exudates on tonsils and pharynx; swollen uvula; enlarged, tender anterior cervical and tonsillar nodes. Accompanied by severe sore throat, painful swallowing, fever >101°F of sudden onset.
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acute tonsillitis and pharyngitis
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smooth, firm fluctuant swelling on scalp. Skin shiny and taut, Is a benign growth.
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pilar cyst (wen)
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Rapid, painful inflammation of parotid from mumps, blockage of a duct, abscess, or tumor.
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Parotid Gland Enlargement
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deficiency of neurotransmitter dopamine and degeneration of basal ganglia in brain. Immobility of features produces a flat and expressionless face with elevated eyebrows, staring gaze, oily skin, and drooling.
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Parkinson's Syndrome
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excessive secretion of ACTH and chronic steroid use person develops round “moonlike” face, prominent jowls, red cheeks, hirsutism on upper lip, lower cheeks and chin and acneiform rash on chest.
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Cushing's syndrome
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goiter is increase in size of thyroid gland. Grave’s disease is mose common. manifested by goiter and exophthalmos(bulging eyeballs)
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hyperthyroidism
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deficiency of thyroid hormone when severe causes nonpitting edema.
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Myxedema (hypothyroidism)
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lower motor neuron lesion (peripheral) producing cranial nerve VII paralysis almost always unilateral. can’t wrinkle forehead, raise eyebrow, close eye, whistle or show teeth
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Bell's Palsy
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upper motor neuron lesion (central). a “stroke” is an acute neurologic deficit caused by obstruction of cerebral vessel. Paralysis of lower facial muscles, upper half of face not affected. Able to wrinkle forehead and close eyes.
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Brain Attach or Cerebrovascular Accident
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chronic wasting disease such as cancer, dehydration, and starvation. sunken eyes, hollow cheeks, exhausted defeated expression
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Cachectic appearance
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“hard skin” rare connective tissue disease, hard shiny skin of forehead and cheeks thin pursed lips. absent skinfolds, muscle atrophy on face and neck.
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scleroderma
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lesions that take a linear arragement along a nerve route (herpes zoster)
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zosteriform
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annular lesions that grow together
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polycyclic
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lesions take a form of a scratch, streak, line, or stripe
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linear
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lesions that resemble iris of eyes, concentric rings of lesions
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iris/target
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twisted, coiled, spiral, or snakelike lesions
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gyrate
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cluster of legions
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grouped
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distinct individual lesions that remain seperate
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discrete
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lesions that run together
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confluent
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lesions that are circular, begin in center & spread periphery (ringworm, tinea, versicolor, pityriasis
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annular lesions
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Lesion:
flat, soleyly color change, circumscribed, less than 1 cm (freckle, flat nevus, hypopigmentation, petechai, measles, scarlet fever |
macule
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Lesion:
macule larger than 1 cm. (mongolian spot, vitiligo, cholasma, measles, cafe-au-lait spot |
patch
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Lesion:
you can palpate, solid, elevated, circumscribed, less than 1 cm in diameter (elevated nevus (mole), lichen planus, molluscum, wart (verruca)) |
papule
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Lesion:
coalesce wider than 1 cm plateau like disk shaped lesion (psoriasis, lichen planus) |
Plaque
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Lesion:
solid, elevated, hard or soft, larger than 1 cm, may extend deeper into dermis than papule (xanthoma, fibroma, indradermal nevus) |
nodule
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Lesion:
larger than few centimeter in diameter, firm or soft, deeper into dermis, benign or malignant (lipoma, hemangioma) |
tumor
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Lesion:
superficial, raised, transient, erythematous, irregular shape from edema (mosquito bite, allergic reaction, dermographism) |
wheal
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Lesion:
wheals coalesce, extensive reaction, intensely pruritic |
Urticaria (hives)
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Lesion:
elevated cavity, free clear fluid, up to 1 cm (herpes simplex, early varicella, herpes zoster (shingles), contact dermatitis) |
vesicle
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Lesion:
larger than 1 cm diameter, single chambered (unicoular), superficial in epidermis, thin walled (ruptures easily) (friction blister, pemphigus, burns, contact dermatitis) |
Bulla
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Lesion:
encapsulated, fluid filled cavity in dermis, subcutaneous layer tensely elevates skin (sebaceous cyst, wen) |
Cyst
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Lesion:
thickened, dried out exudate, red-brown, honey, yellow (impetigo (dry, honey colored), weeping eczematous dermatitis, scab following abrasion) |
Crust
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Lesion:
compact, desiccated flakes of skin, dry or greasy, silvary or white, dead excess keratin cells (following drug reaction {laminated sheets}, psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, eczema, dry skin) |
Scale
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Lesion:
linear crack, abrupt edges, into dermis, dry or moist (athletes foot, cheilosis [corners of mouth due to excess moisture]) |
Fissure
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Lesion:
scooped out, shallow depression, superficial lesion, epidermis is lost, lesion is moist, no bleeding, heals without scar, not into dermis |
Erosion
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Lesion:
deep depression, extended into dermis, irregularly shaped, may bleed, leaves scar (stasis ulcer, pressure sore, chancre) |
Ulcer
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Lesion:
self inflicted abrasion, superficial, sometimes crusted (scratches from: insect bites, scabies, dermatitis, varicella) |
excoriation
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Lesion:
skin lesion repaired, normal tissue lost, replaced with connective tissue (collagen), fibrotic change (healed area of surgery or injury, acne) |
scar
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Lesion:
skin level depressed with loss of tissue, thinning of the epidermis (striae [stretch marks]) |
atrophic scar
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Lesion:
thickening of the skin from prolonged intense scratching, tightly packed sets of papules (looks like surface of moss (lichen) |
lichenification
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Lesion:
hypertrophic scar, skin elevated, excess scar tissue, invasive beyond site of injury, may increase after healing occurs, looks smooth, rubbery, clawlike, high incidence among blacks |
Keloid
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Pain in the ear is called
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otalgia
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discharge that suggests infection canal or perforated eardrum is called
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otorrhea
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desnse white patches on the eardrum are sequelae of repeated ear infections. Do not necessarily affect hearing.
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scarred drum
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purulent, sanguineous, or watery discharge. Swimmer’s Ear.
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external otitis
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purulent yellow-amber discharge
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acute otitis media with perforation
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dirty yellow/gray discharge, foul odor. Typically with perforation-ear pain occurs 1st, stops with popping sensation, then drainage occurs.
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cholesteatoma
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a type of hearing loss that involves a mechanical dysfunction of the external or middle ear. Partial loss; person is able to hear if sound amplitude is increased to reach normal nerve elements in the inner ear. May be caused by impacted cerumen, foreign bodies, a perforated tympanic membrane, pus, or serum in the middle ear and by Otosclerosis, which is the gradual hardening that causes the foot plate of the stapes to become fixed in the oval window, impeding the transmission of sound. Common cause of conductive hearing loss-occurs in adults 20-40 yrs old
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conductive hearing loss
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a type of hearing loss: pathology of the inner ear, cranial nerve VIII, or the auditory areas of the cerebral cortex. An increase in amplitude may not enable the person to understand words. Caused by Presbycusis and by ototoxic drugs, which affect the hair cells in the cochlea.
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Conductive hearing loss
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high-tone frequency hearing loss, gradual onset years, whereas a trauma hearing loss is often sudden. Occurs with ageing.)
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presbycusis
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type of hearing loss: a combination of conductive and sensorineural types in the same ear.
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mixed loss
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a marked loss when sound is at low intensity, but sound actually becomes painful when repeated in a loud voice.
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recruitment
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Ringing or buzzing in the ear.
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tinnitus
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vertigo: feels like the room spins
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objective vertigo
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vertigo: person feels like he or she spins
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subjective vertigo
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ears smaller than 4 cm vertically
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Microtia
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ears larger than 10 cm vertically
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macrotia
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on the ears: reddened, excessively warm skin indicates
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inflammation
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on the ears: red-blue color indicates
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frostbite
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an absence or closure of the ear canal
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atresia
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a sticky yellow discharge accompanies ____________ or may indicate ________________ if the drum has ruptured
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otitis externa; otitis media
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impacted ________ is a common cause of conductive hearing loss. Occurs more in older adults. Is reversible. 2 major types dry cerumen-gray, flaky, forms thin mass in ear canal, wet cerumen—honey brown to dark brown and moist.
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impacted cerumen
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redness and swelling in the external canal, canal may be completely closed with swelling
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otitis externa
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purulent otorrhea suggest _________ or ________ if the drum has ruptured.
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otitis externa, or otitis media
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Frank blood or clear, watery drainage (cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after trauma suggest basal skull fracture and warrants ____________________. CSF feels oily & test + for glucose.
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immediate referal
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Yellow amber color serous occurs with drum. Note an air/fluid level with fine black dividing line or air bubbles visible behind drum. Symptom: feeling of fullness, transient hearing loss, popping sound with swallowing.
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otitis media with effusion (OME)
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results when middle ear fluid is infected. Absent light reflex from increasing middle ear pressure is an early sign. Redness and bulging in superior part of drum, earache and fever. Fiery red bulging of entire eardrum occurs ; deep throbbing pain, transient hearing loss. Pneumatic otoscopy reveals drum hypomobility.
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Acute (Purulent) Otitis Media
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diminished or absent landmarks, thickened drum.
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Chronic otitis media
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resulting from vacuum in middle ear with obstructed eustachian tube. Light reflex is absent or disorted. Drum is dull and lusterless and does not move. Indicate negative pressure and middle ear vacuum from obstructed Eustachian tube and serous otitis media. Prominent landmarks.
e. bulging drum from increased pressure in otitis media |
Retracted drum
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_____ shows as a dark oval area or as a larger opening on the drum.
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perforation
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_________shows as a dark oval area or as a larger opening on the drum. And occurs in tensa
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Central perforations
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perforations that occur at the annulus
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Marginal perforations
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Perforations that occur in the superior part of the drum
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attic perforations
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indicates blood in the middle ear, as in trauma resulting in skull fracture.
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Blue Drum (hemotympanum)
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black or white dots on drum or canal indicate a colony of growth.
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Fungal infection (otomycosis)
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Small painless nodule at the helix. Congenital variation. Not significant. Do not mistake for Tophus.
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Darwin's Tubercle
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Commonly behind lobule, in postauricular fold. A nodule with central black punctum indicates blocked sebaceous gland. Filled with waxy sebaceous material & painful if infected. Often are multiple.
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Sebaceous Cyst
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Small, whitish-yellow, hard nontender nodules in or near helix or antihelix; contain greasy chalky material of uric acid crystals, are a sign of gout
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Toph
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Painful nodules on rim of helix as a result of repetitive mechanical pressure or environmental trauma (sunlight). Small, indurated, dull red, poorly defined
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Chondrodermatitis Nodularis Helicus
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Overgrowth of scar tissue which invades original sight of trauma. Frequent in dark-skinned folk.
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Keloid
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Ulcerated crusted nodule with indurated base that fails to heal. Bleeds intermittently. Must refer biopsy.Usually occurs on the superior rim of the pinna. Can occur in ear canal.
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Carcinoma
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Produced or is impacted because of narrow tortuous canal or poor cleaning method. Expands after swimming or showering, person has ear fullness.
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excessive cerumen
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Severe swelling of canal, inflammation, tenderness. Canal lumen is narrowed to one fourth normal size. Scanty purulent discharge, scaling , itching, fever. Hearing normal or slightly diminished. Common in hot humid weather. Swimming causes canal to become waterlogged and swell. Prevent by using rubbing alcohol or 2% acetic acid eardrops after each swim.
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Otitis externa (swimmers ear)
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Single, stony hard, rounded nodule that obscures the drum, nontender, overlying skin appears normal. Attached to inner third, the bony part, of the canal. Benign, but refer for removal.
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osteoma
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Usually affects children. Common objects are beans, corn, breakfast cereal, jewelry beads, small stones, sponge rubber. Cotton is most common for adults.
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foreign body
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More common than osteoma. Occur more frequeantly in cold water swimmers. No treatment necessary, although it may cause accumulation of cerumne, which blacks the canal.
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Exostosis
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Very painful, redden, infected hair follicle. Regional lymphadenopathy often accompanies a furuncle.
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furuncle
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Redder than surrounding skin, bleeds easily, bathed in foul purulent discharge, indicates chronic ear disease. Benign, but refer for excision.
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Polyp
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Tube inserted surgically into eardrum to relieve middle ear pressure and promote drainage of chronic or recurrent middle ear infections.
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insertion of tympanostomy tubes
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Growth can erode bone and produce hearing loss. Early signs include otorrhea, unilateral conductive hearing loss, and tinnitus. Pearly white, cheesy appearance.
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cholesteatoma
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Small vesicles containing blood on the drum; accompany mycoplasma pneumonia and virus infections. May have blood tinged discharge and severe otalgia.
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Bullous Myringitis
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small flat increase of brown melanin pigment
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freckle (ephellides)
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a proliferation of melanocytes, tan to brown color flat or raised
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Nevus (mole)
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may be tan to brown color
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Birthmarks
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decreased hematocrit - generalized pallor
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anemia
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decreased perfusion
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shock
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whitish pink
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albinism
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destruction of melanocytes patchy while spots
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Vitillgo
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increased amount of unoxygenated hemoglobin - dusky blue: may be caused by chronic heart & lung disease or exposure to cold or anxiety
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cyanosis
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inflammation, fever, alcohol intake, blushing - red, bright pink (dark skin - purplish)
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hyperemia - erythema
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capillary stasis - ruddy blue (dark - check lips)
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polycythemia - erythema
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signs of carbon monoxide poisoning
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cherry red face, nailbeds, lips
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decreased blood flow - dusky rubor prelude necrosis with engorged venules
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Venus Stasis
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conditions that cause jaundice (yellowing of the skin)
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liver inflammation or hemolytic disease, sever burns/some infections - yellow sclera, hard palate, mucous membranes
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increased serum carotene, foods - yellow orange not in sclera
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Carotenemia
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renal failure/retained urochrome pigments in blood - orange-green or gray, may have ecchymoses & purpura
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Uremia
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Cortisol deficiency (increased melanin) bronzed appearance, eternal tan nipples, perineum, genitalia & pressure points
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Addison's disease
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increased melanin basal cell layer - tan, light brown, irregular shape, oval well defined borders
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Cafe-au-lait spots
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generalized coolness (may be induced for surgery/high fever) may be caused by: shock or localized in peripheral insufficiencey in Raynaud's Disese because of vasospasm
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hypothermia
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increased metabolic rate: fever, infection, heavy exercise, sunburn, trauma
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hyperthyroidism (hypermetaboic state)
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profuse perspiration from increased metabolic rate (heavy activity or fever)
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Diaphoresis
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smoother/softer velvet skin is caused by
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hyperthyroidism
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rough, dry, flaky skin is caused by:
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hypothyroidism
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very thin, shiny skin is caused by
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arterial insufficiency
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what would cause local/peripheral edema?
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heart failure, or kidney failure
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small, smooth, raised, bright red dots
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Cherry (senile) angiomas age 30+
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bruising is also called:
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Ecchymosis
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multiple bruises above knees and below elbows is a sign of ________
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physical abuse
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