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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
musculoskeletal system functions
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Provides support and mobility for body
Provides protection for internal organs Produces blood cells and stores minerals such as calcium and phosphorus |
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functions of bones
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Support for soft tissues and organs
Protection of organs—brain and spinal cord Body movement and hematopoiesis Continual remodeling and changing collagen and mineral composition to accommodate stress |
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skeletal muscles
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muscle fibers attached to bone, ligament, tendon, fascia
voluntary control some move by reflex arranged parallel to long axis of bones |
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Articulations
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two or more bones come together
classified by material or degree of movement |
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articulation by material
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Fibrous
Cartilaginous Synovial |
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articulation by degree of movement
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Synarthrodial—immovable joints (sutures of skull)
Amphiarthrodial—slightly movable joint (symphysis pubis) Diarthrodial—freely movable joints (knee joint) |
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hinge joints (diarthrodial)
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Permit extension and flexion; not lateralization
Some allow hyperextension Example: Knee, elbow |
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pivot joints (diarthrodial)
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Permit movement of one bone with a ring or notch of another bone
Example: Between radius and ulna and between 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae |
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condyloid or ellipsoidal (diarthrodial)
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Condyle of one bone fits into elliptically-shaped articulating bone
Example: Example: Metacarpophalangeal joints |
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ball and socket joints (diarthrodial)
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Ball-shaped bone fits into concave area of articulating bone
Example: Hip |
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gliding joints (diarthroidal)
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Permit movement along axes through flat articulating surfaces
Example: Joints between two vertebrae, feet |
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Ligaments
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strong, dense, flexible bands of CT
hold bones together encircle joint, grip obliquely, lie parallel to bone ends |
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tendons
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strong, flexible, nonelastic cords of collagen
attach muscles to bones contract muscles to bones without sustaining injury |
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Cartilage
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semi smooth, gel-like, supports weight
forms caps over ends of long bones allows thorax to move when lungs expand/contract reinforces respiratory passages of nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi |
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bursae
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small sacs in CT adjacent to some joints
reduce frictions when muscles/tendons rub |
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present health status
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chronic disease
medications changes in ability to move exercise smoke alcohol sports work injuries? |
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past medical history
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accidents/trauma
congenital bone/joint problems surgery on bones, joints, muscles |
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family history
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hx of curvature of spine/back problems
hx of arthritis, gout |
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inspect axial skeleton and extremities
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alignment, contour, symmetry, size, and gross deformities
Body symmetric, straight spine, knees straight line |
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muscles
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size
symmetry - bilateral circumference |
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palpate
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Bones for tenderness
Joints and muscles for tenderness, heat, edema, tone Should be nontender, same temp as tissue, no swelling Muscles firm |
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muscle strength scale
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0/5: no contraction
1/5: muscle flicker, but no movement 2/5: movement possible, but not against gravity 3/5: movement possible against gravity, but not against resistance by the examiner 4/5: movement possible against some resistance by the examiner 5/5: normal strength |
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regions - face and neck
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inspect muscles for symmetry
palpate TMJ JAW ROM palpate neck = pain neck ROM neck muscles- strength |
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shoulders and spine
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alignment, symmetry
vertebrae aligned ROM (75 degrees to touch toes, 30 degrees hyperextension, 35 degrees lateral flexion) height and countour palpate for firmness/tenderness/masses |
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carpal tunnel syndrome
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median nerve compressed
repetitive movements, fluid retention findings: numbness/tingling, burning of hands, + phalen's/tinel's |
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scoliosis
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S/C curve of spine
uneven shoulders, shoulder/scapula prominence respiratory difficulties, pain, GO dysfunction |
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gout - definition + risk factors
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metabolic disorder - hyperuricemia (lack of enzyme to metabolize purines)
Male gender, diet high in red meat and seafood but low in dairy, alcohol abuse, family history, obesity, renal failure, hematologic cancers, medications/drugs |
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gout- clinical findings
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Elevated serum uric acid (Hyperuricemia)
Severe pain, redness, and swelling of joint Limited ROM Tophi Possibility of kidney stone formation |
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bursitis - def/precip factors
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inflammation of bursa
r/t constant friction (elbow/hip/knee/shoulder) precipitating factors - arthritis, injury, excess use |
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bursitis clinical findings
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Painful ROM, edema, redness, point tenderness
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osteoarthritis - definition
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degenerative change in articular cartilage
weight bearing joints - repetitive movement |
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osteoarthritis - clinical findings
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Aching joints, joint tenderness, effusions, morning stiffness <30 minutes, crepitus, limited ROM affecting 1 or 2 joints, asymmetrical joint involvement, narrowing of joint space
weight bearing = aggravates rest = alleviates |
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osteoarthritis joint deformities
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minimal
heberden's nodes - idstal interphalangeal joints bouchard's nodes - peripheral interphalangeal joints |
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rheumatoid arthritis
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chronic, autoimmune disorder
Fever, fatigue (chronic inflammatory reponse), weakness, weight loss, generalized myalgias and arthralgias, stiffness Joints are painful, stiff, warm, and swollen Morning stiffness lasting at least an hour Swelling in symmetric and widespread – bilateral involvement |
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RA deformities
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severe
Swan neck deformity, boutonniere deformity, and ulna deviation Loss of ROM Cyst formation |
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osteoporosis/osteopenia
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loss of bone density/decrease in strength
osteoporosis - BMD more than 2.5 standard deviations below the mean osteopenia - BMD 1-2.5 standard deviations below mean |
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osteoporosis risk factors
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Aging, family history, calcium and vitamin D deficiency, female sex, estrogen deficiency in females (may affect osteoblast activity), low body weight, medications (glucocortiocoids), smoking, chronic liver or kidney disease, immobility
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osteoporosis clinical findings
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Asymptomatic
May present with fracture Presence of kyphosis of the thoracic spine, loss of height, difficulty bending |
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open fracture
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skin intact
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closed fracture
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skin borken
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displaced vs non displaced fracture
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Ends of fracture fragments are separated
vs Fracture fragments remained aligned and in position |
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depressed fracture
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Fracture in which fragment is displaced below the level of the surface of the bone
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complete vs. incomplete fracture
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Fracture whose line disrupts bone continuity through the whole thickness of the bone
vs Fracture in which the cortex of the bone buckles or cracks without disrupting bone continuity |
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transverse fracture
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Straight line at approximately at a 90 degree angle to the longitudinal axis of the bone
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longitudinal fracture
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Bone split length wise
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comminuted fracture
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More than one fracture line and more than 2 bone fragments
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impaced fracture
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Caused by excessive forces that drives or telescopes one fragment into another
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greenstick fracture
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Incomplete break in bone with the intact side of the corex flexed
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avulsion fracture
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Separation of a small fragment of bone at attachment site of a ligament or tendon
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compression fracture
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Crushing fracture
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