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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Abduction
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Moving a body part away from an axis or the median line.
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Adduction
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Moving a body part toward the center or toward the median line.
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Ankylosis
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Immobility; consolidation, and fixation of a joint d/t disease, injury, or surgery.
Most often due to chronic rheumatoid arthritis. |
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Ataxia
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Inability to preform coordinated movements
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Bursa
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Enclosed sac filled with viscous fluid located in joint areas of potential friction
Ex: Elbow |
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Circumduction
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Moving the arm in a circle around the shoulder
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Crepitation
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Dry crackling sound or sensation d/t grating of the ends of damaged bone
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Dorsal
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Directed toward or located on the surface
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Dupuytren Contracture
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A progressive hand condition that affects how much you can move or straighten your fingers d/t chronic hyperplasia of the palmar fascia
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Eversion
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Moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle
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Extension
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Straightening a limb or joint
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Flexion
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Bending a limb or joint
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Ganglion
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A cyst or enlargement (round, cystic, non-tender nodule) in connection with the sheath of a tendon, usually at the wrist.
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Hallux Valgus
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Lateral or outward deviation of the great toe.
Ex: Bunions & Hammer toes Caused by poor shoes |
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Inversion
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Moving the sole of the foot inward at the ankle
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Kyphosis
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Outward (convex) curvature of the thoracic spine
Common during adolescents d/t poor posture |
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Ligament
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Fibrous band running directly from one bone to another bone that strengthens the joint
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Lordosis
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Inward or concave curvature of the lumbar spine
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Scoliosis
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S-shaped curvature of the thoracic spine
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
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Chronic systemic inflammatory disease of joints & surrounding connective tissue.
Hereditary |
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Osteoarthritis
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The most common joint disorder, which is due to aging and wear and tear on a joint. Usually from Injury
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Osteoporosis
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Osteoporosis is a disease in which bones become fragile and more likely to fracture. Usually the bone loses density, which measures the amount of calcium and minerals in the bone.
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Abnormalities of the Shoulder
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Atrophy
Dislocated shoulder Tear of the rotator cuff ** |
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Abnormalities of the Knee
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Mild synovitis
Prepatellar bursitis Swelling of menisci ** |
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Abnormalities of the Spine
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Scoliosis
Herniated disk ** |
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Spine
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33 Vertebrae connecting bones stacked in vertical column.
7- cervical 5- sacral 12- thoracic 3-4 coccygeal 5- lumbar |
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Surface Land Marks of the Spine
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S/SX of a Fracture
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Fractures occur because of high force impact or stress on a bone, or the result of some underlying medical conditions- osteoporosis.
Pain, swelling and difficulty of movement are common sx. |
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How do you prevent osteoporosis in menopausal women
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~Lifestyle approaches to prevent bone loss and fractures
•Nutrition, adequate intakes of Ca+, D, K, Mag, & protein. •Exercise •Fall prevention •Smoking cessation •Alcohol avoidance ~Estrogen or estrogen plus progestin therapy (ET/EPT) •Selective estrogen-receptor modulators (SERMs), such as raloxifene •Parathyroid hormone (PTH) •Calcitonin |
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Cachexic
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A wasting syndrome- loss of weight, muscle atrophy, fatigue, weakness, and significant loss of appetite in someone who is not actively trying to lose weight. The formal definition of cachexia is the loss of body mass that cannot be reversed nutritionally.
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Marasmus
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D/T inadequate intake of protein & calories or prolonged starvation. Weight loss, subcutaneous fat & muscle wasting
Cancer cachexia is an example of clinical conditions leading to marasmus. |
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Metabolic Syndrome
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Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions — increased blood pressure, a high blood sugar level, excess body fat around the waist and abnormal cholesterol levels — that occur together, increasing your risk of heart disease, stroke and diabetes.
Metabolic syndrome is a combination of medical disorders that, when occurring together, increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes. |
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How is Metabolic Syndrome defined
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1.Abdominal obesity: a waist circumference of 102 cm (40 in) or more in men & 88 cm (35 inches) or more in women.
2.Serum triglycerides 150 mg/dl or above. 3.HDL cholesterol 40mg/dl or lower in men and 50mg/dl or lower in women. 4.Blood pressure of 130/85 or more. 5.Fasting blood glucose of 100 mg/dl or above. |
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Criteria for Metabolic Syndrome
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Metabolic factors include insulin resistance, htn, cholesterol abnormalities, an increased risk for clotting. Pt are most often overweight or obese.
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Changes we may see in elderly regarding diet
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Physiologic changes- poor teeth (dentation), decreased visual acuity, decreased saliva production, slow GI motility, decreased GI absorption, and diminished olfactory & taste sensitivity.
Socioeconomic- decrease in support systems, transportation to grocery stores, physical limitations, income & social isolations. |
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Why do we do a nutritional assessment
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It is non-invasive, inexpensive, and easy tool to determine individuals who may be malnourished, or at risk. Provides data for designing a nutrition plan of care that will help prevent or minimize malnutrition. Est inadequate food intake or recent illness.
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How do we approach a refugee (one who is outside his or her country of origin)
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Cultural food preferences are often interrelated with religious dietary beliefs & practices.
Knowing the person's religious practices r/t food enables you to suggest improvements or modifications that do not conflict with dietary laws. |
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Abuse-when is it reportable
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As mandatory reporters of abuse, you need only to have suspicion that elder abuse/neglect may have occurred in order to generate the call.
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Documentation of abuse
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Detailed, nonbiased progress notes, the use of injury maps, and photographic documentation in the health records ("consents for cognitively intact, competent adults"). Generally ethically sound d/t being non-invasive.
Written documentation of hx and needs to be verbatim...but within reason. For a child- use the words the child has given to describe how the injury occurred. |
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How do we approach women with such abuse
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Routine assessments for IPV; make sure the woman knows she is not being singled out, it is often like peeling back layers of an onion. Needs to be conveyed that the abuse is not the woman's fault...and that you are concerned & help is possible
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AMA Definitions for Elder Abuse & Neglect
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Physical Abuse -violent acts that result or could result in pain, injury, impairment and/or disease.
Physical Abuse -the failure by those responsible to provide food, shelter, health care, or protection. Physiological Abuse -inflicting mental pain, anguish, or distress. Physiological Neglect- Failing to provide basic social stimulation Financial Abuse- Intentional misuse of the elderly persons $ without informed consent. Financial Neglect- Failure to use assets of the elderly person to provide srvcs needed by the elderly person |
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Ulcer Staging 1
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Stage 1-Intact skin appears red but unbroken. lightly pigmented skin will not blanche, dark skin appears darker but does not blanche.
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Ulcer Staging 2
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Stage 2- Partial-thickness skin erosion w/ loss of epidermis or also the dermis. Superficial ulcer looks shallow like an abrasion or blister with pink/red wound bed
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Ulcer Staging 3
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Stage 3- Full-thickness pressure ulcer extending into the subcutaneous tissue & resembling a crater. May see subcutaneous fat, but not muscle, bone or tendon.
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Ulcer Staging 4
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Stage 4- Full-thickness ulcer involves ALL skin layers & extends into supporting tissue. Exposes muscle, tendon, bone & may show slough or eschar
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Bulla
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Elevated cavity containing free fluid larger than 1 cm diameter
Primary skin lesion |
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Wheal
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Raised red skin lesion d/t interstitial fluid
Ex- PPD Primary skin lesion |
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Nodule
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Elevated skin lesion > 1cm diameter
Primary skin lesion |
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Papule
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Palpable skin lesion < 1cm diameter
Primary skin lesion |
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Blister
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Small pocket of fluid within the upper layers of the skin, typically caused by forceful rubbing or friction. They are filled with a clear fluid called serum or plasma.
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Petechiae
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Bleeding under the skin d/t bleeding from superficial capillaries that form tiny pinpoint red dots. 1-3mm
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ABCDE of Skin assessment
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A is for ASYMMETRY: One half of a mole or birthmark does not match the other.
B is for BORDER: Normal spots have smooth edges. Cancerous spots may have irregular, ragged, notched, or blurred edges. C is for COLOR: The color is not the same all over and may include shades of brown or black or sometimes with patches of red, white, or blue. D is for DIAMETER: Anything greater than 6mm (size of pencil eraser) E is for Elevated or Enlargement: Having a spot above skin level is another warning sign. Any changes |
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Cherry (Senile) Angioma
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A cherry angioma is a noncancerous (benign) skin growth made up of blood vessels.
•Bright cherry-red •Small -- pinhead size to about 1/4 inch in diameter •Smooth, or can stick out from the skin No further tests are usually necessary. Sometimes a skin biopsy may be used to confirm the diagnosis. |
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AIDS related skin conditions
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Kaposi Sarcoma (KS) a vascular tumor & is the most common tumor in the HIV-infected, considered an AIDS-defining illness. KS can occur at any stage of HIV.
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Lyme Disease S/SX
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Lyme disease is a bacterial infection that is spread through the bite of one of several types of ticks.
1st stage has a distinct bull's eye, red macular or popular rash, with some central clearing. Usually located in axillae, midriff, inguinal, or behind the knees w/ regional lymphadenopathy. Rash usually fades in about 4 weeks. Abx shortens sx More prevalent May-September |
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Assessment of Hair
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Color, distribution, quantity, thickness, texture, lubrication, cleanliness
Texture- fine, or thick, straight or curly. It should be shiny. NOTE: dull, coarse, brittle scalp hair. Gray, scaly, well defined areas w/broken hairs->tinea capitis (ringworm-mostly in children) Distribution- Fine vellus hair coats the body, whereas terminal hair (long & thick) grow at the eyebrows, lashes, and scalp. NOTE: absent or sparse genital hair suggests endocrine abnl Head/pubic lice, distinguish dandruff, from nits or lice. |
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Assessment of Skin
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ABCDE's
Color Change- Pallor, Jaundice, Erythema, Cyanosis Temp-Hypo/Hyper-thermia Moisture- Diaphoresis (nervous system, pain), Dehydration Texture- smooth, firm, with even surface (hypothyroidism-soft smooth like velvet/hyperthyroidism-rough, dry & flaky) Thickness- thin, shiny skin (atrophic) occurs w/ A insufficiency Edema- bilateral (renal/heart failure), unilateral (local or peripheral cause), pitting Mobility (decreases with edema) & Turgor (dehydration or extreme weight loss) |
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Dehydration Assessment
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Skin Turgor-elasticity of skin (decreases w/ edema/dehydration) grasp fold of skin on back of forearm/sternal area w/ fingertips & release
2 causes- direct trauma & impaired venous return |
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1-Abrasion
2-Laceration 3-Contusion 4-Hematoma |
1-the process of scraping or wearing away.
2-a deep cut or tear, esp. in skin; a gash 3-injured tissue or skin in which blood capillaries have been ruptured; a bruise. 4-a solid swelling of clotted blood within the tissues. |
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Epidermis
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The outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone. A major ingredient is the tough fibrous protein keratin.
Replaced every 4-6 weeks |
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Functions of Epidermis
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Protects us from the environment
Helps regulate body temperature Absorption & excretion Production of Vitamin D Prevents penetration |
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What skin conditions are common in older adults?
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Wrinkled, thin & dry. Liver spots from sun exposure and are not cancerous.
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Effects of Methamphetamine
Intoxication-> |
Appearance: Pupillary dilation, tachy or brady, elevated or high b/p, sweating, chills, N/V, weight loss.
Behavior: Elation, talkativness, hypervigilance, psychomotor agitation, fighting, grandiosity, impaired judgment, impaired occupational & social functioning |
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Effects of Methamphetamine
Withdrawal-> |
Dysphoric mood (anxiety, depression, irritability), fatigue, insomnia, or hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation.
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Effects of Marijuana
Intoxication-> |
Appearance: reddened eyes; tachy, dry mouth, increased appetite, esp for junk food, loss of coordination & balance
Behavior: Euphoria, pleasant state of relaxation & tranquility, slowed perception, slowed judgment, social withdrawal, anxiety, paranoid ideation |
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Effects of Cocaine
Intoxication-> |
Appearance: Pupillary dilation, tachy or brady, elevated or high b/p, sweating, chills, N/V, weight loss.
Behavior: Euphoria, talkativness, hypervigilance, pacing, psychomotor agitation, fighting, grandiosity, impaired judgment, impaired occupational & social functioning, visual or tactile hallucinations |
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Effects of Cocaine
Withdrawal-> |
Dysphoric mood (anxiety, depression, irritability), fatigue, insomnia, or hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation.
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Effects of Marijuana
Withdrawal-> |
No withdrawal with occasional use.
Chronic use: mild withdrawal, irritability, sleep disturbances, weight loss, loss of appetite, sweating |
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S/SX of Alcohol withdrawal & what systems does it affect
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Uncomplicated- (shortly after cessation, peaks at 2nd day improves by the 4th to 5th day) Coarse tremor of hands, tongue, eyelids, anorexia, N/V, malaise, autonomic hyperactivity; sweating tachy, high b/p, anxiety, H/A, insomnia, depression, irritability, transient hallucinations or illusions.
Withdrawal delirium- "delirium tremens" (DT's) Must less uncommon, occurs with 1 week of cessation. Coarse, irregular tremor, marked autonomic hyperactivity; tachy, sweating. Vivid hallucinations, delusions, agitated behavior, fever. Liver, and Pancreas - (Heart, Lungs) |
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S/Sx of Nicotine withdrawal & what systems does it affect
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Vasodilation, H/A, anger, irritability, frustration, nervousness, anxiety, awakening at night, difficulty concentrating, depression, hunger, impatience, restlessness, desire to smoking
Smoking nearly affects every organ in the body- Resp, Cardio, Integumentary... |
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Mental Status-How is one preformed
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An examination of systematic checks of emotional & cognitive functioning: ABCT
Appearance, Behavior, Cognition, and Thought processes. Note: any health hx or meds that could affect your interpretation |
