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65 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What are the layers of skin?

1. epidermis
2. dermis
4. subcutaenous tissue
What connects the skin to the structures beneath it? What fastens skin to the body?
subcutaneous tissue

Describe the epidermis

4 layers: germaine gladly licks c----

1. stratum germanitivum
2. stratum granulosum
3. stratum lucidum
4. stratum corneum
you get a new layer of (epidermal) skin every___?
3-4 weeks
Which layer(s) of the epidermis contains dividing cells?
only stratum germanitivum
where does skin color come from?
melanin - brown in s. germanitivum
carotene - yellow in s.g.
pink - vascularization in dermis
What attaches the dermis to the epidermis?
dermal papillae --> fingerprints
what forms fingerprints
dermal papillae
which layer of skin is highly vascularized?
dermis
where are sebaceous glands and sweat glands located?
dermis and subcutaneous tissue
What is secreted onto the epidermis? from where? to what locations on dermis?
sebum and sweat via sebaceous and sweat glands located in dermis

sebaceous glands - arise from hair follicles, so everywhere but palms and soles

sweat glands
- eccrine glands - odorless, colorless all over body
- apocrine glands - milky, odorous, only in axillae, perineum, and areolae
Are all sweat glands the same?
No

eccrine glands - all over body - colorless, odorless
apocrine glands - areolae, axillae, perinem - milky, odorous

what happens to the skin when exposed to cold/fear?

contraction of erector pili muscles
- causes skin to dec surf area and hairs to stand up
Describe types of hair.
vellus hair - pale, fine, all over body

terminal hair - long, dark, coarse
describe nail structure
nail body, nail bed, lunula, cuticle
How would you assess skin, objectively?
Inspect and palpate, while examining:

1. color
2. temperature
3. moisture
4. texture
5. thickness
6. edema
7. mobility and turgor
8. vascularity or bruising
9. lesions
When assessing skin color, what do you look for?
1. general pigmentation
2. widespread color change
- pallor
- erythema
- jaundice
- cyanosis
What are examples of color changes in the skin, and what are they indicative of?
1. pallor (lack of color) - reduced amount of oxyhemaglobin ie anemia
2. erythema (redness) - inflamm/infec
3. jaundice (yellowness) - liver funcn (along with yellow sclera)
4. cyanosis (blue) - poor circ/o2 along with blue muc memb
hyperpyrexia vs hyperthermia
hyperpyrexia = thermostat set high, body will keep trying to reach temp, sponge baths will not help

hyperthermia = heat from outside sources causes body temp incrse - may be treated with sponge baths
Profuse sweating? excessive dryness?
diaphoresis
dehydration

what are some signs of dehydration?

poor turgor, birttle hair, dry skin
what is diaphoresis?
profuse sweating
When assessing hair, what do you look for?
color
texture
distribution
lesions
How do you inspect nails
shape and contour - check for clubbing
Color - capillary refill
Consistency
cuticle - no inflammation, attached
How do you check for finger clubbing? What does a positive result for finger clubbing indicate?
place first phalanges of forefinger together. no space between = clubbing.

clubbing is a result of chronic hypoxia. Usually indicates pulmonary or cardiovascular disease.

what is the difference between primary and secondary skin lesions?

primary skin lesions - caused by disease/abnormality

secondary skin lesion - caused by primary skin lesion (ie scab from eczema)
How would you assess a skin lesion?
A - asymmetry
B - borders - irreg or reg
C - color changes
C- configuration
D - diameter - changes
D - drainage
E - elevation
What are some common lesion configurations?
discrete, confluent
annular, polycyclic, target
grouped, linear, gyrate

zosteriform
How are polycyclic lesions arranged?
annular lesions grouped together
You find a linear lesion clustered along a nerve route. You would describe the configuration as
zosteriform - from herpes zoster

Differentiate between the fluid filled primary lesions.

Cysts - encapsulated fluid/semisolid

Vesicles/bullae contain clear fluid
Pustules contain pus
Name solid primary skin lesions, and differences between them.
Macule<1cm<Patch - flat, color change

Papule<0.5cm<Plaque - elevated, solid mass

Nodule<2cm<Tumor - elevated, solid, deep to dermis

Wheal - dermis saturated with fluid, but still solid - ie urticaria & insect bites
Name fluid filled primary lesions, and differnces btwn them.
Cysts - encapsulated semisolid/fluid

Vesicles<0.5cm<Bulla(e) - elevated, serous fluid

pustules - elevated, pus filled

Name secondary skin lesions, differences between them.

Erosion - superficial epidermal loss

Ulcer - tissue loss extending past dermis/subcutaneous tissue

Fissures - linear crack in skin

Scar - connective tissue replacing injured tissue
Name the primary lesion: elevated 1cm, solid

elevated 2cm filled with clear fluid
node

bulla
Name the primary lesion: elevated solid 0.1 cm
plaque
linear crack in skin is called a __?

primary or secondary?
fissure - secondary skin lesion
tissue loss - only epidermis
erosion
tissue loss - extending past epidermis
ulcer
You see a spider like lesion on the trunk of a person. It blanches when you put pressure on it. WHat diseases are associated with it?
spider angioma - associated with liver disease, pregnancy, vitamin B deficiency
You see a spider like lesion on the trunk of a person. It does not blanch when you put pressure on it. WHat diseases are associated with it?
telangioectasis - associated with increase in venous pressure
You see a round, red papule. Is the patient at risk for disease due to that lesion?
No - Cherry angiomas are common aging signs. negligible.
Name vascular skin lesions, and differences between them.
Petichia(e) - small 1-2mm round red macules

Ecchymosis - larger black, blue green macules = bruises

Hematoma - blood filled ecchymosis

cherry angiomas - clinically insignificant - round red papule - sign of aging

spider angioma - central arteriole with radiating branches = spider, blanches with pressure, rarely below waist, assoc with liver disease, pregnancy, vitamin b deficiency

telangiectasis (venous star) - blue or red, does not blanch, associated with high venous pressure
What are keloids caused by? best way to treat?
excessive collagen formation. treat with steroid injection, prevent with understiching. cutting it off worsens.
Name that abnormality: vesicles with honey color crust
impetigo - staph/strep
impetigo etiology?
staph/strep
Name that abnormality: red, scales - pruritis
eczema
eczema's configuration is usually ___
bilateral
Name that abnormality: a patient has developed a rash over the bridge of his nose. What is associated with this kind of rash?
butterfly rash - common sign of lupus
Name that abnormality: hyperpigmentation with concentric ring of hypopigmentation
erythema migrans - lyme disease
Name that abnormality: fissure, white exudate and inflmmation on feet
tinea pedis - fungus
Name that abnormality: pathes of hair loss with pustules on scalp
tinea capitis
feature length film (not documentary)
худо'жественный фильм
Name that abnormality: excessive scaliness
dermatitis
Name that abnormality: in hair - pustules surrounded by erythema
folliculitis

Name that abnormality: concave nails

spoon nails - iron deficiency
what are signs of early clubbing? late clubing?
spongy sensation of nails, 180 deg angle

>180 deg angle
Name that abnormality: inflammation of nails
paronychia

medical term for scratch mark

excoriation
medical term for a mark left by a healed wound
cicatrix of the skin
medical term for dried reside of body fluid on skin
crust
medical term for mole
nevus (nevi pl)
medical term for a mole with precancerous changes
dysplastic nevus
medical term for wart
verruca

etiology of warts

papilloma virus