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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Hyperemesis
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excessive vommiting
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Lactation
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The period of secretion of milk
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Pica
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hunger/cravingg - appetite for nonfood substances like laundry starch - clay,dirt. practiced by some during pregnancy
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Zygote
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first 2 weeks following conception
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Embryo
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Weeks 2-8 following conception
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Critical Periods of Development
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Different tissues, organs have unique special timelines when their most crucial development begins
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Avoiding mercury in foods during Pregnancy
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Limit the Consumption of these fish to 1 serving/month
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Nutrient pregnant women should not have
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vitamin A (toxicity potential during pregnancy)
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Nutrients to be taken by pregnant women
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Calcium phosphorus, Vitamin D, iron, folate.
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increased needs for kcals during pregnancy are
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-/+ 300 kcals during the 2nd and 3rd trimester
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Increased need for protein during pregnancy
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+/- 10-15 grams/day
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theory of caffeine
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caffeine decreases blood flow through the placenta
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome characteristics
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smaller head size, droopy eyelids, broad flat noses
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Altered Glucose Tolderance or Gestational Diabetes
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- No evidence of altered glucose metabolism prior to the pregnancy
- increased risk of obese for the baby - Mom can later become Type II diabetes |
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Magnesium sulfate
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Treatment of choice for the pre eclampsia and eclampsia (serious complication of pregnancy)
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Pregnancy Induced Hypertension
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Associated with poverty, poor prenatal care, poor nutritional intake (especially inadequate protein and calcium)
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kcal demand of lactation
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+/- 500 kcals/day (200 more during the 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy)
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Breast feeding: PROLACTIN HORMONE (from anterior pituitary)
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stimulates milk production when the breast is emptied
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Breast feeding: OXYTOCIN HORMONE (from the posterior pituitary)
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stimulates relase of milk from the breast in resonse to suckling and also stimulates uterine contractions, may be a decreased risk of breast cancer
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Low-birth weight
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Infants born at 2,500g
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Premature baby
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born at less than 37 weeks gestational age - many die in the first month of life and many of the rest do not live out their first year of life
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feeding of premature infants
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- increased mineral needs (calcium, phosphorus, iron
- essential amino acids (tyrosine, cysteine) - importance of adquate omega 3 fatty acids (DHA) - carnitine (a vitamin-like compound needed for oxidation) - inositol (in-cell membranes) ** all found in breast milk!** |
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reflex absent in infants and when
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- suckling reflex
- infants born before 34-37 weeks of gestational age |
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Growth charts/parameters
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- used to measure height, length and head circumference to watch patterns of growth
- helps clinicals to identify overweight/obese kids |
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Milk anemia
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Iron deficiency anemia resulting from a dependency on iron poor cow's milk (common in 1-2 year olds)
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Goat's milk
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- similair to cow's milk
- good source of calcium and B2 but a poor source of vitamin D and folate - goats milk may not be pasteurized which could lead to severe diarrhea |
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Solid Foods
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- readiness at 4-6 months
- does not accelerate mental or physical development |
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Food intolerance
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- much more common than a food allergy and usually not life threatening, often related to an enzyme deficit (lactase), symptoms are flatulence, cramps and nausea.
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Food Allergy
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- less common and if anaphylactic may be life treatening, often related to a protein component, antibody (IgE)/antigen response (immune system response)
- symptoms are nausea cramps, wheezing, rashes/hives |
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Child care food program
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designed to meet 1/3 of the DRI
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child care food program - lunch and breakfast
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- lunch designed to meet 1/3 of the DRI
- breakfast designed to meet 1/4 of DRI * proglems can occur if kids don't eat the full meal |
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Ketogenic Diet - related to child epilepsy
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diet begins with 2-3 days controlled fats, gradually switch to a high fat diet.
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Oral rehydration therapy
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best treatment for infantile diarhea
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Girls puberty
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begins age 10-14 years old; average peak is 12 years old
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Boys puberty
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begins age 12-16 years old; average peak of puerbety is 14
- boys gain more lean body mass than girls |
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DRI energy needs for males:
Age 11-14 Age 15-18 |
- 2,500 kcals
- 3,000 kcals |
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DRI energy needs for females:
AGE 11-18 |
2,200 kcals
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Vitamins that that teens lack
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- Vitamin A
- Vitamin C - Iron - Calcium |
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Acne
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over activity of the sebaceous glands responding to hormone output
- BLOCKED DUCTS = LOCALIZED SWELLING - from fat blocking sebaceous glands |
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Solutions to acne
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- vitamin A based products
Retin-A: topical creams Accutane: severe, cystic acne |
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Geriatrics
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Medical Aspect of elders - the branch of medicine concerned with health problems of the elderly
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Gerontology
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Lifestyle of elders - study of aging processl concerned with social, economic and medical problems of the elderly
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Nutrients most commonly deficient with the elderly
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- Protein
- vitamin D - Vitamin B12 - Folate |
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Changes in the BMR and aging
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On average, the BMR decreases about 3% per decade after the age of 30
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Elderly people: Program Theories
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Every individual has cells genetically preprogrammed as to their rate and timing of growth, maturation and death
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Elderly: Error Theories
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As one ages, one becomes less efficient at repairing cellular damage
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Anorexia/xerostomia
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medication related: this prescription drug has a side effect that causes a lack of appetite
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- dehydration serum sodium level
- normal serum sodium level |
- 148 mmol/L or higher
- 140 mmol/L (normal) |
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Dehydration for elderly people : water intake?
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8 or more servings of water
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Term for swallowing difficulties
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Dysphagia
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oldest RDA age group
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age 51 +
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Alzheimer's & Aluminum
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contact with aluminum is a result of the disease process but not the cause
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Alzheimer's enzyme
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Protease enzyme
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recommended use of multi vitamin and mineral supplements with the elderly
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- Vitamin B12
- calcium - Vitamin D |
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DHEA (OTC)- hormone supplement to stimulate cell growth
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hormone percursor synthesized by the adrenal glands.
- decline in DHEA may lead to obesity, diabetes, coronary heart disease, cancer |
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Effects of DHEA
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acne, facial hair, breast/prostate cancer, etc.
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Melatonin
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Hormone which promotes sleep
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Gingko Biloba
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slows progression of dementia
- improvement in cognitive performance and social function measures - NOT a memory enhancer |
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Glucosamine
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Stimulates production of compounds thought to be the buildilng blocks of cartilage
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Chondriotin
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Part of the body protein that gives cartilage its springy quality
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Obesity
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- >/= 120% of ideal body weight
- MALEs >/= 25% - Females 30% |
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Overweight
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- BMI greater than 25-29.9
- greater than 110% but less than 120% of IBW (ideal body weight) |
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Herbal weight loss suplement: Meridia
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targets brain neurotransmitter, may cause increased BP and heart rate, modestly enhances wt. loss
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HWLS: Phentermine
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a modest appetite suppressant effect, may be used in combination with anti-depressants
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HWLS: Xenical
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lipase inhibitor, blocks fat absorption, may also help lower LDL works on genes that affect appetite regulation
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Ephedra's (related to weight loss)
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can cause heart palpitations, dizziness, strokes and death
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Very low kcal diets
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- 600-800 kcals/day
- powerder, mix with water - Nutrimed - 420 kcals/day |
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to loose one pound how many kcals should be decreased per day
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500kcals
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kcal level for Males on diet
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no lower than 1200-1500kcals/day
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kcal level for Females on diet
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1000-1200 kcals/day
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dieting - ketosis (promoted by atkins diet)
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can decrease one's appetite
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Barry Sear's Zone Diet Plan
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40/30/30 - (40% cals from carbs,20% cals from proteins, 30% cals from fat)
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South Beach Diet
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- 3 phases
1) intro/detox phase - bands simpler carbo food sources 2) second phase - encourages fibrous whole foods or more moderate glycemic index carbs, less processed foods 3) third phase - can eat just about anything in moderation |
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average # of kcals/week most people burn with exercise
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2,800 kcals
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establishing a diet
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- it takes 21 days to establish a pattern
- 100 days to make it automatic - permanent lifestyle changes take time |
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what do drugs do?
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can alter food intake and the absorption, metabolism and excretion of nutrients
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xerstomia
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dry mouth - 400+ in drugs
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- meds are taken for long periods of time
- multiple meds are taken - nutritional status is poor or deteriorating - nutrient needs are high |
Adverse drug interactions occur if these happen
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PDR
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physicians' desk reference
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drugs and alcohol do not mix
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alcohol can cause liver damage and stomach bleeding
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Antineoplastic Agents (cancer drugs) ex. methotrexate, cisplatin
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- anorexia
- nausea/vomitting - mouth and GI ulcers - Methotrexate = folate and B12 antagonist |
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Antihypersensitives (diuretics) - ex. Diuril, Lasix, Captopril
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- causes POTASSIUM Mand MAGNESIUM wasting or sparing
- along w/antihypersensitives, antidepressants, antidiarrheals, Decongestants and antihistamenes - it causes dry mouth (xerostomia) which leads to mouth sores, difficulty swallowing and dental decay |
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AntiCoagulants ex. Coumadin
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- Avoid excessive Vit K rich foods (grean leafy veggies, cabbage, liver)
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NSAIDS ex. IBUprofen and aspirin
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can cause GI irritation, ulcers and iron loss w/aspirin
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Certain antiboitics ex. TETRACYCLINE, cipro, levaquin, floxin, trevan
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- NO MILK PRODUCTS WITHIN 2-3 hours
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Erythromycin
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can cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhea
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Penicillin
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(uncoated erthromycin) - avoid citrus juices, wine, cola (acids destroy these)
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Corticosteroids ex. prednisone
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- reduces pain and inflammation
- used to treat arthritis and severe asthma |
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MAO inhibitors (antidepressants) ex. isocarboxide
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- AVOID TYRAMINE containing foods (red wine, aged cheese, liver)
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Lipid Lowering Agents ex. Lovastatin, Nicotine acid
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- bind phosphorus and m ay lead to osteomalacia over time
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