Health And Human Development - Chapter 1 & 2

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HEALTH

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Is a complete state of physical, social, and mental wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

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WELLBEING

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The state of being healthy happy and contended usually determined through self-assessment.

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HEALTH STATUS

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An individuals or populations overall level of health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy amount of disability, and level of disease risk factors.

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PHYSICAL HEALTH

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Relates to the efficient functioning of the body and its systems, and includes the physical capacity to perform to perform tasks and physical fitness. E.g. functioning of organs, weight, fitness level

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SOCIAL HEALTH

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Being able to interact with others and participate in the community in both an independent and cooperative way. E.g. accepted by different groups of people such as family and peers.

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MENTAL HEALTH

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State of wellbeing in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community. E.g. feeling of belonging, high self esteem results in good mental health.

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HEALTH CONTINUUM

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The level of healthiness that a person is experiencing illustrated on a line ranging from optimal health to death. The choices made by an individual to determine whether they have a high or low level of health.

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LIFE EXPECTANCY

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An indication of how long a person can expect to live; it is he number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates do not change.

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HEALTH ADJUSTED LIFE EXPECTANCY (HALE)

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A measure of burden of disease based on life expectancy at birth, but including an adjustment for time spent in poor health. It is the number of years in full heath that a person can expect to live based on current rates of ill health and mortality.

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MORTALITY RATES

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The number of deaths caused by a particular disease, illness or other environmental factors.

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UNDER-5 MORTALITY RATE (U5MR)

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The number of deaths of children under five years of age per 1000 live births.

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MORBIDITY

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Ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or group.

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BURDEN OF DISEASE

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A measure of impact of diseases and injuries; specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. Burden of disease is measured in a unit called the DALY.

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DISABILITY ADJUSTED LIFE YERS (DALY)

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Specifically developed in order to enable international comparative assessments in health to be made. The more DALY’s a population has the greater burden of disease a population is experiencing.

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YLL (YEARS OF LIFE LOST)

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The fatal burden of disease of a population defined as years of life lost due to death.

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YLD (YEARS LOST DUE TO DISABILITY)

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The non-fatal component of the disease burden and is a measurement of the healthy years lost due to diseases or injuries.

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INCIDENCE

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The number or rate of new cases of a particular condition during a specific time.

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PREVALENCE

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The number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time.

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BIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS

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Factors relating to the body that impact on health such as genetics, hormones, body, weight, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and birth weight.

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BEHAVIOURAL DETERMINANTS

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Actions or patterns of living of an individual or a group that impact on health, such as smoking, sexual activity, participation, in physical activity, and eating practices.

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SOCIAL DETERMINANTS

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Aspects of society and the social environment that impact on health, such as poverty, early life experiences social networks and support.

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ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS

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All external factors that impact on the health and development of an individual or group. Includes the home, school, workplace, and geographical location.

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PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

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The physical surroundings in which individuals exist on a daily basis.