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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define nosocomial infections.
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An infection acquired during hospitalization
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Name the term used to describe the # of new cases of an infectious disease that occur within a defined population over an established period of time.
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Incidents in Epidemiology
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What causes AIDS?
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HIV
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What molecule does the immune system use to distinguish self from non-self?
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Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
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Describe CD4+ helper T cells.
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Master regulator/switch for the immune system
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What is known as the complement system?
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Primary effector system; results in enhanced inflammatory responses
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Define and differentiate between parasites, normal microflora, and opportunistic pathogens.
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Microflora = normal harmless bacteria in/on the body Pathogens = a select group of microorganisms that are capable of producing disease
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What test is used to describe bacteria?
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Gram stain
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What is the function of the scrotum?
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Maintain the temperature of the testes
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Name the structure that produces testosterone.
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The Leydig’s Cells of the testes
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List the actions of testosterone.
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Development of primary and secondary sex characteristics; musculoskeletal growth
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Progesterone produces glandular dilation and active mucus secretion during which stage in the endometrial cycle?
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Secretory
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Why does antibiotic therapy predispose patients to vulvovaginal candiasi?
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Suppression of the normal protective bacterial flora
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When does oogenesis of generation of the primordial ova by mitotic division occur?
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6th week of fetal life
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Name source(s) of estrogen.
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ovaries
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What kinds of cells are detected using a pap smear?
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Abnormal cells on the cervix or endocervix
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What are risk factors for endometrial cancer?
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HPV; Prolonged estrogen stimulation and obesity
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Compare the amount of blood in the systemic arteries, veins, and capillaries.
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Arteries = 16% Veins = 64% Capillaries = 4%
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Describe the relationship between pressure and volume of blood in the circulation.
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Volume sufficient to fill the blood vessels and a pressure that provides force to move blood
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Name the factors that effect blood flow.
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Pressure and resistance; vessel radius and blood viscosity
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What are embolisms?
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A mass of clotted blood that circulates in the bloodstream until becoming lodged in a vessel, obstructing the circulation (moving blood clot)
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Describe the ventricular systole phase.
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The contraction stage of the heart that drives blood into the arteries; opening of the lunar valve
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Name the factors that contribute to the development of venous thrombosis
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Venous stasis, hyper-reactivity of blood coagulation, and vascular trauma; immobility
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List the signs and symptoms of a myocardial infarction (aka heart attack).
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Chest pain, radiating pain (left arm, neck, and jaw), gastrointestinal complaints, fatigue, and arrhythmias; N/V
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What has been suggested as the cause for the high frequency of myocardial infarctions from 6am to noon?
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The circadian cycle; blood pressure is highest in the early morning hours; catecholamine making the vessels more sensitive
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How many phases are there to the cardiac action potential? What does each phase represent?
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Phase 0 = upstroke/rapid depolarization Phase 1 = early repolarization period Phase 2 = plateau *** Phase 3 = final rapid repolarization period
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What causes the first heart sound?
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Closure of the AV valve
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Why would the cardiac output fall in rapid tachycardia?
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Filling time reduction
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How does an inotropic influence increase cardiac performance?
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Increases the cardiac contractility
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What are the characteristics of veins?
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Thin walled, muscular, distensible, and collapsible
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What are the causes of secondary hyperlipoproteinemia?
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Obesity, high calorie intake, and diabetes
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List dietary factors that increase serum cholesterol and its lipoprotein fraction.
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Excess calorie intake, saturated fats, and cholesterol
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What is thought to be the first sign of an abdominal aneurysm?
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Neck and back pain; pulsating
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What is known as essential hypertension?
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A chronic elevation in blood pressure that occurs without evidence of other disease
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How does hypertension affect the heart?
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Increased demands leading to hypertrophy and heart failure
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Describe the term cardiac tamponade.
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Compression of the heart due to accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac
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What is the functional cause of stable angina?
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Fixed coronary obstruction; shortage of oxygen
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What is one of the best indicators of blood flow to vital organs during shock?
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Urine output
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The concentration of which electrolyte inside the conduction system cells increases during the origination of the action potential?
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sodium
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What is the function of the larynx?
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Connects the oropharynx with the trachea, speech, and protection of the lungs
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How is most of the carbon dioxide that is produced a result of tissue metabolism?
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Dissolved carbon dioxide = 10% Hemoglobin = 30% *Bicarbonate = 60%
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Describe Legionnaire’s disease.
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A form of bronchopneumonia caused by a gram negative rod
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What is the difference between “pink puffers” with emphysema and “blue bloaters” with bronchitis?
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Pink puffers – maintain relatively normal blood gas levels until late in disease Blue bloaters – unable to compensate by increasing ventilation, hypoxemia and cyanosis develop
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What is known as tension pneumothorax?
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Intrapleural pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure
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What are the functional units of the kidney?
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Nephrons
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What does aldosterone increase the reabsorption of and what does ADH increase the reabsorption of?
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Aldosterone = Na+
ADH = water |
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Describe the urine specific gravity test.
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Provides an index of the hydration status and functional ability of the kidneys
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Describe glomerulonephritis.
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Inflammatory process of the glomerular structures
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What can cause the interruption of renal blood flow?
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Trauma and shock
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What all can cause the failure to store urine?
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Reflex bladder spasm and decrease in bladder volume, partial or extensive neural damage
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What is the most common sign of bladder cancer?
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Schistosoma haematobium; painless hematurea
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