Head And Neck Anatomy

Front 1

What is the Calvaria and what are its borders

Back 1

The Superior Portion of the head, alsoi known as the skull cap. From frontal to occipital

Front 2

What is pericranium

Back 2

The periosteum of the skull

Front 3

What is a Lamella

Back 3

a thin layer or plate of bone

Front 4

Diploe

Back 4

the layer of spongy bone between the two lamellae of the flat bones

Front 5

Suture and what is it

Back 5

Where the different cranial bones come together and it is a fibrous joint

Front 6

What are the different cranial sutures and what do they seperate

Back 6

Coronal, which is between the frontal and parietal. Lamboidal, which is occipital/parietal. Squamous, temporal from both the sphenoid/parietal. Sagittal, L/R parietal

Front 7

What is Fontanel

Back 7

an unossified spot or area of the infant skull

Front 8

What are the types of Frontanels and where are they located

Back 8

Anterior, Frontal/parietal. Posterior, parietal/occipital. mastoid, parietal/occipital/temporal. sphenoid, sphenoid/temporal/zygotmatic/frontal/parietal

Front 9

What is the Nerocranium and what is the make up of this structure

Back 9

The portion of the skull, which holds the brain. Made up of 8 bones: occipital, 2x parietal, frontal, 2x temporal, ethymoid, sphenoid

Front 10

What is the viserocranium, and what composes it

Back 10

The bones of the face. 14 bones: 2x inferior nasal concha, mandible, 2x maxilla, 2x palatine, 2x zygomatic, 2x lacrimal, 2x nasal, vomer

Front 11

What sutures are within the Calvaria

Back 11

coronal, sagittal and ends at lambdoid

Front 12

Where on the zygomatic bones is the Zygomaticofacial foramen found and what passes through it

Back 12

Middle of the zygomatic bone and anterior to the zygomaticotemporal foramen.
The zygomaticiofacial branch of the zygomatic nerve and vessels.

Front 13

Where is the Zygomaticotemporal foramen

Back 13

On the zygomatic arch (temporal process) and the zygomaticotemporal nerves passes through

Front 14

Where is the maxillary tubercle

Back 14

rounded process at the lower part of infratemporal fossa. Most prominent after the growth of wisdom teath.

Front 15

What is the Pterion

Back 15

The space where the frontal, temporal, parietal and sphenoid bone meet. It is weak!!

Front 16

What is the temporal fossa and what bones are included in it?

Back 16

A shallow depression that is deep to the zygomatic arch. The bones that are included in it are the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid.

Front 17

What is the Infratemporal Fossa?

Back 17

A weird shaped cavity that is inferior and medial to the zygomatic arch, running around styloid process to maxilla

Front 18

Where is the mastoid process found

Back 18

Posterior, inferior to the squamous part

Front 19

Where is the petrous part of the temporal bone? Whats located here?

Back 19

Wedged in the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones. Essential organs for hearing are found here

Front 20

Where is the median nuchal line and what is its origin and termination?

Back 20

The median nuchal line starts at the external occipital protuberence and travels inferiorly, passing the inferior nuchal line and then ends at the foramen magnum.

Front 21

Where is the condylar fossa found?

Back 21

Posterior to the occipital condyles, going medial from the fossa are the condylar canals

Front 22

Where is the basilar part of the occipital bone and what is located in the middle of it

Back 22

The basilar part is anterior to the foramen magnum and in the middle of the structure is the pharyngeal tubercle

Front 23

Where is the foramen lacerum located and what travels through it?

Back 23

It is located to either side of the anterior basilar, laterally. The internal carotid artery passes here

Front 24

Where is the stylomastoid foramen and what travels through it

Back 24

Located posterior laterally, almost immediately after the styloid process. it transmits the facial nerve

Front 25

Where is the jugular foramen

Back 25

immediately anterior to petrous border of temporal bone

Front 26

What sutures are within the Calvaria

Back 26

coronal, sagittal and ends at lambdoid

Front 27

Where on the zygomatic bones is the Zygomaticofacial foramen found and what passes through it

Back 27

Middle of the zygomatic bone and anterior to the zygomaticotemporal foramen.
The zygomaticiofacial branch of the zygomatic nerve and vessels.

Front 28

Where is the Zygomaticotemporal foramen

Back 28

On the zygomatic arch (temporal process) and the zygomaticotemporal nerves passes through

Front 29

Where is the maxillary tubercle

Back 29

rounded process at the lower part of infratemporal fossa. Most prominent after the growth of wisdom teath.

Front 30

What is the Pterion

Back 30

The space where the frontal, temporal, parietal and sphenoid bone meet. It is weak!!

Front 31

Carotid Canal

Back 31

Immedietely anterior to jugular fossa. The internal carotid originally enters the skull here before traveling anteriorly and medially to the foramen lacerum

Front 32

Petrotympanic fissure

Back 32

Medial to lateral running fissure, leading to the external acoustic meatus

Front 33

Articular tubercle

Back 33

bump that the zygomatic process comes off on the temporal bone

Front 34

What is in the Foramen ovale

Back 34

Mandibular nerve, accessory meningeal artery, and emissary veins from the cavernous sinus and pterygoid plexus

Front 35

Whats in the foramen spinosum

Back 35

posterior accessory meningeal artery and accessory meningeal vein

Front 36

Sphenoid spine

Back 36

posterior to foramen spinosum

Front 37

Sphenopalatine foramen

Back 37

is the posterolateral wall of the nasal cavity. Attaches the nasal cavity with the pterygopalatine fossa. (THE DOOR)

Front 38

Pterygoid fossa

Back 38

In between the lateral and medial plate of the pterygoid laminae

Front 39

Choanae

Back 39

posterior nasal apeture, seperated by the vomer

Front 40

Where is the incisive foramen and what passes through it?

Back 40

Anterior bottom side of maxilla, and blood vessels and nevers can be found here

Front 41

Inferior Orbital fissure

Back 41

Inferior, lateral to the superior orbital fissure

Front 42

Mandibular notch

Back 42

goes from the anterior coronoid process to the posterior condylar process

Front 43

Mandibular foramen

Back 43

Inside the ramus of the mandible and the inferior alveolar branch of maxillary artery passes here, along with the nerver

Front 44

Mandibular lingula

Back 44

Sharp spine near the mandibular foramen

Front 45

Where is the Foramen cecum and what is clinically important

Back 45

frontal crest, anterior to the cribiform plate. Important because infections of the nose can use it to enter the meninges and then the brain

Front 46

Order of the Sella turica

Back 46

from anterior to posterior:
Tuberculum sellae leads down to the hypophyseal fossa and then to dorsum sellae. The pituitary gland is on the hypophyseal fossa

Front 47

Fetal skull differences (6)

Back 47

1)no teeth
2)Small face
3)Ramus of mandiple almost in line with body
4)no mastoid process
5) thin, easily bent bones
6) Fontanels

Front 48

Hyoid bone, processes and attachement

Back 48

Greater and lesser horns. Attached inferiorly along its length by the thyrohyoid membrance to the throid cartilage

Front 49

Atlantoaxial joint-median

Back 49

bilateral gliding joint between AP of atlas and axis. Between dens of axis and anterior arch of atlas

Front 50

Atlantoaxial joint- lateral

Back 50

the zygapophyseal joint of the atlas to axis

Front 51

2 articulations of the median Atlantoaxial joint

Back 51

1) anterior surface of dens to inner aspect of anterior arch
2)posterior surface of dens and fibrocartilaginous face of transvers ligament

Front 52

Nuchal ligament

Back 52

from C6 to external occipital protuberence and median nuch lines. Main function is provide muscle attachment without limiting extension

Front 53

PLL goes?

Back 53

All the way up to C2

Front 54

Transverse ligament of atlas

Back 54

from side to side behind the dens, attaching to small tubercles in the atlas

Front 55

Alar ligament

Back 55

from either side of apex of dens, pass upward and lateral to medial aspect of each occipital condyle. Superior to transverse ligament

Front 56

Apical ligament of dens

Back 56

arises from apex of dens (little horn at very top) and attaches to anterior margin of foramen magnum

Front 57

ALL

Back 57

up to C2

Front 58

Atlantooccipital ligament

Back 58

C1 to occipital condyle. Fibers which pass from upper border of anterior arch of atlas....nodding movement

Front 59

Atlantoaxial ligaments

Back 59

Strong, and between the lateral joints of the axis and atlas....side to side movement

Front 60

Atlantoaxial joints

Back 60

rotate skull and atlas together moves the face from side to side. the alar ligaments are the main check ligaments in rotatory movemtn

Front 61

Atlantooccipital joints

Back 61

flrxion and extension and lateral bending....no rotary here

Front 62

Temporalmandibular joint...type and movement

Back 62

its is a gliding synovial, only free movement in skull. It elevates, depresses, protracts, retracts, and laterally moves the mandible

Front 63

Stability of temporomandibular joint is from?

Back 63

Lateral ligament, capsule, sphenomandibular ligament, stylomandibular ligament, and the articular disk

Front 64

Tectorial Membrane

Back 64

The PLL from C2 and up

Front 65

Galea aponeurotica

Back 65

Aponeurosis of the head, uniting the frontalis and the occipitalis muscles

Front 66

Cervial fascia

Back 66

deep fascia, organized into 3 layers: superficial investing layer, pretracheal leayer and prevertebral layer

Front 67

Pretracheal layer of facia and buccopharyngeal fascia

Back 67

pre- covers the larynx, trachea, and splits to cover the thyroid gland
bucc-covers pharynx and posterior surface of esophagus

Front 68

Infrahyoid muscles

Back 68

has 2 layers (superficial and deep) in the anterior half of neck. Both layers blend wityh cervical fascia along median.
Superficial- omohyoid, and sternohyoid
Deep-thyrohyoid and sternothyroid

Front 69

Infrahyoid muscle attachemtns

Back 69

both attach above hyoid bone
superficial- behind SCM and blenbds with superficial fascia posterior to SCM
Deep- extends laterally to carotid sheath

Front 70

Carotid Sheath

Back 70

holds the common carotid arteries, internal jugular vein and vagus nerve
*posterior/medially to the sheath the cervical sympathetic trunk can be found

Front 71

Retropharyngeal space

Back 71

the space between the pretracheal facia and prevertebral fascia. Closed bilaterally by carotid sheaths.
CONTAINED: lymph nodes and alar fascia

Front 72

Frontalis func?

Back 72

Elevates eyebrows and wrinkles forehead

Front 73

Occipitais function?

Back 73

Draws scalp backwards

Front 74

Depressor anguli oris, f. and a.

Back 74

F- depresses corner of mouth
A- from mandible to corner of mouth

Front 75

Zygomatic magor, f and a

Back 75

F- Draws angle of mouth upward and laterally
A-Zygomatic bone to corner of mouth

Front 76

Levator labii superioris, a and f

Back 76

F- Raises upper lip
A- extends from infraorbital margin to upper lip

Front 77

Depressor labii inferioris, a and f

Back 77

F- Depresses lower lip
A- Mandiple to lower lip

Front 78

Levator anguli oris, a and f

Back 78

F- elevates corver of mouth
A- (Deep to levator labi) from maxilla below infraorbital foramen to corner of mouth

Front 79

Orbicularis oris, a and f

Back 79

F- Close mouth and purse lips
A- around lips, blending with other muscles

Front 80

Buccinator a and f

Back 80

F- presses cheeks against teach, which can help mastication
A- Principle substance of cheek. seperated from medial pterygoid by the pterygomandibular raphe (anterior too)

Front 81

Procerus

Back 81

Extends from forehead to skin over nose and draaws the angle of the eyebrow down

Front 82

Nassalis

Back 82

compresses and widens anterior nasal aperture

Front 83

Depresser septi

Back 83

widens nasal aperture

Front 84

Platysma

Back 84

F- draw corner of mouth down, depresses the mandible and tenses skin of neck
A-From inferior border of mandiple down to mectoralis major and deltoid muscles

Front 85

Temporalis, a f i

Back 85

F- elevates mandible and or retracts it
A- Temporal fossto coronoid process and anterior border of ramus of mandible
I- trigeminal nerve (CN 5)

Front 86

Masseter, a f and i

Back 86

F- elevates mandible, clenches teeth and protracts mandible
A- inferior zygomatic arch to lateral surface of ramus/ coronoid process
I- trigeminal nerver

Front 87

What are the primary muscles of masstication

Back 87

masseter, temporalis, lateral and medial pterygoid and a little bit of buccinator

Front 88

Medial pterygoid, a f i

Back 88

F- Elevates and protrudes mandible
A-(same position but deep to masseter) lateral surface of pterygoid plate to the mandibular angle
I- Trigeminal (CN 5)

Front 89

Lateral pterygoid, f a

Back 89

F- protraction, depression and side to side movement
A- lateral pterygoid plate to neck of mandible (under temporalis)

Front 90

Sternocleidmastoid muscle

Back 90

F- bilater= elevation of chin and flexion of neck
uni= lateral flexion to same side
A- manubriumish to mastoid process
I- Accessory nerve (CN 11) and C1,2,3

Front 91

Omohyoid

Back 91

F-depresses and retracts hyoid
I- Ansa cervicalis

Front 92

Sternohyoid

Back 92

F- Depresses hyoid bone
I- ansa cervicalis

Front 93

Sternothyroid

Back 93

Depresses thyroid cartilage
Ansa Cervicalis

Front 94

Thyrohyoid

Back 94

depresses hyoid bone and elevates thyroid cartilage
*C1 anterior primary ramus

Front 95

Digastric

Back 95

F- both bellies raise the hyoid and steady it, help to open mouth and depress mandible
I- Facial(7) for posterior and mandibular (5) for anterior

Front 96

Mylohyoid

Back 96

Floor of oral cavity
F- elevates hyoid bone and tongue
I- mandibular (CN 5)

Front 97

Geniohyoid

Back 97

adjacent to midline and deep to mylohyoid
F- pulls hyoid antero-superiorly
N- c1, anterior primary ramus

Front 98

Scalenes

Back 98

F- elevation of rib 1/2 and flexion of neck and rotation to opposite side
I- (anterior) C4,5,6 anterior primary
Middle/posterior is just anterior primary rami of cervical spinal

Front 99

Longus capitis

Back 99

C3-6 to Occipital bone
F- flexion of head on the atlas

Front 100

Longus colli

Back 100

T3-C5 to C2-C6 (has 3 sections)
F- flexion of neck and slight rotation to the opposite side

Front 101

Splenius muscles

Back 101

F- extension, lateral flexion and rotation of the head and neck to the same side

Front 102

Suboccipital muscle group/ triangle overall function

Back 102

Extend head and rotate/ flexion to the same side

Front 103

Suboccipital Contents

Back 103

4 muscles, vertebral artery passes medially, suboccipital nerve and the Greater occipital nerve runs superiorly across the triangle

Front 104

Stylohyoid

Back 104

originates from styloid process
F- elevates and retracts the hyoid
I- facial nerve

Front 105

Styloglossus

Back 105

Retracts and elevates the tongue
Superior to stylohyoid
Hypoglossal nerve (CN12)

Front 106

Genioglossus

Back 106

Protrudes tongue
CN 12

Front 107

Hypoglossus

Back 107

Depresses tongue
CN 12

Front 108

Name the cervical triangles

Back 108

Submental, submandibular, carotid, and muscular
*posterior

Front 109

Sublcavian Artery, origin and course

Back 109

Deep to subclavian and internal jugular veins. Arches up and laterally under clavicle, behind the anterior scalene muscle. Goes over rib 1 to enter the axilla

Front 110

Subclavian branches-

Back 110

VIT C & D
Vertebral artery
Internal Thoracic artery
Thyrocervical trunk
Costocervical trunk

Front 111

Thyrocervical trunk branches

Back 111

Inferior thyroid artery
suprascapular artery
NOT IN LAB
Transverse cervical artery
Ascending cervical artery

Front 112

Costocervical trunk

Back 112

passes posteriorly over cervical dome of lung and divides into the highest intercostal arteries (rib 1 and 2) and supplies semispinalis capitis/cervicis

Front 113

External Carotid Artery

Back 113

Branch that leaves carotid sheath, gives rise to 8 branches
"Some lovers find old positions more stimulating"

Front 114

Name external carotid branches from inferior to superior

Back 114

Superior thyroid
lingual (to tip of tongue)
Facial artery
Occipital (posterior)
Posterior Auricular artery (pos)
Maxillary artery
Superficial temporal

Front 115

Branches of the maxillary artery

Back 115

Arises behind neck of mandible
-Middle meningeal artery (up to skull)
-Muscular branches (mastification muscles)
-Inferior Alveolar artery ( enters mandibular foramen to supply teeth)

Front 116

Superficial temporal artery branch

Back 116

Transverse facial artery

Front 117

Superficial Venous drainage of head and neck

Back 117

Posterior auricular vein
Retromandibular vein
External jugular
Anterior jugular
Facial vein
Occipital vein

Front 118

Posterior Auricular vein

Back 118

Begins at plexus of veins in scalp behind the ear and descends accross upper part of SCM, and eventually unites with retormandibular vein

Front 119

How do the veins change on way to internal jugular

Back 119

reromandibular -> common trunk -> internal jugular
Facial -> common trunk -> internal jugular
lingual -> common trunk -> internal

Front 120

Retromandibular vein

Back 120

Is found near superficial temporal and maxillary veins, also receiving from the pterygoid plexus, it eventually leads to the common trunk, which is below the angle of the mandible

Front 121

Retromandibular vein posterior

Back 121

Joins with the posterior auricular vein to form the external jugular vein

Front 122

Anterior jugular vein path

Back 122

Begins near hyoid from small veins of the submental and submandibular region. Descends along median line and eventually joins the anterior jugular vein of opposite side to pass behind the SCM and empty into the external jugular

Front 123

What vein does the occipital vein communicate with

Back 123

Posterior auricular vein and it also has branches that descend with the occipital artery in the suboccipital triangle

Front 124

Deep venous Drainage

Back 124

Internal jugular
Pharyngeal veins
Common facial veins
Lingual vein
Superior thyroid veins
Inferior thyroid vein

Front 125

What empties into the internal jugular vein

Back 125

Pharyngeal vein (at angle of mand)
Common Facial vein (hyoid level)
Superior thyroid vein (above thyroid cartilage)

Front 126

Where does the pharyngeal veins arise from

Back 126

Arise from the venous plexus on the wall of the pharynx

Front 127

What composes the common facial vein or common trunk

Back 127

The facial vein+ retromandibular vein+ lingual

Front 128

Lingual vein

Back 128

from under tongue and goes to right below the common facial

Front 129

What empties into the braciocephalic veins

Back 129

Inferior Thyroid vein (behind manubrium)

Front 130

Inferior Thyroid Veins and what is anomaly

Back 130

Descends on surface of trachea to empty into R/L braciocephalic veins. If only a single vein then empties into the left braco and is called "throid ima vein"

Front 131

Brachiocephalic veins fromed

Back 131

From internal jugular and subclavian veins

Front 132

Lymphatic Drainage

Back 132

Superficial to deep

Front 133

Retropharnygeal lymph nodes

Back 133

Found in lateral area of retropharyngeal space. Drain from nasal cavity, paranasal sinus, hard and soft palate, middle ear and nasopharynx

Front 134

Deep lymphatics

Back 134

Aranged along blood groups
Jugulodigastric (superior)
Lingual (middle)
Jugulo-omohyoid (inferior)

Front 135

Jugliodigastric nodes

Back 135

Large node in carotid triangle, anterior to internal jugular vein and inferior to angle of mandible. **at crossing of digastric muscle
Receives superficial drainage as well as drainage from retropharngeal, tongue, and palatine tonsils

Front 136

Internal carotid turns into...

Back 136

Superior ophthalmic artery

Front 137

Muscular Branches of maxillary artery

Back 137

Massetic, deep temporal, buccal, pterygoid

Front 138

Last branch of maxillary a, gives rise to what, where?

Back 138

In pterygopalatine fossa
Posterior superior alveolar a
Infrorbital branch-->anter superior alveolar branch

Front 139

Posterior primary rami, cervical nerves

Back 139

Suboccipital, Greater occipital, and C3-6 muscles of posterior , occipital tertius

Front 140

Suboccipital nerve

Back 140

Posterior prim rami
C1
I- muscles of suboccipital triangle

Front 141

Greater occipital nerve

Back 141

Poster prim rami
C2
Pierces semispinalis cap and trap with the occipital artery and ascends to back of scalp
I- Occipital part of scalp and semispinalis cap

Front 142

Occipital tertius

Back 142

Post prim rami
C3
I- skin of upper back, neck and skin of scalp in region of the external occipital protuberence

Front 143

Cervical Plexus--motor and sensory

Back 143

Origin- C 1-4
Motor- geniohyoid, infrahyoid, anterior vertebral muscles
Sensory- skin posterior and super to ear, anterior/lateral neck and above clavicle

Front 144

Brachial Plexus--motor and sensory

Back 144

Origin- anterior prim rami C5-T1
Motor- muscles shoulder girdle and u. limbs
Sens- upper limb

Front 145

Components of Cervical plexus

Back 145

Ansa Cervicalis, phrenic nerve, cutaneous branches, contribute to accesory nerve, muscular branches

Front 146

Ansa Cervicalis-superior

Back 146

Motor
Superior Root- loop (C1 & C2)
joins hypoglossal for short
Descends in front of internal and common carotid

Front 147

Ansa Cervicalis- inferior root

Back 147

Motor
Loop (C2-C3)
Descends behind carotid sheath, and joins superior lateral to internal jug vein or between common carotid

Front 148

Ansa Cervicalis branches

Back 148

Superior Root
Omohyoid nerve (for superior belly)
Bottom of loop
Sternothyroid
Sternohyoid
Omohyoid (to posterior belly)

Front 149

What else comes off C1

Back 149

Thyrohyoid nerve and geniohyoid nerve, after superior root but still along hypoglossal