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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Physical Changes in adolescence: Brain
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-2 major growth spurts in teenage years
-spatial perceptions and motor functions -prefrontal cortex (executive processing) |
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Physical Changes in adolescence: Puberty
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-Endocrine glands: release sex hormones to trigger testes and ovaries to start working
-Pituitary glands: Receives info that human is ready for pituitary to release hormones |
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Primary Sex Characteristics
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-growth of testes, penis, ovaries, uterus, vagina
-menstrual cycle |
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Secondary Sex Characteristics
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-Breast development
-Voice pitch -growth of hair |
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Social Factors of sexual behavior
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-poverty
-unsupervised by adults -more likely to use alcohol -more likely to be abused/ neglected |
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Adolescent Pregnancy
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-higher in U.S. than other industrialized countries
-more frequent among older adolescents (18-21) -frequency of teens who are unmarried= increased -teen birth rates have dropped over all |
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Factors of adolescent pregnancy
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-onset age of sexual activity
-poverty and family influence -less school success -less contraception use |
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Negative outcomes for children of teen mothers
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-achieve developmental milestones more slowly
-grow up in poverty |
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Positive outcomes for children of teen mothers
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-can be mitigated by support from girls own parents
-staying in school and social programs help child and mother |
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Sexual Minority Youth
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-gay, lesbian, bisexual
-begins before middle school but may be confirmed then -few accept homosexuality during adolescence (social environment |
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Origin of sexual orientation
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-prenatal hormone patterns may cause factor in homosexuality
-twin studies indicate biological basis |
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Sensation seeking adolescent health
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-Desire to experience increased levels of arousal (often through risky behavior)
-Gain peer acceptance and autonomy from parents -Response to popular medias messages -Brain growth |
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Drugs and Alcohol
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-Rate of use is down but still a significant problem
-Alcohol= most prevelant drug of choice |
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Tobacco Use
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-Fewer regular smokers than generations past
-Teens most likely to smoke show correlation btw peers that smoke around them -Most prone age= 15-17 |
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Eating Disorders
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-Mental disorder in which eating behavior goes beyond every day experiences with trying to lose weight
-Anorexia Nervosa -Bulimia -15-22 yrs= most prone -This behavior can be re-triggered in stressful events |
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Suicide/ Depression Incidents
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-5% of adolescents are depressed
-older Euro-American adults are the people dying the most from suicide -Passive suicide= we purposefully do not take care of ourselves -2nd leading cause of death in Colorado |
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Causes of Depression/ Suicide
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-Depression= genetic
--> it will eventually lead to death either passively or actively if untreated |
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Consequences of depression/ suicide
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-Not A-typical for people to experience suicidal thoughts
-Its A-typical if someone acts on them/ dwells on them |
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What to do for suicidal person
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-Listen and ask: "tell me about that"
-How immediate is their plan? Never keep a secret |
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Formal operations stage
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Reasoning logically about abstract concepts
-Adolescent egocentrism -Logic: "if i do this, these are the consequences" -Systematic problem solving: solve problem with different perspectives in mind |
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Advances in Information-Processing
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-Metacognition
-Metamemory -Strategy use increases -Text Learning |
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School Climate
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-key to childs success in school
-helps teen feel that they belong |
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High School Success
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-Activity participation helps develop psychological attributes
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Factors of dropping out
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-poverty
-single parent homes *earning potential is cut by $1 million over life time |
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Erikson's Identity vs. Role confusion Stage
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-develop sense of identity, failure to do so results in role confusion= primary developmental task
-sense of self becomes integrated no matter what environment youre in -Identification with peer groups |
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Crisis
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Period of decision making when old values and choices are re-examined
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Commitment
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Outcome of re-evaluation
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Marcia's Theory of Identity Achievement
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1. Identity Diffusion Status: low crisis, no decisions
2. Moratorium Status: high crisis, no decisions 3. Foreclosure Status: low crisis, decisions made 4. Identity Achievement: high crisis, decisions made |
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Components of self understanding
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-abstract definition of who you are psychologically
-academic self-concepts from internal comparisons and external comparisons -social concepts of yourself predict your behavior |
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Self-Esteem
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-sense of global self worth
-drops @ beginning of adolescence -increases throughout adolescence -high self esteem= better grades -boys fair better with self esteem |
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Kohlberg's Moral Development
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-Preconventional: based on source of authority
-Conventional: based on rules/norms of their particular group -Postconventional: Personal authority |
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Cause of moral development
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-cognitive development
-decline of egocentrism -improved role taking -support from social environment |
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Parents Social Relationships
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-Establish Autonomy
-Maintain relatedness -conflicts increase but attachement is still high |
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Friendships
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-vulnerability/intimacy increases
-more stable -shared interests -often dependence on electronic communication |
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Types of Aging
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Primary Aging: inevitable body deterioration
Secondary Aging: disease and poor health practicing prevention |
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Early Adulthood Brain/ Nervous System changes
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-slowing speed of neural connections
-growth spurts stop -response inhibition cortex control of limbic system (more self regulation) -New normal production from new experiences |
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Physical functioning, strength and speed
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-strength peaks in 20s and 30s
-active lifestyle is important -grip strength decreases without exercise |
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Reproductive Capacity
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-women's begins to drop in mid 20s
-mens stays but becomes less effective |
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Successful health habits
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-exercise
-not smoking, drinking, over/undereating -no snacking -eating breakfast -regular sleep |
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Positive effects of social support
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-lowers risk of disease, death, depression
-boosts immune system functioning |
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Perceived Control
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-self efficacy
-optimism vs pessimism -internal locus of control |
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Physical Abuse
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-physical behavior designed to intimidate/ harm intimate partner
-Latinas have higher rates of being victims -critical factor=poverty not race |
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Causes of abuse
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-cultural attitudes about power
-gender-role prescriptions -personality traits -low education levels -drug/alcohol use |
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Effects of Abuse
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-anxiety, depression, shame and low self esteem
-witnessing abuse influences developmental outcomes in children |
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Prevention of Abuse
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-socialization and accountability
-law enforcement -temporary shelters -training programs for victims -approaches to educate about abuse |
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Anxiety
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Mental disorder associated with fear and anxiety
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Depression
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Problems associated with moods. Lack of caring, etc
*anxiety and depression are treatable |
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Post-Formal Thought
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Understanding of the relative
-nonabsolute nature of knowledge (its created/made up) |
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Dialectical Thought
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-think logically/critically
-assess and evaluate propositions |
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Post Secondary Education
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-Schooling following high school
-social cognition is more advanced with it |
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Traditional students
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Seek education directly after high school
-usually go to 4 year colleges |
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Nontraditional Students
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Dont enroll after high school
-2 year colleges -less likely to graduate with a degree -more independent |
