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41 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Negative skew

Long tail to the left

Describe the extent to which scores in a distribution differ from each other

Measures of variability

This represents the distance that separates the score from the mean

Deviation

The sum of the deviations around the mean is always equal to

0

If we square each deviation, add these deviations together, and divide by the number of scores we get

A variance score

The square root value of the variance is

Standard deviation

Average distance of scores from the mean

Standard deviation

There are no differences between our groups beyond what we would expect by chance

H0

The groups are different beyond what we would expect by chance alone

H1

What do we reject if p< .05?

The null hypothesis

What happens if p> .05?

Our results are inconclusive

This is the procedure used for significance testing of two sample means from independent samples

Independent samples t-test

1. The dependent scores measure an interval or ratio variable


2. The populations of scores form roughly a normal distribution


3. The populations have homogeneous variance.

Assumptions of the independent samples t-test

Means that the variances of all populations being represented are equal

Homogeneity of variance.

What type of statistical analysis do we use when we are comparing more than 2 groups

ANOVA

What type of statistical analysis do we use when our IV is continuous

Correlation

A graph that shows the location of each data point formed by a pair of X-Y scores

Scatterplot

The descriptive statistic that, in a single number, summarizes and describes the important characteristics in a linear relationship

Correlation coefficient

Correlation coefficients may range between

-1 & +1

The closer to ___ the coefficient is, the stronger the relationship, the closer to __ the coefficient is, the weaker the relationship

1, 0

In this type of relationship, as the X scores increase, the Y scores tend to change in only one direction

Linear relationship

In this type of relationship, as the X variable increases, the scores on the Y variables also tend to increase

Positive linear relationship

In this type of relationship, as the scores on the X variable increase, the scores on the Y variable tend to decrease

Negative linear relationship

This describes the linear relationship between two interval variable, two ratio variables, or one interval and one ratio variable

Pearson correlation coefficient

1.Theexperiment has only one independent variable and all conditions containindependent samples


2.Thedependent variable measures continuous aka “scale” scores


3.Thepopulation represented by each condition forms a normal distribution

Assumptions of the one way ANOVA

When can't you use t-tests, ANOVAs, or Pearson correlations?

When your DV is nominal (ex. death, can't be somewhat dead)

In this test, we compare the frequencies observed (o) in each group, the frequencies we would expect (e) just by chance alone, and test the differences between O & E

Chi-Square

Historical research. Quantitative or Qualitative

Qualitative

Archival research. Quantitative or Qualitative

Quantitative

Belief that there is an objective reality and we can understand it through the laws by which it is governed

Positivism

Is positivism qualitative or quantitative?

Quantitative

Belief that the best way to study reality is using the scientific method to generate laws that describe and explain reality

Epistemology of quantitative research

Subjective view of reality, world & knowledge created by social and contextual understanding

Interpretivism

Beliefs about the best way to study reality, To do it in context and try to understand a person't unique point of worldview

Epistemology of qualitative research

Asks and tests very specific research questions looking for causal relationships between variables

Quantitative

Research questions tend to be more exploratory and focused on a detailed understanding of a central phenomenon

Qualitative

Understanding, an empathetic understanding of another's worldview

Verstehen

Interviews where the researcher has a script with a set of questions and asks only those questions

Structured interviews



A formal list of questions that the interviewer must follow in detail

Interview schedule

An interviewer is not consistent in asking questions or recording answers

Intra-interviewer variability

Lack of consistency in asking questions or recording answers between different interviewers

Inter-interviewer variability