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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
simple extracellular bacteria
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eliminated from body/skin w/out generating immune response
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extracellular bacteria w/ ability to adhere
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Incite inflammatory response (macrophages) if at a site that is normally sterile. Local inflammation restores sterility. minimal adaptive activation. Same thing occurs w/ reinfection
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extracellular bacteria that inhibit innate response
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Toxins that target phagocytes allow microbe to replicate unchecked until adaptive kicks in. AB neutralize, opsonize.
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responses
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innate >> fails to contain; adaptive >> B cells make AB; vaccination >> inactive toxin and bacterial antigens can provide immunity; reinfection >> AB prevent toxin-mediated inhibition of innate. ex: pertussis
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Extracellular bacteria in interstitial space
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accidental breach >> local inflammation typically clears. Minimal adaptive response. Reinfection takes same course.
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invasive and anti-innate bacteria
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can breach epithelium, have polysaccharide capsule that makes binding difficult. Need adaptive response to overcome capsule.
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responses
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innate >> phagocytosis inhibited by capsule; adaptive >> AB overcome capsule; reinfection >> pre-existing AB make phagocytosis efficient.
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invasive and MORE anti-innate
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encapsulated bacteria w/ toxin; inflammatory responses on periphery of infection keep from spreading until adaptive kicks in. AB neutralize toxins and opsonized bacteria and Th17 boosts neutrophil recruitment.
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responses
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innate >> phagocytes neutralized but limit spread; adaptive >> AB neutralize toxin and opsonized bact, Th17 promotes neutrophils. Reinfection >> some immunity but microbe may get around it.
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Blockade of initial inflammation
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dissemination and replication unchecked. 50% dead by the time adaptive immune response kicks in.
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monocytes/macrophages and atherosclerosis
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play a role in development of plaque
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Th1 cytokines
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APC activate T cells in artery >>> Th17 release proinflammatory cytokines
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cholesterol crystals
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activate macrophages >> proinflammatory cytokines induce vascular changes
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properties of statins
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lower cholesterol and have anti-inflammatory properties
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immune system and age
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adaptive immunity decreases, innate increases w/ age
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IL-6
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expression increases w/ age; critical for function of Th17 cells >> increase inflammation
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overproduction of IL-6
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seen in obesity, old age; linked to autoimmunity, metabolic syndrome, activates HPA axis; may play a role in increasing cancer risk w/ age
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Rituximab
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targets CD20 on B cells, depletes autoreactive B cells
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cyclosporin
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treatment for T cell-mediated autoimmunity >> blocks calcineurin
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orencia
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treatment for T cell mediated autoimmunity >> blocks B7/CD28 interaction >> no t cell activation
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Type I diabetes
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predominantly mediated by host reactive T cells; interest in using CD4+ regulatory T cells to block activity
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