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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Human Body consists of two major Nervous Systems called? |
1. The Central Nervous System (CNS) 2. The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
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The CNS comprises the? |
Brain and Spinal Cord |
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The PNS comprises the ? |
Cranial Nerves and Spinal Nerves , which carry information to and from the CNS |
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What is the brain called? |
- the "commander in chief" of the entire human body |
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The brain consists of? |
cerebrum , the brain stem, and the cerebellum |
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The lobes of each hemisphere of the cerebrum includes? |
- Frontal lobe - Temporal lobe - Parietal lobe -Occipital lobe |
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The frontal lobe controls? |
- controls the executive functions and is home to Broca's area |
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The parietal lobe controls? |
- controls sensory and perceptual processing |
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The temporal lobe contains? |
- contains the hearing and language centers |
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The occipital lobe controls? |
- controls vision |
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The production of spoken language involves? |
- Respiration - Phonation - Articulation |
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What does Respiration provide? |
- Respiration provides the power supply for speech through exhalation of air from the lungs |
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Respiration provides "power supply" describe the process |
- The power supply is sent from the lungs through the trachea to the larynx , which contains the vocal folds that vibrate to create voice - The air supply further resonates in the pharynx and is articulated in the oral cavity to produce a variety of speech sounds |
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Where does the air supply further resonates? |
- Further resonates in the pharynx |
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The hearing process involves what 7 areas? |
- Outer ear - External Auditory Canal - Tympanic Membrane - Ossicular chain - Cochlea - Auditory Nerve - Auditory Center |
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What does the outer ear serve as? |
- serves as an entry point for sound |
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What is the function of external auditory canal? |
- it channels sound inwards |
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What is the function of Tympanic Membrane? |
- Vibrates |
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What is the function of the Ossicular Chain? |
- which carries the sound as mechanical energy |
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What is the function of Cochlea? |
- contains the organ of hearing and receives the sound as hydraulic energy |
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What does deglutition refer to? |
- Refers to the three-phase act of swallowing - (1) oral phase , (2) pharyngeal phase , (3) esophageal phase |
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What happens in the oral phase of deglutition?
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- the bolus enters the mouth and is prepared through mastication for further transport - the bolus is the placed in the middle of the tongue propelled posteriorly toward the pharynx with the initiation of a swallow |
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What happens during Pharyngeal Phase? |
- the bolus moves from the oral cavity to the base of the pharynx |
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What happens in the Esophageal Phase? |
- The bolus traverses the esophageal tube to arrive at the stomach for digestion |
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Define Afferent (P.85) |
Means towards the central nervous system |
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Define Anterior (P.85) |
Toward the front |
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Define Auricle (P.105) |
- the visible portion of the outer ear |
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The Auricle is sometimes referred as the? |
pinna |
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The Auricle consists of? |
- consists of cartilage covered by skin |
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What are the key parts of the Auricle? |
- ear lobe or lobule - the tragus - the helix |
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Describe the earlobe or lobule , in Auricle? |
- a fleshy skin hanging from the bottom of the auricle |
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Describe the tragus , in Auricle?
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- the heard , cartilaginous triangle that protrudes over the entrance to the auditory canal |
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Describe the helix , in Auricle?
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- the outer body of the auricle |
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Define Axon (P.86) |
- are efferent extensions meaning that they take nerve impulses away from the cell body |
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Define Brainstem (P. 88) |
sits directly on top of the spinal cord and serves as a conduit between the rest of the brain and spinal cord |
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What does the brain stem consist of? |
- consists primarily of nerve tracts that carry sensory information to the brain and motor information away from the brain |
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What is the function of a brain stem? |
- it is a major relay station for nerves supplying the head and face , And controlling the visual / auditory reflexes - the brain stem structures and functions are also associated with metabolism and arousal |
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what are the 3 major reflex centers located in the brain stem? |
1. the cardiac center 2. the vasomotor center 3. the respiratory center |
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What is the Cardiac center's function in the brain stem? |
- controls the heart |
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What is the Vasomotor's center's function in the brain stem?
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- controls blood vessels |
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What is the Respiratory center's function in the brain stem?
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- controls breathing |
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Define Broca's area (P.93) |
- is a very important region of the brain for communication - Situated in the posterior portion of the left frontal lobe - It is responsible for fine coordination of speech output |
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What are the 3 key centers of the brain involved in communication? |
- Broca's area - Heschl's gyrus - Wernicke's area |
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How did Paul Broca , discover Broca's area? |
- he was curious about a patient who lost the ability to speak following brain damage - when he performed an autopsy on the patient , broca found there to be damage to a specific area in the left frontal lobe |
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Define Cerebellum (p.89) |
- is an oval-shaped "little brain" that sits posterior to the brain stem - primarily responsible for regulating motor and muscular activity |
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What are the motor-monitoring functions of the cerebellum? |
- coordination of motor movements - maintenance of muscle tone - monitoring of movement range and strength - maintenance of posture and equilibrium |
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Is it a true statement that "the cerebellum is seen to have little involvement or association , with the brain's "higher-level" cognitive function , including language and speech? |
- No , some research findings have found that without the cerebellum , most people exhibit expressive language disorders/ short term memory *20 adults with diseases of the cerebellum (e.g. stroke , tumor , infection) found that the majority also had problems with expressive language * Such findings suggest that the cerebellum is physiologically and anatomically linked to the neural circuitry involved with higher-order functions |
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Define Cerebrum (p.89) |
- also known as the cerebral cortex , is the part of the brain that governs the unique human qualities of thinking , problem solving , planning , creating and rationalizing |
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What are the 3 major divisions of the brain? |
1. Brain stem 2. Cerebellum 3. Cerebrum |
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Which of 3 divines of the brain , is the largest? |
the cerebrum |
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The cerebrum consists of how many hemispheres? |
- consists of two mirror-image hemispheres , the right and left |
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The right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum are separated by a long cerebral crevice or fissure called? |
Longitudinal Fissure |
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Define Corpus Callosum |
- is a band of fibers that connects the two hemispheres , serving as a conduit for communication between them |
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What 4 lobes does the cerebrum contain? |
Frontal , Temporal , Parietal and Occipital |
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What is considered the fifth lobe in the cerebrum , by some experts? |
- The insular cortex (also called the insula or Island of Reil) |
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Where is the insula located? |
- sits deep within the brain within a sulcus , separating the temporal and parietal lobes |
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The insula can only be seen by retracting what? |
- by retracting the frontal and temporal lobes |
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The insula contains many cortical projections to other parts of the brain such as? |
- from the brain stem to the frontal , parietal , and temporal lobe , and plays a role in integrating information from all 5 senses |
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The Insula plays a role in |
- may play a role in linking language processing to the limbic system , modulating, the emotional and motivational responses to stimuli |
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Define Cochlea (P.107) |
- opens off the other side of the vestibule and consists of a single , fluid-filled canal that serves as an organ of hearing *cavity of inner ear |
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The inner ear contains 3 major cavities called? |
- The Vestibule - Semicircular Canals - Cochlea |
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Define Cranial Nerves (P.85) |
- The 12 pairs of nerves that emerge from the brain |
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Where are Cranial Nerves found? |
- In the PNS - the 12 pairs run between the brain stem , the facial , and neck regions are particularly important for speech , language and hearing and swallowing |
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Define Deglutition (P.108) |
- The act of swallowing , that involves the same neuroanatomical and anatomical structures involved in speech |
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When deglutition is inefficient or unsafe , a disorder of swallowing called? |
dysphagia may be present |
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The entry of food or drink into the laryngeal area is called? |
Penetration |
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The passage of food or drink beyond the larynx and into the lungs is called |
Aspiration |
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What is coughing? |
- is a reflex that occurs with penetration , to protect the larynx |
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A cough is often enough to propel foreign matter up and out of the? |
Laryngeal area |
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Even if an item is not large enough to cause choking or if a drink is involved , penetration can result can cause? |
Pneumonia and other serious respiratory issues |
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Plasticity (P.92) |
- refers to the change and in neuroscience this term describes the capacity of the brain to organize and reorganize its functions as a result of experience |
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What is developmental plasticity? |
- describes the neural organization that is stimulated by sensory experiences in the environment |
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What is learning plasticity? |
- describes the way the brain changes as result of instruction and learning |
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Injury-induced plasticity |
describes the way the brain reorganizes and even regenerates itself following an injury |
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What is the Temporal lobe? |
- sits posterior to the frontal lobe but inferior to the parietal lobe - it contains the auditory cortex known as Hershel's gyrus |
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The left auditory cortex appears highly specialized for? |
- for processing fine-grained temporal features of rapidly varying acoustic information that characterize human speech "temporal processing" |
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The Right Auditory Cortex by contrast shows specialization for? |
for processing melody , prosody , and certain aspects of pitch |
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Define Wernicke's area |
- within the left hemisphere , also found in temporal lobe - which is a highly specialized site for language comprehension - connected to Herschel's Gyrus |
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Define Occipital lobe |
- sits at the rear of the cerebral cortex , in front or above the cerebellum - the occipital lobe receives and processes visual information |
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What is the parietal lobe? |
- key functions includes: - perceiving and integrating sensory and perceptual information - Comprehending oral and written language and mathematical calculations |
