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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is communication? |
messages passing from one entity to another & being understood by the 2nd entity |
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What are ways communication occurs in machines and in the human body? |
machines are powered by electricity ; human body is powered by chemicals + impulses through the nervous system |
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What are consequences of miscommunication in the body? |
miscommunication in central nervous system results in uncontrolled movements, lack of balance, paralysis, mental illness, etc |
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How do the central nervous system & the peripheral nervous system work together to control the body? |
sense information is carried to the brain through axons + potential E ; motor output is started in CNS through impulses traveling from the brainstem to the spinal cord to the PNS |
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How do scientists determine which areas of the brain are associated with specific actions, emotions or functions? |
Earliest attempts used bumps on the skull to determine personality traits + studied patients w/ brain injuries (Phineas Gage) ; now we use MRI's + electrodes to show which areas of the brain are active during activities o/ when people are thinking, but we still study patients w/ brain injuries |
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cerebellum controls what part of the brain? |
mostly controls fine motor movement & balance |
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cerebrum controls what part of the brain? |
is higher thought |
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gyri are the what in the brain? |
the ridges between grooves/furrows (sulci) that get deeper w/ learning |
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limbic system controls what part of the brain? |
emotions & motivation |
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what are the four major lobes of the brain? |
frontal, occipital, temporal + parietal |
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the frontal lobe controls what? |
allows speech through the broca's area + voluntary moment through the motor cortex |
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the parietal lobe controls what? |
processes sensory info with the sensory cortex |
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the temporal lobe controls what? |
processes speech using the Wernicke's Area |
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the occipital lobe controls what? |
processes sight & visual memory & reading |
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Memory and base desires are controlled by what part part of the brain? |
hippocampus |
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Anger/rage is controlled by what? |
amygdala |
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How does communication happen within the body? |
action potentials pass E through axon: picking up the signal at the dendrites, passing the signal through the axon, into the axon terminals, + into the synapse ; the neurotransmitters are released from the vesicles and into specific receptors |
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What is the basic structure and function of a neuron? |
sends electrical signals through the body: dendrites pick up the signal, axons carry the signal to the axon terminals and are protected by myelin sheath which is nourished by Nodes of Ranvier (NR also releases waste) ... once the potential E reaches the synapse, neurotransmitters are released in the synaptic cleft and go to their respective receptors in the other synapse |
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How do the different types of neurons work together to send and receive signals?
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sensory neurons: pick up signals through senses + send info from the ONS to the CNS ; interneurons: connect sensory neurons are found in the CNS ; motor neurons: receive signals from the CNS |
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How are electrical impulses created in the human body?
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the NA+ / K+ pump regulates the potential E by keeping NA+ ions on the outside of the axon whilst keeping K+ ions on the inside ; potential E is created when NA+ ions go through the NA+ channel to the inside of axon and K+ ions go through the K+ channel to the outside + is balanced when the NA+ / K+ restores |
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How do neurons convey information using both electrical and chemical signals?
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action potentials go down each axon + neurotransmitters conduct the signal between neurons |
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How and why does reaction time differ in reflex and voluntary actions?
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reflexes is information that only travels to the the spinal cord, decreasing the reaction time, whereas voluntary actions is the information that travels to the spinal cord and the brain, increasing the reaction time |
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How do errors in communication impact homeostasis in the human body?
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homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable body system by physiological practices ; examples inc. Parkinson's: dx that makes dopamine cells die, Huntington's: genetic defect on chromosome 4, Alzheimers: dx that makes brain cells die, Multiple Sclerosis: attacks myelin sheath |
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What factors impact our ability to react to a stimulus? |
brain damage, inability to move |
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What is a hormone?
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a chemical secreted by an endocrine gland ; endocrine gland part of endocrine system ... includes pancreas, thymus, thyroid ... but, ultimately controlled by hypothalamus + pituitary gland ; examples include TSH ... pituitary gland ... which regulates hormone levels + TRH ... hypothalamus ... which produces TSH, + T3/T4 ... thyroid gland ... regulates metabolism |
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How do hormones interact with target cells?
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hormones travel in blood looking for target cells w. receptors |
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What are examples of endocrine glands and exocrine glands in the human body? |
endocrine secrete within ... adrenal, pituitary, etc. whereas exocrine secrete outside ... sweat gland produces sweat |
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How do feedback loops help regulate the action of hormones? |
When hormone levels go ABOVE |
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How can too little or too much of a hormone lead to disease?
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perfectly balanced for homeostasis ... dx can result if too low ... |
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How do humans communicate with the world around them? |
using senses ... eyes to take in, mouth / body language + movement, etc. |
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How does the power of sight allow humans to communicate with the outside world? |
sight lets us perceive objects, see things in motion, etc. |
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How is light focused by the eye? |
light goes through the cornea ... front window ... through the aqueous humor ... water like ... through the iris ... camera shutter ... '' vitreous humor ... air in a basketball ... retina ... film in a camera |
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How do the eye and the brain work together to process what we see? How does the eye perceive depth, color and optical illusions? |
messages from retina pass through optic nerve + carried over into visual cortex, resulting in image being flipped over ... retina ... mainly rods w. cones concentrated in fovea centralis ... determines depth perception ... thus, the arrangement of images, color effects, + light sources in optical illusions mislead the brain |
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How does what we see impact other human body systems? |
in response to what we see we can perform basic movements using the skeletal and muscular system to emotional reactions using the limbic and endocrine system |
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What is visual perception? |
what we see and how we interpret it |
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What does it mean to have 20/20 vision? |
from 20 feet you can see what a "normal" person can see from 20 feet |
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How does an error in the structure or function of the eye relate to disease or dysfunction? How is life impacted by a vision disorder? How can corrective lenses be used to refocus light and resolve myopia and hyperopia? |
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What are the tests and procedures in a routine eye exam? |
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A disease that results from the death of dopamine-generating cells in the substantia nigra. |
Parkinson's dx |
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This is small circular area with no rods or cones in the retina where the optic nerve enters the eye. |
blind spot |
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This, located in the center of the macula region of the retina, is responsible for sharp central vision necessary for reading. |
fovea centralis |
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A visual condition in which the eye focuses images behind the retina. Vision is better for distance than close-up. |
hyperopia |
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These neurons carry impulses toward the brain. |
afferent neurons |
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These are the the steps of communication between two neurons at the synaptic cleft. |
action potential travels down axon to axon terminal, vesicles fuse to membrane and release neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft, neurotransmitters bind to receptors on post-synaptic cell, another action potential results in post-synaptic cell |
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This is the dorsal projection of the brain, which controls muscle coordination. |
cerebellum |
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This is the inferior portion of the brain stem and deals with autonomic functions. |
medulla oblongata |
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The part of the brain controls hunger and thirst. |
hypothalamus |
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afferent neurons |
carry towards CNS |
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efferent neurons |
carry towards PNS |
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A brain disease/disorder that progressively destroys the myelin sheaths of neurons in the central nervous system. |
multiple sclerosis |
