Hbd1: Psychological Theories Of Development, Leichtman

Front 1

Approaches to understanding development

Back 1

• Empiricism (Mahler)
• Orthogenetic Principle (Piaget, Werner)
• Psychoanalytic approaches (Freud)

Front 2

Principle that states “wherever development occurs, it proceeds from a state of relative globality and lack of differentiation to a state of increasing differentiation, articulation, and hierarchic integration”

Back 2

Orthogenetic principle, (Werner, Piaget)
put simply - Development from simple to complex (in pathology it is the reverse)

Front 3

Internal representations of a generalized class of situations, simplest level of organization

Back 3

Schemes

Front 4

Combinations of schemes

Back 4

Structures

Front 5

Three methods of adaptation (Piaget)

Back 5

• Equilibration (self-regulating)
• Assimilation (new stimuli organized according to existing schemes)
• Accommodation (schemes altered)

Front 6

Piaget’s stages of development

Back 6

• Sensorimotor (birth to 18-24 months): reflex, initiation of action
• Preoperational stage (2 to 5-7 years): language, egocentricism (can only see things from their perspective), animism (belief that inanimate objects are alive, have feelings), primitive thinking (can't explain why they know things)
• Concrete operational stage (6 to 11 years): cause-effect thinking
• Formal operational stage (11 years to adulthood): abstract thinking, deductive reasoning, conceptual thinking

Front 7

Kohlberg’s stages of the development of moral judgment

Back 7

• Stage 1 (Level 1), preschoolers: concrete, punishment-obedience orientation
• Stage 2 (Level 1): moral reciprocity, you hit me I will hit you.
• Stages 3 and 4 (Level 2): levels of conventional morality, uphold society by obeying the law
• Stages 5 and 6 (Level 3): post-conventional morality

Front 8

Psychoanalytic approaches to development

Back 8

• Predominantly retrospective
• Intended to explain pathology
• Chiefly theoretical and heuristic functions

Front 9

Basic concepts of Freud’s topographical model

Back 9

• Conscious system (cortical): rational
• Unconscious system (limbic): repressed, instinctual, Pleasure Principle

Front 10

Freud’s stages of psychosexual development

Back 10

• Oral phase (birth to 1 year): mouth and lips, sucking and biting
• Anal phase (1 to 3 years): anus and sphincter
• Phallic oedipal phase (3 to 6 years): genitals, Oedipus complex
• Latency (6 to 12 years)

Front 11

Three basic concepts of the structural model

Back 11

• Id: locus of instinctual drives, Pleasure Principle
• Ego: adaptation of the external world, reality principle
• Superego (conscience): values and ideals

Front 12

Shrink who used psychoanalysis as a social or “cultural science”

Back 12

Erikson

Front 13

Erikson stages

Back 13

• Trust vs. mistrust (infancy)
• Shame and doubt (1 to 3)
• Initiative vs. Guilt (3 to 6)
• Industry vs. inferiority (6 to 12)
• Identity vs. identity diffusion (Adolescence)
• Intimacy and solidarity vs. isolation (young adulthood)
• Generativity vs. self-absorption (middle age)

Front 14

Defining characteristic of each Erikson stage

Back 14

A critical crisis that makes lasting contributions to adaptation as well as pathology

Front 15

The central problem that Mahler attempted to address

Back 15

how do human beings develop in a way in which they have both a sense of individuality and a sense of connectiveness to others

Front 16

Mahler's stages

Back 16

• “Normal” autistic phase (neonatal period): “primary narcissism”
• “Normal” symbiotic phase (2 to 5 months): infant and mother are one
• Separation/Individuation (5 months to 3 years): multiple sub-phases

Front 17

Novel stimuli organized according to existing schemes (find a way to incorporate the new info into the existing plan/scheme)

Back 17

Assimilation

Front 18

Schemes altered to better fit novel stimuli (change the scheme to fit into the situation)

Back 18

Accommodation