Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define the Standardised Mortality Ratio (SMR) and explain why it is better than a crude mortality rate in population comparisons.
|
SMR is quoted as either a ratio or percentage where:
observed deaths in a study group/expected deaths in the general population SMR accounts for confounding factors such as age and sex |
|
What is a confounding factor?
|
A factor associated with the exposure under study and which independently affects disease risk e.g. age or sex
|
|
What are the major NHS reforms for England outlined in "Equity and excellence: liberating the NHS" by the coalition government in 2010?
|
Strategic Health Authorities and Primary Care Trusts (PCT) are being abolished and replaced by Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCG) who will decide the shape of the NHS from a local level. Public Health functions will move to Local Authorities and a newly formed "Public Health England".
|
|
Define prevalence?
|
The number of people with a problem in a defined population at a given time.
|
|
Define incidence?
|
The number of new cases of a problem arising in a defined population in a defined period of time.
|
|
Define event rate?
|
The number of people dying in a defined group in a defined period of time.
|
|
What are the two concepts of causality?
|
Deterministic (Validation of hypothesis by systematic observations to predict with certainty future events) and;
Stochastic (Assessment of hypothesis by systematic observations to give likelihood (risk) of future events) |
|
What does aetiology mean?
|
The study of causation/ the study of the causes of diseases.
|
|
What is a confidence interval?
|
A measure of certainty which can be attached to the results.
|
|
What is relative risk?
|
Number of cases/population in one group relative to the number of cases/population of another group.
|
|
What is an odds ratio?
|
Number of cases/number of non-cases.
|
|
List three limitations of epidemiology.
|
Wellbeing - holistic health
Multiple related risks - social determinants of health Complex Systems - unpredictability or emergent phenomena |
|
Name two important sources of health information in England.
|
The Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) - voluntary reward system for GPs
The Health Survey for England (HSE) - annual multi stage stratified random sample survey |