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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is the function of the lymphatic system?
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Produce maintain and distribute lymphocytes
maintain normal blood volume Normalize composition of interstitial fluid Provide and alternate route for hormone nutrients and wastes |
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what are primary lymphoid organs?
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the bone marrow and thymus , lymphocytes are produced from stem cells in the bone marrow and then travel to the thymus to mature
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what are secondary lymphoid organs?
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Include the lymph nodes and spleen, after maturation lymphocytes circulate through and accumulate here where they can detect antigens
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what compontents are found in the lymph?
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intersitial fluid
soulutes (gasses carbs fats) Cells: B cells and T cells & macrophages |
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what are B cells?
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antibodies
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what are T cells?
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cell mediated defense
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what types of vessels are found in the lymphatic system?
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capillaries and veins (one way flow)
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what is the structure of the lymphatic vessel walls?
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thin walls with overlapping cells that produce valves allowing for lymphatic fluid to flow in but not out
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what are the characteristics of lymphatic vessels?
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large diameter, very little muscle, movment of lymph depends upon movement of skeletal muscle surrounding them
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what is swelling of the lymph vessels called?
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Edema
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where do the right and left lymphatic ducts join the cardiovasular system?
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at the level of the subclavian veins
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what regions do the Right lymphatic ducts drain?
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the right arm and right portion of the head
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what region do the left lymphatic duct (thoracic duct) drain?
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the left part of the head and all the lower body
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what are the enlargements of the vessels along the inferior part of the ducts?
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cisterna chyli , where lymph from the lymphatic trunks flow
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what are lymphocytes responsible for ?
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immunty- attach pathogens , abnormal body cells and foreign protiens
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where are lymphocytes located?
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they circulate through the blood and are housed in lymphatic organs
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what percentage of lymphocytes are T cells?
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80%
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What are the different types of T cells?
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T helper cells
T suppressor cells T killer cells |
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What are T helper cells?
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they activate and direct B cells and Killer T cells
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what are T suppressor cells
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they reduce immune activity after the pathogens have been somewhat destroyed
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what are T killer cells?
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Specialized cells that attack cells infected by viruses bacteria and cancer
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what percentage of lymphocytes do B cells make up?
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10-15 percent
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what is the function of B cells?
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secrete antibodies
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what percentage of lymphocytes are natural killer cells?
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5-10 percent
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what are the functions of natural killer cells?
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immunological surveillance
secrete protein to take out pathagens |
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what are the differnt types of lymphoid tissues?
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Connective Tissues
Tonsils Appendix MALT |
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how are the lymphoid connective tissues organized?
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densely (tonsils) and loosely (intestines)
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what are tonsils?
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masses of lymphoid tissues organized in a circular structure known as a lymphoid nodule
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what are the different areas found in tonsils?
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Darker area= active lymphocytes
Lighter area= actively dividing cells |
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what is MALT?
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mucosa associated lymph tissue which is a mucus membrane found in urethra anus vag and mouth
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where are lymph nodes found?
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joints, groin, digestive tract, elbow wrist
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what is the size of a lymph node realative to?
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a small kidney bean
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what are affernt vessels?
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attach at hilim and go from the body to the node
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what are effernt vessels?
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leave lymph at hilus and contian blood vessels
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what does the cortex of the lymph node consist of?
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Outer layer
Deep Layer Capsule |
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what does the outer layer of the cortex consist of?
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B cells and antibody protection
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what does the Deep layer with in the lymph node consist of?
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T-Cells
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what does the lymph node capsule extend to from?
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Trabecule- finger like extension that organize the tissue into regions
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what is the subcapsular sinus
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reticular fibers where lymph is filtered
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what are dendritic cells?
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cells which collect foreign protiens called antigens and stimulate immunse response
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what is the medulla of the lymph node?
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central region that contains masses of b cells and plasma cells organized into medullary cords
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where is the thymus located?
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with in the mediasternum
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what are lobules
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compartments with in the thymus
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what is found in the lobules of the thymus
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cortex, medulla, BV, Reticular Cells
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what barrier do the Blood vessels of the thymus have ?
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blood thymus barrier which regulates the types of materials allowed to enter from the blood
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what are reticular cells?
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produce the hormone thymosins that stimulate the production of T cells
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when is the thymus greatest in size?
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during the first 2 years of life
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what type of forming cells does the Thymus contain?
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forming T cells
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what types of lymphocytes does the thymus produce?
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inactive T lymphocytes
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where is the spleen located?
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between ribs 9-11 along lateral border of the stomach
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what are the 2 sections of the spleen?
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red pulp and white pulp
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what are the funtions of red pulp?
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Hematopetic - blood forming cells found here, removes old or damaged blood cells
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what are the functions of white pulp?
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lymphopoetic- generates new lymphobytes and contains a large population of macrophages
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what ligaments attach the spleen to the stomach?
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Gastorsplenic ligaments
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what is the smooth surface of the spleen?
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diaphramatic surface
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what is the visceral surface?
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has the hilus and entrances and exits to BV are found here
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what elements does the respiratory system protect its organs from?
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Dehydration, Temperature changes, and environmental variations
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what is respiration?
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the entire process by which gases are exchanged between the atmosphere and body cells
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what are the upper organs of the respiratory system?
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nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx
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what is the function of the upper respiratory system?
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warm and humidify air to protect against dehydration and to help protect against pathogens
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what are organs of the lower respiratory system?
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Larynx, trachea bronchial tree lungs
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what is the nose supported by?
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bone and hylaine cartillage
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what is another name for nostrils?
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external nares
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what do the internal nares mark the end of ?
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end of the nasal cavity
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what are function of the nasal conchae?
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creates turbulence in the air allowing for humidification and the olfactory epithelium to identify odors
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what do goblet cells do?
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produce mucus
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what happens to particles trapped in the mucus membrane of the nasal cavity?
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carried to the pharynx by the cilia and swallowed
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what are sinuses responsible for?
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humidifying air and resonating chambers for sound
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where is the pharynx located?
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behind the mouth between the nasal cavity and larynx
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what is the pharynx?
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connecting chamber of the nose mouth and throat
a common passageway for air and food |
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what are the divisions of the pharynx?
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nasopharynx
oropharynx laryngopharynx |
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what is the floor of the nasal cavity made up of?
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the hard and soft palate
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what is the hard palate made up of?
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palatine bones
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what is the soft palate made of?
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tissue
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what point does the laryngopharynx represent?
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the point where there is a split between the esophagus and trachea
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what is the larynx?
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passageway for air and site of sound production
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what is the larynx composed of?
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muscles and plates of cartilage
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how many types of cartilage make up the larynx?
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9: thyroid, cricoid, Arytenoids, Epiglottal, and 5 others
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what are the false vocal cords?
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Vestibular folds which are inelastic and do not contribute to sound production
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what are the true vocal cords?
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medial to the vestibular folds
bands of elastic tissue that can be stretched and relaxed |
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what is the function of the epiglottis?
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helps to prevent foods and liquids from entering the trachea
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where is the trachea located?
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in the thoracic cavity in front of the esophagus
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what type of cells make up the trachea?
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pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium that contain goblet cells
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why is the wall of the trachea lined with C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage?
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allows for the esophagus to bulge open and push food down and keeps the trachea open
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what does the trachea divide into?
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the right and left bronchi
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Right Bronchi
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larger, thicker, then left and site of trapping for inhaled foreign particles
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what does the bronchial tree consist of ?
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branched air passages that lead from the trachea to the air sacs
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where are the alveoli sacs located?
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at the terminal bronchials
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what are primary bronchus?
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has a complete ring of cartilage and pseudostratified cilliated epithelium
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what do the secondary bronchus serve?
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a lobe of the lung
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what are segmetnatl bronchi?
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tertiary bronchi off of the secondary bronchi serves lobes of the lung
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what do terminal bronchioles do?
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regulate the entrance of air into the air sacs
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what are the lungs separated by?
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the mediasternum
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what 2 pleuras are found in the lungs?
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visceral and parietal
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why is the left lung smaller than the right lung?
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the heart is on the right side
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what is a hilus?
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area where the pulmonary vessesl and bronchi enter and exit the lungs
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how many lobes are in the right lung?
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3 (superior, middle inferior)
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how many lobe are there in the left lung?
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2 (superior and inferior)
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what is the purpose of the alveoli?
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gas exchange between the air and the blood
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what are the alveoli surrounded by?
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capillaries adn parenchyma cells
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what are parenchyma cells?
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Connective tissue of the lungs which makes up the structural framework
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what type of cells are found in the walls of the alveoli?
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simple squamous epithelium
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what is the importance of the the respiratory membrane?
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location of gas exhchange due to the
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why does diffusion across the respiratory membrane happen rapidly?
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the distance is small and the gasses are lipid soluble
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what are type 2 cells?
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Pneumocyte cells which secrete a watery detergent molecutle to moisten the epithelium and allow for diffusin of 02 into the blood
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what is surfactant?
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secretion by the type 2 cells that aids in reducing surface tension, mostening the epithelium--> allows for diffusion
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what is the purpose of alveolar macrophages?
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to pick up debres that may get into the aveoli cavity
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what are the major muscles involved in inhalation?
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diaphragm and external intercostals
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what are the accessory muscle that are involved in inhalation?
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serattus anterior
scalenus sternocleidomastoid |
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what are the major muscles involved in exhalation?
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internal interconstals
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what are the accessory muscles involved in inhalation?
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transverses thoracic
rectus abdominis external and internal obliques |
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what is inhalation?
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decrease on the pressure of the lungs by the diaphragm allowing for air to flow in
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what is exhalation?
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compression of the lungs by internal intercosatls and some by recoil of elastic parenchyama cell
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what is eupnea?
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quiet breathing that does not use internal intercostals for exhalation
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what is diaphragmatic breathing?
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deep breathing only using the diaphragm
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what is costal breathing?
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shallow breathing primaily using the intercostals
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what is Hyperpnea ?
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focused breathing which uses muscle contraction for both inhalation and exhalation
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what system regulates the actions of the breathing muscles?
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autonomic nervous system
Pons (rhymicity center) and Medulla oblongata (respiratory system) |
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what are the 2 regions of the nasal cavity?
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vestibule- right behind the nostris and the nasal cavity proper
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