Growth And Development Across The Life Span

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phychosocial development and erik erikson

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1.Each conflict must be resolved for the child or adult to progress emotionally.
2. Unsuccessful resolution leaves the individual emotionally handicapped.

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Cognitive development and Jean Piaget

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defines the cognitive acts as the ways in which the mind organizes and adapts to its environment

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Stages of cognitive development- Sensorimotor

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0-2 years
Development proceeds from reflex activity to imagining and solving problems through the senses and movement

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stages of cognitive development- preoperational stage

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2-7years
learning to think in terms of past, present, and future
2. The child moves from knowing the world through sensation and movement to prelogical thinking and finding solution to problems

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stages of cognitive development- concrete operational

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7-11 years
able to classify, order, sort facts
2. the child moves from prelogical thought to solving concrete problems through logic.

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stages of cognitive development- formal operations

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11years-adulthood
1. able to think abstractly and logically
2. logical thinking is expanded to include solving abstract and concrete problems.

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Moral development and Lawrence Kohlberg

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A complicated process involving the acceptance of the values and rules of society in a way that shapes behavior

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moral development and lawrence kohlberg- stage 0

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birth-2yrs(egocentric judgement)
the infant has no awareness of right or wrong

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moral development and lawrence kohlberg-stage 1

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2-3yrs(punishment-obedience orientation)
1. cant reason as mature members of society
2. obeys rules, accepts behavior to avoid punishment and displeasing those who are in power in fear of being punished
3. physical punishment and withholding privileges give toddler neg. view of morals.
4. withholding love and affection as punishment leads to feelings of guilt.
5. appropriate discipline is simple explanations of why certain behaviors are acceptable, praising appropriate behavior and using distractions when child is headed for danger.

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moral development and lawrence kohlberg- stage 2

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4-7yrs(instrumental relativist orientation)
1.the child conforms to rules to obtain rewards or to have favor returned.
2. childs moral are those of others observes those of others to avoid punishment and receive rewards.
3. conscience emerges and the emphasis is on external control

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moral development of Lawrence Kohlberg- level 2(stages 3-4)

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1. the child has increased awareness of others feelings.
2. the child conforms to rules to please others
3. a concern for social order begins to emerge
4. the child views good behavior as those authority will approve
5. if behavior is not acceptable, child feels guilty

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moral development of Lawrence Kolberg- stages 3

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7-10yrs(good boy nice girl orientation)
1.conformity occurs to avoid disapproval of others
2. being good is important and is interpreted as having good motives and showing concern about others.
3. maintaining mutual relationships w the use of trust, loyalty, respect, gratitude.

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moral development of Lawrence Kohlberg- stage 4

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10-12 years(law and order orientation)
1. the child has more concern with society as a whole
2. emphasis is on obeying laws to maintain social order
3. level of the role-conformity stage has an increased desire to please others

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moral development and Lawrence Kohlberg- level 3(stage 5-6)

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the individual focuses on individual rights and principles of conscience.
The focus is a concern regarding what is best for all.

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moral development of Lawrence Kohlberg- stage 5

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12yrs and older(social contract and legalistic orientation)
1.the adolescent is aware that people hold a variety of values and opinions and the most values and rules relative to the group.
2. gives as well as takes and not expect to get something without paying for it

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moral development and Lawrence Kohlberg-stage 6

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(universal ethical principles orientation)
1. conformity is based on universal principles of justice and occurs to avoid self-condemination
2.this stage involves following self-chosen ethical principles
3. can acknowledge a conflict between 2 socially accepted standards and try to decide between them.
4. the control of conduct is now internal, both in standards observed and in reasoning right and wrong.

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psychosexual development and Sigmund Freud; Components of the Theory

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1. Levels of awareness
2. Agencies of the mind; id,ego,superego
3. Concept of anxiety and defense mechanism
4. pyschosexual stages of development

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freuds psychosexual stages of development- oral stage

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birth-1yr
1.concerned w their own gratification
2. infant is all id, operating on pleasure principle.
3. experiences gratification in basic needs, sense of trust and security begins
4. the egp begins to emerge, infant sees self separate from mother, beginning of sense of self

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Freud's psychosexual stages of development- anal stage

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1-3years
toilet training occurs, gains pleasure from elimination and retention of feces.
2. conflict of this stage is demands from society and parents, sensations of pleasure associated w the anus
3. gain control over instinctive drives and learns to delay immediate gratification to gain a future goal

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Freud's psychosexual stages of development- phallic stage

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3-6 years
1. both pleasurable and conflicting feeling associated with genital organs
2. please of masturbation and the fantasy life of children set the stage for oedipus complex
3. Childs umconscious sexual attraction to and wish to possess the parent of the opposite sex. Hostility towards parent of same sex
3. conflict resolves when child indentifies with the parent of the same sex
4. emergence of the superego is noth the solution and result

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Freud's psychosexual stages of development- genital stage

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12yrs- and beyond
1.emerges at adolescence with the onset of puberty
2. gains gratification from his or her own body
3. develops satisfying sexual and emotional relationships with members of opposite sex
3. plans life goals and gains a strong sense of personal identity

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Erik erikson stages of psychosocial development- infancy- 18 months

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trust vs mistrust
(attachment to mother)
1. trust in other people, faith and hope the environment and the future
(unsuccessful)
1. general difficulties relating to others effectively, suspicion, trust, fear of the future.

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Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development- early childhood 18-3 years

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autonomy vs. shame and doubt
(gaining some basic control over self and the environment)
sense of self control and adequacy, will power
(unsuccessful)
independence/fear conflict, severe feelings of doubt

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Erik erikson's stages of psychosocial development- late childhood 3-6 years

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initiative vs. guilt
(becoming purposeful and directive)
1.ability to initiates ine own activities and sense of purpose
(unsuccessful)
aggresion/fear conflict, sense of inadequacy or guilt

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Erik erikson's stages of psychosocial development- school age 6-12 years

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industry vs. inferiority
(developing social, physical, and learning skills)
1. competence; ability to learn and work.
(unsuccessful)
sense of inferiority; difficulty learning and working

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Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development- adolescence 12-20 years

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identity vs. role confusion
(developing a sense of self)
1. sense of personal identity
(unsuccessful)
confusion about who one is; identity submerged in relationships and group members

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Erik erikson's stages of psychosocial development- early adulthood 20-35yrs

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intimacy vs. isolation
(establishing intimate bonds of love and friendship)
1. ability to love and deeply commit oneself
(unsuccessful)
emotional isolation; egocentricity

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Erik erikson's stages of psychosocial development- middle adulthood 35-65 years

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generativity vs. stagnation
(fulfilling lifes goals that involve family, career, society)
1. ability to give and care for others
(unsuccessful)
self absorption; inability to grow as a person

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Erik erikson's stages of psychosocial development- later 65 years to death

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integrity vs. despair
(looking back at one's life and accepting its meaning)
1. sense of integrity and fulfillment
(unsuccessful)
dissatisfication with life