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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Would you call the orientation of stallion testes vertically or horizontally? Does the tail of the epididymis run more dorsally or ventrally?
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Horizontally.
Epididymis runs dorsally. |
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What level does the bull scrotum descend to?
Do the testes hang vertically, or horizontally? |
The hock. g'damn.
The testes hang vertically. |
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Who has rudimentary teats, bulls or stallions?
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Bulls - 4 of 'em located cranial to the scrotum
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What are the tissue layers of the scrotum and testis?
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Skin
-Sebaceous and sweat glands -Raphe – continuous cranially on the prepuce Tunica dartos -Forms the scrotal septum which divides the scrotum into two sacs Spermatic fascia Parietal vaginal tunic Vaginal cavity Visceral vaginal tunic (serosa) -Covers testis, epididymis, and components of the spermatic cord |
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What makes up the clinical vaginal tunic? In what procedure would these be incised?
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Internal spermatic fascia and the parietal vaginal tunic.
This is cut for open castration. |
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What does the mesofuniculus attach?
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The mesoductus deferens and mesorchium to the parietal vaginal tunic.
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Is this a stallion or bull testis? ID the stuff on it.
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It was a stallion - here's the bull.
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ID
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1. Vaginal ring
2. Testicular artery and vein 3. Ductus deferens 4. Descending colon |
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A and B are the stallion and bull, respectively. Name the accessory sex glands.
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Ampullary glands (4)
Vesicular glands (5) -Absent in the dog and cat -Seminal vesicles in the horse Prostate -Body (6) – absent in the small ruminant -Disseminate part – absent in the horse Bulbourethral glands (7) -Absent in the dog |
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What are vesicular glands sometimes called in stallions?
Who are they smaller in, the stallion or the gelding? |
Seminal vesicles.
15-20 cm long in stallion; smaller in geldings |
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Where are the bulbourethral glands located? What muscle covers them?
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At the ischial arch - the most caudally located of the accessory sex glands.
They are covered by the urethralis m. |
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Where are the stallion's ampullary glands located?
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Located in the wall of the ductus deferens
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Where is the prostate located in the stallion? How many lobes does it have? Is there a disseminate part?
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Located on the neck of the bladder and proximal, dorsal part of urethra
Two lateral lobes and a connecting isthmus No disseminate part |
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ID these structures of the urinary bladder and urethra of the stallion.
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1 Ureter
2 Bladder 3 Openings of the ureters 4 Trigone of the bladder 5 Urethral crest and colliculus seminalis 6 Opening of the ejaculatory duct Ductus deferens and duct of seminal vesicle 7 Openings of prostatic ducts (15-20) 8 Openings of bulbourethral ducts (6-8 on each side) 9 Vesicular gland 10 Prostate 11 Bulbourethral gland |
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ID these accessory sex glands in the ruminant (4, 6, 7, 9). Describe them.
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Ampullary glands (4)
Vesicular glands (6) -Lobulated surface, 10-12 cm long -Excretory duct opens at the colliculus seminalis Prostate -Body (7) (not present in small ruminants) – “wedding band” -Disseminate part – present in bull and small ruminants Bulbourethral gland (9) -Covered by dense fibrous connective tissue and partially by bulbospongiosus m. -Each gland opens via a single duct into the pelvic urethra |
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What is the bulbourethral gland covered in in the ruminant? How many ducts does each open into?
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Covered by dense fibrous connective tissue and partially by bulbospongiosus m.
Each gland opens via a single duct into the pelvic urethra (horse opens into several) |
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Where does the excretory duct open of the vesicular glands in the ruminant?
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Excretory duct opens at the colliculus seminalis
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Which part of the ruminant prostate gland anatomy is present in the bull and not the small ruminants?
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Body (not present in small ruminants) – “wedding band”
Disseminate part – present in bull and small ruminants |
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What is the approx amount of ejaculate of a ram? Bull? Stallion? Boar?
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Ram - 0.5-1.0 mL
Bull - 5-15 mL Stallion - 30-40 mL Boar - 350-500 mL All have the same number of sperm |
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What are the two types of penises? Which increases in length and which increases in girth in erection? Which is in the stallion/ruminant?
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Musculocavernous (vascular) penis
Erectile tissue is well-developed Penis increases significantly in length and girth Stallion and carnivores Fibroelastic (fibrous) penis Sigmoid flexure - allows it to increase in length, doesn't not change girth Ruminants, boar, male camelid |
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How does the quiescent state differ from the erect state in the stallion penis? (length change)
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Quiescent state – 50 cm in length
15-20 cm free portion within the prepuce Erect – 50% increase in length |
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Where are the roots of the equine penis attached?
What passes between the crura? |
Attached to the lateral parts of the ischial arch by two crura
Crura meet below the ischial arch Urethra passes over the ischial arch between the crura and courses cranially to join the penis |
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What tissue surrounds the stallion penile urethra? What is its expansion called?
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Urethra surrounded by corpus spongiosum penis
Urethral bulb – expansion of corpus spongiosum penis |
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Where does the body of the equine penis start? Where does it attach?
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Begins at the junction of the crura
Main portion of the penis Attached to the ischial symphysis by suspensory ligaments of the penis |
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What is the glans of the stallion penis?
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Enlarged free end
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Name these parts of the stallion reproductive system.
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.
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ID A, C, p and the red and blue outlines
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Tunica albuginea (A)
Corpus cavernosum penis (C) Corpus spongiosum penis (p) Red line – outline of corpus cavernosum penis Blue line – outline of corpus spongiosum glandis and dorsal process of the glans |
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It's important to know these structures.
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Corona glandis
-Cranial surface – greatest circumference of the glans Column glandis -Narrowing of the glans caudal to the corona Urethral process with external urethral orifice Fossa glandis -Depression surrounding urethral process Urethral sinus -Diverticulum off the fossa glandis dorsally |
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Where do the beans form in stallion penises?
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In the urethral sinus of the fossa glandis.
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ID
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1. Tunica albuginea
2. Corpus cavernosum 3. Urethra 4. Corpus spongiosum 5. Bulbospongiosus m. 6. Retractor penis m. 7. Dorsal process of the glans (corpus spongiosum glandis) |
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ID this bull penis cross section
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1 Corpus cavernosum
2 Corpus spongiosum 3 Urethra 4 Tunica albuginea |
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What can get lodged in the sigmoid flexure of the bull?
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Urethral calculi. Will typically happen at the cranial flexure.
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What is 1'? This is a bull penis - is this present in stallions? What is the clinical relevance?
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Dorsal diverticulum of the urethra (1’)
Not present in stallions Makes it difficult to pass urinary catheters. |
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ID this bull penis
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A Glans penis
B External urethral orifice C Urethral process D Raphe of the penis |
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What does the urethralis m. surround in the horse? What glands does it compress?
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Surrounds the pelvic urethra and covers the bulbourethral gland
Longitudinal and transverse fibers Compresses pelvic part of the urethra and bulbourethral gland |
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What is bulbospongiosis m. a continuation of in the horse? Where does it course between? What does it empty?
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Continuation of the urethralis m. on the penile urethra
Extends from ischial arch to the glans penis Empties penile urethra |
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Where does ischiocavernosus m. course between in the horse? What does it enclose? How does it assist in erection?
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From the tuber ischiadicum and sacrotuberous ligament to the crus and adjacent part of the body of the penis
Encloses crus, situated in a deep depression in the semimembranosus m. Pulls penis against the pelvis – assists in producing and maintaining erection by compressing the dorsal veins of the penis |
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Where does retractor penis m. arise from and pass to in the stallion? What happens to it near the glans? How does it assist in erection?
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Arises from the ventral surface of the first and second caudal vertebrae and passes ventrally over the sides of the rectum to meet ventral to the anus
Near the glans, splits into bundles which pass through the bulbospongiosus m. and attach to tunica albuginea Withdraws the penis into the prepuce after erection or protrusion |
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Which of the horse penis and urethra muscles are skeletal and which are smooth?
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Urethralis m, bulbospongiosus m., and ischiocavernosus m. are all skeletal.
Retractor penis m. is smooth |
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What structure is found at the apex of the ram and buck penis? What is it's clinical application?
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The urethral process
Urethral calculi can get lodged there – can be amputated. |
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What does the urethralis m. of the ruminant surround?
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Surrounds pelvic urethra laterally and ventrally
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What does the ischiocavernosus m. cover in the ruminant? Which way does it flatten?
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Covers the crus of the penis
Flattened laterally |
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Where does the retractor penis m. lie in the ruminant? Where does it insert?
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Lies in a groove on bulbospongiosus m., passes to the side of the ventral curvature of the sigmoid flexure, inserts on ventral surface of penis 12-15 cm caudal to the glans
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What is the bulbospongiosus m. covered by in a ruminant? What divides it? What does its cranial extremity look like?
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Covered by a strong aponeurosis; divided by a median raphe into two lateral halves, except at its origin; cranial extremity is pointed
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What are the five things that need to happen to result in the erection of the bovine penis?
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Relaxation of the helicine arteries
Pressure within the corpus spongiosum and corpus cavernosum raises from 5-16 mm Hg to 75-80 mm Hg (this how a ruptured penis occurs) Apex of the penis protrudes Ischiocavernosus muscles contract causing pressure to rise higher and causing occlusion of arteries and veins against the ischial arch Penis straightens |
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Where does a ruptured penis usually occur? Why? In which species?
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It usually occurs at the sigmoid flexure of the bull due to the high pressure maintained in the penis.
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How many layers does the bull penis have?
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Long and narrow
External (haired part) (1) and internal (2) layers (laminae) |
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How far away is the bull's preputial orifice from the umbilicus?
How long is the preputial cavity? |
Preputial orifice is 5 cm caudal to the umbilicus
Preputial cavity is 35-40 cm long |
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What are the two preputial muscles?
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Cranial preputial mm. (6) – from xiphoid region to preputial orifice – draw prepuce cranially
Caudal preputial mm. – from inguinal region to cranial part of prepuce – draw prepuce caudally |
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How is the preputial orifice of the horse defined?
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Joining of the external and internal layers of the prepuce
Opening into the preputial cavity |
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How is the equine prepuce defined? How many layers does it have?
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Double invagination of skin that covers the free end of the penis when not erect
External and internal layers External layer courses from the scrotum to near the umbilicus and is continuous with the skin of the abdominal wall Internal layer lines the cavity of the external portion of the prepuce, reflects cranially until it nears the preputial orifice and reflects caudally again (forming preputial fold); internal layer adheres to the penis forming the penile layer of the prepuce |
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How is the preputial fold defined in the horse penis?
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Formed by the internal layer
of the prepuce Inner and outer layers |
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How is the preputial ring defined in the horse penis?
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Cranial margin of the preputial fold
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Where do the scrotum and testes sit in a boar and camelid?
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perineally.
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What accessory sex glands does the boar have?
At which pole of the testis is the epididymis palpable? |
Large vesicular and bulbourethral glands and small prostate
Epididymis at the caudal pole |
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What type of penis does a boar have? Does it have a sigmoid flexure?
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Fibroelastic penis with sigmoid flexure – cranial to scrotum
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What is a unique feature of the end of a boar penis? Do boars have a dorsal diverticulum?
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Spiraled distal end of penis
Dorsal diverticulum of the urethra at the ischial arch |
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Is it normal for a camelid penis to be adhered to the prepuce?
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Penis is adhered to prepuce until 2-3 years of age. This is to avoid mating prematurely.
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How do male camelids pee?
What accessory sex glands do they have? |
They squat and then urinate caudally
Ampulla, Prostate and bulbourethral glands |
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How many preputial muscles do camelids have? Which one assists in coitus?
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Strong cranial preputial muscle pulls penis forward during coitus
Caudal preputial muscle also present |
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Do camelids have dorsal diverticulum? What kind of penis do they have?
What is the penis tip like? |
Dorsal diverticulum of the urethra
Fibroelastic penis with sigmoid flexure Cartilaginous tip at end of penis (females are induced ovulators) |
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Is the internal iliac a. long or short in the male horse? What does it branch into?
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It is very short and branches quickly into caudal gluteal and internal pudendal aa.
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Which artery courses along the deep ventral aspect of the tail of the male horse?
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The median caudal a.
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What artery becomes the artery of the penis in the male horse? What does this then branch out into?
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Internal pudendal a. becomes the artery of the penis which gives rise to the artery of the bulb (supplies bulb and corpus spongiosum) and the dorsal artery of the penis (which forms an anastomosis with the middle and cranial arteries of the penis)
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What are the arteries (F, A, D) and veins of the blood supply of the equine penis?
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Arteries
Internal pudendal a. (f) Obturator a. (d) External pudendal a. (a) Veins Internal pudendal v. Obturator v. Accessory external pudendal v. |
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What artery of the male horse gives rise to the middle artery of the penis? What does it branch into next?
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Obturator a. (from cranial gluteal a.) gives rise to the middle artery of the penis which gives rise to the deep artery of the penis (supplies the crus and corpus cavernosum) and a branch that forms an anastomosis with the dorsal artery of the penis
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What artery of the male horse gives rise to the cranial artery of the penis? Then what does it anastomose with?
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External pudendal a. gives rise to cranial artery of the penis (supplies glans, prepuce, cranial part of corpus cavernosum) which forms an anastomosis with dorsal artery of the penis
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Which artery supplies blood to the bull penis? What does this artery then give rise to?
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Internal pudendal a. ends as the artery of the penis which gives rise to:
Artery of the bulb of the penis (to corpus spongiosum and bulb of penis) Deep artery of the penis (enters corpus cavernosum) Dorsal artery of the penis (courses to apex of penis) |
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Name these lymph centers in the male horse.
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1. Lumbar aortic lnn.
2. Medial iliac lnn. 3. Sacral lnn. 4. Anorectal lnn. 5. Deep inguinal lnn. 6. Superficial inguinal (scrotal) lnn. |
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What are the lymph nodes of the male ruminant scrotal area? Where do the afferents course from? The efferents?
Important to know. |
Superficial inguinal (scrotal) lnn.
Located ventral to the prepubic tendon in a mass of fat around the neck of the scrotum Afferent lymphatic vessels from the scrotum, prepuce and penis, muscles associated with the penis, skin of the medial and caudal surfaces of the thigh and medial aspect of the leg Efferent vessels course with the external pudendal vessels to the medial iliac lnn. Important to know |
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What are the lymph nodes of the male horse scrotal area? Where do the afferents course from? The efferents?
Important to know. |
Superficial inguinal (scrotal) lnn.
Located ventral to the abdominal body wall embedded in fatty connective tissue cranial and caudal to the spermatic cord Afferent lymphatic vessels from the scrotum, prepuce, penis, ischiocavernosus m., skin on the caudal thorax, skin and cutaneous muscles of the lateral and ventral abdomen, skin of the thigh, leg, tarsus, metatarsus, phalanges Efferent vessels course with the external pudendal artery and end at the deep inguinal lnn. Important to know |
