Gross - Spring - Equine And Ruminant Abdominal Wall, Diaphragm And Abdominal Topography - Mt2 - Check

Front 1

What is Monday's quiz over?

Back 1

4/15 and 4/26

Front 2

What is the flank fold?

Back 2

The area that horses and bovids don't like to be kicked in formed of cutaneous trunci m. and skin.

Front 3

How many lumbar vertebrae do horses have?

Back 3

Usually 6 lumbar vertebrae present, although 5 have been reported in the domestic horse, donkey, Arabian horse, Przewalski horse, ass, and mule

Front 4

Describe the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae of the horse.

Back 4

Length increases to the third or fourth then decreases to the last

First two curve caudally, last two curve cranially

L5 articulates with L6; L6 articulates with sacrum

Front 5

How many lumbar vertebrae do ox have? How do they differ from the horse?

Describe their transverse processes.

Back 5

Usually 6 lumbar vertebrae present
Lumbar vertebrae are much longer than in the horse
Articular processes are large and their facets are more curved than in the horse

Transverse processes:
All curve cranially
Shortest on L1; length increases to L5; shorter on L6

Front 6

What is the area between the last rib and the tuber coxae of the ox?

What is the clinical relevance of this region?

Back 6

The paralumbar fossa.

Boundaries of the paralumbar fossa
Last rib
Tuber coxae
Transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae

This is the region where the incision is made in standing surgeries of ox.

Front 7

Do horses tolerate standing abdominal surgeries?

Back 7

Usually not - but they do general anesthesia much better than do ox.

Front 8

What are the lymph nodes just cranial to the horse and ox thigh? What are they located between? Where do they drain to?

Back 8

Subiliac lymph nodes in the horse
Also known as prefemoral lnn.

Horse: Located craniomedial to the tensor fasciae latae m., halfway between the tuber coxae and patella

Ox: Located on the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique m. close to tensor fasciae latae m.

Efferents follow the ventral brs. of the deep circumflex vessels to the lateral and medial iliac lymph nodes

Front 9

What nerves form the lateral cutaneous femoral n.? What does this nerve innervate?

Back 9

Lateral cutaneous femoral n. (formed from ventral brs. of L3, L4 +/- L5 spinal nn.)
Innervates skin in the cranial, medial thigh region

Front 10

What assists the abdominal muscles in supporting the weight of the abdominal viscera?

What does this structure cover laterally and ventrally?

Back 10

Tunica flava abdominis a deep fascial sheet of elastic tissue.

Ventrally it covers and adheres to the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique m.
Laterally, it covers the external abdominal oblique, external intercostal, and serratus ventralis thoracis mm.

Front 11

What is the median fibrous raphe extending from the xiphoid cartilage to the prepubic tendon?

What is this formed from?

Back 11

Linea alba

Formed by the junction of aponeuroses of external abdominal, internal abdominal and transversus abdominis mm.

Front 12

What are these structures?

Back 12

2 aponeurosis
2' pelvic tendon
2" abdominal tendon
3 superficial inguinal ring
4 heave line

Front 13

What are the OIAI of the external abdominal oblique m.?
Which ways do the fibers run?

Back 13

O: Lateral surfaces of 4th-18th ribs and the fascia over the external intercostal mm.; thoracolumbar fascia
I: Linea alba and prepubic tendon, tuber coxae and body of the ilium, medial femoral fascia
Innervation: Ventral brs. of thoracic and lumbar spinal nn.
Action: Compress the abdominal viscera, as in defecation, urination, parturition and expiration; flex the trunk
Fibers directed ventrocaudally

Front 14

What are the OIAI of internal abdominal oblique m.? Which direction do the fibers course?

Back 14

O: Tuber coxae and adjacent part of the inguinal ligament
I: Cartilages of the last 4-5 ribs; linea alba and prepubic tendon
Innervation: Ventral brs. of thoracic and lumbar spinal nn.
Action: Compress the abdominal viscera, as in defecation, urination, parturition and expiration; flex the trunk
Fibers course ventrally, cranially and medially

Front 15

What are the OIAI of the transversus abdominis m. of the horse?

What is different in the ox?

Back 15

O: Medial surface of the ventral ends or cartilages of the asternal ribs and the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae via thoracolumbar fascia
I: Xiphoid cartilage and linea alba
Innervation: Ventral brs. of thoracic and lumbar spinal nn.
Action: Compress the abdominal viscera, as in defecation, urination, parturition and expiration; flex the trunk
Dorsal part is muscular, ventral part is aponeurotic. In the ox it goes aponeurosis, muscle, aponeurosis.

Front 16

What are the OIAI of the rectus abdominis m?

Back 16

8
O: Cartilages of the 4th or 5th to 9th ribs and the adjacent surface of the sternum
I: Pubis via the prepubic tendon
Innervation: Ventral brs. of thoracic and lumbar spinal nn.
Action: Similar to that of external and internal abdominal oblique mm. (abdominal compression); flex the lumbosacral joints and the lumbar and thoracic parts of the spine

Front 17

What are the OIAI of the transversus abdominis m in the ox?

Back 17

O: Deep lumbar fascia from the transverse processes of the first 5 lumbar vertebrae, medial surface of the ventral ends or cartilages of the asternal ribs, the transversalis fascia, and the caudomedial surface of the last rib
I: Linea alba
Innervation: Ventral brs. of thoracic and lumbar spinal nn.
Action: Retract the ribs and compress the abdominal viscera
Dorsal part is aponeurotic, costal attachment is muscular

Front 18

What layers of muscles will you be incising through when you cut into the paralumbar fossa?

Back 18

see the picture

Front 19

How far will the dorsal branches of the spinal nerves course?

Back 19

Extends ventrally to the level of the stifle or patella - so you need to block both the ventral and dorsal branches when working in this area.

Look at the cutaneous branches here.

Front 20

What nerves innervate the flank of the ruminant?

Back 20

Dorsal and ventral brs. of T13, L1, L2, L3 spinal nerves
Ventral brs.
T13 – costoabdominal n.
L1 – iliohypogastric n.
L2 – ilioinguinal n.
L3 – genitofemoral n.

Front 21

To perform surgery in the paralumbar region, what nerves needs to be anesthetized?

Back 21

To perform surgery in the paralumbar region, it is necessary to anesthetize the dorsal and ventral branches of T13, L1 and L2 spinal nerves

Front 22

What are the boundaries to the paravertebral block of the paralumbar region of the ruminant?

Back 22

You only perform this block on the side that you are performing surgery.

T13 spinal n.
Palpate last rib and transverse processes of L1 and L2
Insert needle vertically 5 cm in ox (3 cm in sheep and goat) from dorsal midline in a transverse plane at the cranial angles of the tips of the transverse process of L1.
Anesthetize both dorsal and ventral branches of T13 since they are close together at this point.

L1 and L2 spinal nn.
Make similar injections at the transverse planes at the caudal borders of the transverse processes of L1 and L2

Nerves are infiltrated close to the vertebrae

Front 23

What are the advantages and disadvantages to the paravertebral block of the paralumbar fossa of the ruminant?

Back 23

Nerves are infiltrated close to the vertebrae

Advantages:
Uniform anesthesia of all structures of the paralumbar fossa including the peritoneum
Good muscle relaxation

Disadvantages:
Technique important to avoid puncturing the aorta, caudal vena cava or azygous v.
Paralyzes back muscles on the side of the operation causing a convexity of the trunk
Viscera may bulge out of the incision
Closure is more difficult

Front 24

What are the boundaries to the paralumbar block of the paralumbar region of the ruminant?

Back 24

You only perform this block on the side that you are performing surgery.

T13 spinal n.
Dorsal and ventral to the tip of L1 transverse process and between the last rib and transverse process
L1 spinal n.
Dorsal and ventral to the caudal edge of L2 transverse process
L2 spinal n.
Dorsal and ventral to the caudal edge of L4 transverse process
May need additional injection midway between L3 and L4 vertebrae since we're performing this laterally.

Nerves are blocked at the tips of the transverse processes

Front 25

What are the advantages and disadvantages to the paralumbar block of the paralumbar fossa of the ruminant?

Back 25

Nerves are blocked at the tips of the transverse processes

Advantages:
Uniform anesthesia of all structures of the paralumbar fossa including the peritoneum
Good muscle relaxation
Back muscles are not paralyzed

Disadvantages:
Possible individual variation in position of spinal nerves may necessitate additional injections

Front 26

What are the nerves you'd block and the site of injection of the lumbar epidural in the ruminant?

Back 26

Block T13, L1, L2 spinal nerves
Site of injection – between L1 and L2 vertebrae

Front 27

What nerves need to be blocked to anesthetize the udder of the cow, ewe and doe?

Back 27

Cow - block ventral brs of L1-L4 spinal nerves
Ewe and doe - block ventral brs of L2-L4 spinal nerves

Front 28

Where does the costal part of the horse diaphragm attach?

Back 28

Attaches to the cartilages of ribs 8-10, ribs 11-18

Front 29

Where does the sternal part of the horse diaphragm attach?
Where do the lumbar parts of the diaphragm of the horse attach?

Back 29

Dorsal surface of xiphoid cartilage

Right crus – lumbar vertebrae 1-4 (or 5) via ventral longitudinal ligament
Left crus – lumbar vertebrae 1 and 2 via ventral longitudinal ligament

Front 30

What are the openings of the diaphragm of the horse? What passes through them?

Back 30

Aortic hiatus – between the two crura
Aorta (9)
Right azygous v. (10)
Thoracic duct (11)

Esophageal hiatus – perforates the right crus near its junction with the central tendon
Esophagus (14)
Dorsal and ventral vagal trunks (12)
Esophageal vessels

Caval foramen – courses through central tendon toward the right side
Caudal vena cava (13)

Front 31

What courses through the diaphragm in the ruminant?

Back 31

Aortic hiatus
Aorta
Left azygous v. (it's the right azygous in the horse)
Thoracic duct

Esophageal hiatus
Esophagus
Dorsal and ventral vagal trunks
Esophageal vessels

Caval foramen
Caudal vena cava

Front 32

What are the two splenic ligaments?

Which one can cause colic?

Back 32

Gastrosplenic ligament
Renosplenic (nephrosplenic) ligament

Intestines can get looped over the renosplenic ligament and cause colic.

Front 33

Which liver lobe will you primarily see on the left side of the horse?

What about on the right side?

Back 33

Left side: The left lateral lobe.
Right side: Liver – left medial, quadrate, right and caudate lobes

Front 34

What is the analogy to the fundus of the stomach in the horse?

Back 34

The saccus cecus

Front 35

If you find a smooth muscle band in intestine where do you know you are?

Back 35

The large intestine - they are haustra.

Front 36

If you're auscultating the right paralumbar fossa of the horse what are you listening to?

Back 36

The base of the cecum.

Front 37

ID 14, 15, 13, 16 in this caudal view of the ruminant.

Where do these structures course between?

Back 37

Greater omentum
Superficial leaf (14)
Courses from the dorsal body wall on the right side to the left longitudinal groove of the rumen
Deep leaf (15)
Courses from the dorsal body wall on right side to the right longitudinal groove of the rumen
Forms the supraomental recess (13)
Omental bursa (16)
Space located between the superficial and deep leaves of the greater omentum

Front 38

What does the deep leaf of the greater omentum form a sling for? What recess does it form?

Back 38

Sling for intestines
Forms the supraomental recess.

Front 39

Which species has a thicker greater omentum - small ruminants or ox?

Back 39

Ox

Front 40

Which of these structures is the reticulum? How do you know?

Back 40

2
It sits next to the diaphragm on the other side of the pericardium.

Front 41

What lobes of the liver can you see on the right side of the ruminant abdomen?

Back 41

Liver – right, quadrate, left, caudate lobes

Front 42

Is the gall bladder of the ruminant visible on the right or left side?

Back 42

Right

Front 43

Is the abomasum of the ruminant visible on the right or left side?

Back 43

Right

Front 44

Is the omasum of the ruminant visible on the right or left side?

Back 44

Right - covered by lesser omentum.

Front 45

Name!

Back 45

Esophagus (5)
Dorsal sac of rumen (11)
Reticulum (6)
Omasum (9)
Abomasum (10)
Descending duodenum (12)
Intestinal mass (13)

Front 46

What organs project on the right thoracic wall of the ruminant?

Back 46

What organs project on the left thoracic wall of the ruminant?

Front 47

ID this stuff

Back 47

Rumen (A)
Longitudinal groove separates the dorsal (7) and ventral (9) sacs
Reticulum (B)
Omasum (C)
Abomasum (D)

Front 48

Why can't we see things on the right side of the ruminant?

Back 48

The greater omentum covers it all

Front 49

What are 3, 4, and 6?

Back 49

3 – apex of cecum
4 - right ventral colon
6 – left ventral colon then transverse colon then descending colon

Front 50

What will you see on the right side equine abdominal topography?

Back 50

Right kidney
Liver – left medial, quadrate, right and caudate lobes
Jejunum
Cecum
Base
Body
Right ventral colon (part of ascending colon)
Right dorsal colon (part of ascending colon)

Front 51

What will you see on the left side of equine abdominal topography?

Back 51

Spleen
Gastrosplenic ligament
Left kidney
Renosplenic (nephrosplenic) ligament
Liver – left lateral lobe
Stomach – saccus cecus and body
Greater omentum
Jejunum
Descending colon
Left ventral colon (part of ascending colon)
Left dorsal colon (part of ascending colon)

Front 52

What will you see on the left side of ruminant abdominal topography?

Back 52

Spleen (4)
Rumen
Dorsal sac (7)
Ventral sac is covered by greater omentum
Left longitudinal groove
Caudodorsal blind sac (8)
Left dorsal coronary groove
Greater omentum (9)
Reticulum (2)

Front 53

What will you see on the right side of ruminant abdominal topography?

Back 53

Liver – right, quadrate, left, caudate lobes
Gall bladder (27)
Right kidney (14)
Greater omentum (20,21)
Abomasum (29)
-Pyloric region (28)
Duodenum
-Cranial part (26)
-Cranial duodenal flexure
-Descending duodenum (13)
Omasum (30) (covered by lesser omentum)