Gross Anatomy: Pharynx Soft Palate And Infratemporal Fossa

Front 1

Functions of the pharynx

Back 1

1. Respiratory
2. Gastrointestinal
3. Immunologic

Front 2

The airway is _____ to the food way

Back 2

anterior

Front 3

Layers of the pharyngeal wall are

Back 3

mucous membrane
pharyngobasilar fascia
muscular layer
buccopharyngeal fascia

Front 4

Mucous membrane of the pharyngeal wall is

Back 4

Respiratory epithelium above soft palate
b. Stratified squamous below soft palate

Front 5

Pharyngobasilar fascia is

Back 5

a. Above pharyngeal constrictor
b. Dense submucosa

Front 6

Muscular layer of the pharyngeal wall is

Back 6

a. Outer circular
b. Inner longitudinal

Front 7

Structures above superior constrictor

Back 7

a. Cartilage of the auditory tube
b. Levator veli palatini muscle
c. Ascending palatine artery

Front 8

Structures between superior and middle constrictors

Back 8

a. Stylopharyngeus muscle
b. Glossopharyngeal nerve

Front 9

Structures between middle and inferior constrictors

Back 9

a. Superior laryngeal artery
b. Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve

Front 10

Structures below inferior constrictor

Back 10

a. Inferior laryngeal artery
b. Inferior laryngeal nerve

Front 11

Subdivisions of the pharynx

Back 11

1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngeal pharynx

Front 12

Openings of the Pharynx

Back 12

1. Choanae
2. Auditory (pharyngotympanic) tubes
3. Isthmus of the fauces (opening into oropharynx)
4. Superior aperture of the larynx
5. Opening into esophagus

Front 13

Surface features of the nasopharynx

Back 13

a. Opening of auditory tube
b. Torus tubarius
c. Torus levatorius (levator cushion)
d. Salpingopalatine fold
e. Salpingopharyngeal fold
f. Pharyngeal recess
g. Pharyngeal tonsil

Front 14

Surface features of the oropharynx

Back 14

a. Palatoglossal arch
b. Palatine tonsil
c. Palatopharyngeal arch
d. Lateral glossoepiglottic fold
e. Epiglottic vallecula
f. Median glossoepiglottic fold
g. Lingual tonsil
h. Terminal sulcus

Front 15

Surface features of the laryngeal pharynx

Back 15

. Epiglottis
b. Aryepiglottic fold
c. Piriform recess

Front 16

Lymphatic drainage of the pharynx

Back 16

1. The pharyngeal lymphatic (tonsillar) ring around the superior pharynx is formed of the pharyngeal, tubal, palatine, and lingual tonsils.
2. Regional Drainage

Front 17

Nasopharynx lymphatic drainage

Back 17

to retropharyngeal and superior deep cervical nodes

Front 18

Soft palate lymphatic drainage

Back 18

to superior deep cervical nodes

Front 19

Oropharynx lymph drainage

Back 19

to superior deep cervical nodes

Front 20

Laryngeal pharynx lymph drainage

Back 20

to superior deep cervical nodes

Front 21

Palatine aponeurosis

Back 21

1. Central layer of the soft palate
2. Attached to hard palate anteriorly
3. Attached to muscles posteriorly and laterally

Front 22

Tensor veli palatini

Back 22

a. Arises from scaphoid fossa and cartilage of auditory tube
b. Descends vertically
c. Tendon passes around hamulus
d. Inserts in palatine aponeurosis
e. Pulls laterally on palate

Front 23

Levator veli palatini

Back 23

a. Arises from petrous part of temporal bone
b. Slants inferiorly, anteriorly, and medially
c. Inserts in upper surface of palatine aponeurosis
d. Pulls upward on palate

Front 24

Uvular muscle

Back 24

a. Arises from palatine aponeurosis
b. Courses posteriorly
c. Inserts in uvula

Front 25

Palatopharyngeus

Back 25

a. Arises from palatine aponeurosis
b. Passes behind palatine tonsil
c. Spreads out on inner surface of pharyngeal wall

Front 26

Palatoglossus

Back 26

a. Arises from inferior aspect of palatine aponeurosis
b. Passes in front of palatine tonsil
c. Inserts into side of tongue

Front 27

Submucosa of the soft palate

Back 27

1. Loose connective tissue
2. Palatine (minor salivary) glands

Front 28

Mucous membrane of the soft palate

Back 28

1. Non-keratinized epithelium
a. Stratified squamous on oral side
b. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar on nasal side
2. Abundant blood vessels (to be studied later)

Front 29

During speech- Closure of the _______ occurs

Back 29

nasopharynx


1. Side walls of pharyngeal isthmus are brought inward
a. Palatopharyngeus
b. Salpingopharyngeus
c. Stylopharyngeus
2. Soft palate is elevated by levator veli palatini

Front 30

During swallowing stage one is ______

Back 30

voluntary; the bolus is compressed against the palate and pushed from the mouth into the oropharynx, mainly by movements of the muscles of the tongue and soft palate.

Front 31

During swallowing stage two is _____

Back 31

involuntary and rapid; the soft palate is elevated, sealing off the nasopharynx from the oropharynx and laryngopharynx. The pharynx widens and shortens to receive the bolus of food as the suprahyoid muscles and longitudinal pharyngeal muscles contract, elevating the larynx.

Front 32

During swallowing stage three is

Back 32

nvoluntary; sequential contraction of all three constrictor muscles forces the food bolus inferiorly into the esophagus.

Front 33

Thyroid cartilage of the larynx

Back 33

a. Shield-shaped
b. Open posteriorly
c. Suspended from hyoid
d. Articulates below with cricoid

Front 34

Cricoid cartilage of the larynx

Back 34

only complete ring in airway

Front 35

Epiglottic cartilage of the larynx

Back 35

a. Petal-shaped
b. Attached to inside of the "V" of the thyroid
c. Elastic

Front 36

Arytenoid cartilage of the larynx

Back 36

a. Pyramidal
b. Articulate with top of cricoid lamina
c. Attached to back of vocal ligament

Front 37

Articulations of the larynx-synovial joints

Back 37

1. Cricothyroid
2. Cricoarytenoid

Front 38

Quadrangular membrane

Back 38

a. Begins within the aryepiglottic fold
b. Ends inferiorly in the vestibular ligament

Front 39

Elastic cone

Back 39

a. Begins at cricoid cartilage
b. Ends at vocal ligaments
c. Also called cricothyroid ligament

Front 40

Vocal ligaments are in the upper free borders of the _____

Back 40

elastic cone

Front 41

Attachments of the vocal ligaments

Back 41

(a) Inside the "V" of the thyroid cartilage
(b) Vocal process of arytenoid cartilage

Front 42

Median cricothyroid ligament

Back 42

(1) Anterior thickening of elastic cone
(2) Attaches cricoid and thyroid cartilages

Front 43

Membranes and ligaments of the larynx

Back 43

quadrangular membrane
elastic cone
Thyrohyoid membrane

Front 44

Cavity of the larynx includes

Back 44

vestibule
ventricle
infraglottic cavity

Front 45

Vestibule

Back 45

a. Begins at superior laryngeal aperture
b. Ends at vestibular folds

Front 46

Ventricles of the larynx

Back 46

a. Lateral expansions of laryngeal cavity below vestibular folds
b. End inferiorly at vocal folds

Front 47

Infraglottic cavity of the larynx

Back 47

a. Expansion of laryngeal cavity below the vocal folds
b. Beginning of the lower airway
c. Continues into trachea at lower border of cricoid

Front 48

Muscles of the larynx are arranged to

Back 48

control movements of the different cartilages on each other and to control the size of the airway within the larynx.

Front 49

Cricothyroid

Back 49

a. Tenses the vocal folds
b. Innervated by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve

Front 50

Transverse and oblique arytenoids

Back 50

a. Note that the arytenoid muscle also adduct the vocal folds.
b. Innervated by the inferior laryngeal nerve

Front 51

Posterior cricoarytenoid

Back 51

a. Only muscle that abducts the vocal folds
b. Innervated by the inferior laryngeal nerve

Front 52

Vocalis muscle

Back 52

a. A portion of the thyroarytenoid
b. Fine adjustments in tension of the vocal folds to permit the production of sound.
c. Innervated by the inferior laryngeal nerve

Front 53

Superior laryngeal nerve (Innervation by CNX)

Back 53

a. Internal branch supplies sensory innervation above vocal folds
b. External branch supplies cricothyroid muscle

Front 54

Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve supplies

Back 54

sensory innervation above vocal folds

Front 55

External branch of superior laryngeal nerves supplies

Back 55

External branch supplies cricothyroid muscle

Front 56

Inferior laryngeal nerve

Back 56

a. Supplies sensory innervation below vocal folds
b. Supplies all intrinsic muscles except cricothyroid

Front 57

Arteries to the larynx include

Back 57

superior laryngeal artery
inferior laryngeal artery

Front 58

Superior laryngeal artery

Back 58

(1) From superior thyroid artery
(2) Supplies larynx above vocal folds

Front 59

Inferior laryngeal artery

Back 59

(1) From inferior thyroid artery
(2) Supplies larynx below vocal folds

Front 60

Veins to the larynx _____

Back 60

parallel arteries;
inferior and superior laryngeal veins

Front 61

Functions of the larynx

Back 61

vocalization
closure of the superior laryngeal aperture (guarding the airway)
valsalva maneuver (closure of vestibular folds)

Front 62

Vocalization

Back 62

1. Vibrations set up in exhaled air by slight opening of glottis
2. Selective closure of the glottis modulates vibrations

Front 63

"Closure" of Superior Laryngeal Aperture (Guarding the Airway)

Back 63

1. During swallowing and vomiting

Front 64

Valsalva Maneuver (closure of vestibular folds)

Back 64

1. Coughing or sneezing
2. Lifting, pushing, etc.
3. Urination, defecation, parturition, or vomiting

Front 65

The temporal lines are the _______and ______ boundaries of the temporal fossa

Back 65

posterior and superior

Front 66

The frontal and zygomatic bones are the______boundary of the temporal fossa

Back 66

anterior

Front 67

A plane that passes from the zygomatic arch to the infratemporal crest of the sphenoid is the
______boundary of the temporal fossa

Back 67

inferior