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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Protective structures of the brain
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-cranium
-meninges -cerebrospinal fluid -blood-brain barrier |
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Cranium
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bony helmet composed of the 8 cranial bones
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Meninges
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-Dura-matter
-arachnoid matter -pia matter |
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Cerebrospinal fluid
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filtered from blood, located in ventricles and subarachnoid space, acts as liquid cushion, provides buoyancy, nutrients, and removes metabolic wastes
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Blood-brain barrier
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selective barrier that prevents harmful substances in blood from crossing to the brain
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The brain
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4 major structures - cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum
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Cerebrum
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divided into 2 hemispheres separated by a longitudinal fissure, and held together by the corpus callosum
The lateral ventricles are separated by the membrane septum pellucidum Functions include higher mental abilities - memory and reason |
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Cerebral hemisphere divisions
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frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital lobes visible externally
insula not viewable externally - covered by other lobes, deep to lateral sulcus |
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Cerebral hemisphere sulci
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central sulcus - separates frontal and parietal lobes, precentral gyrus in frontal lobe before sulcus, postcentral gyrus in parietal lobe after sulcus
lateral sulcus - separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobe parieto-occipital sulcus - separates parietal lobe from occipital lobe |
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Cerebral hemisphere regions
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cerebral cortex - highly convoluted, made of gray matter
white matter - deep to cerebral cortex, composed of tracts of myelinated axons basal nuclei - islands of nuclei within the white matter |
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Cerebral cortex surface structures
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gyrus - elevated ridge
sulcus - "valley" between gyri fissure - deeper sulcus |
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Functional areas in cerebral cortex
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motor areas - control voluntary movements - primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, broca's area, frontal eye field - all in frontal lobe
sensory areas - for conscious awareness of sensation, primary somatosensory cortex, primary visual cortex, primary auditory cortex, primary olfactory cortex, primary gustatory cortex association areas - integrate and interpret sensory inputs from sensory areas - each primary area has an association area |
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Broca's area
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base of precentral gyrus, motor speech area - articulation of words
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Wernicke's area
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base of postcentral gyrus, only in 1 hemisphere - processing of words
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Prefrontal cortex
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anterior portion of frontal lobe - complex reasoning, intellect and personality
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Hearing area
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temporal lobe below lateral sulcus
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Taste area
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postcentral gyrus superior to lateral sulcus
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Diencephalon structures
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Thalamus - relay center for all sensory info except smell to cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus - regulation of visceral activities and body functions, emotions and instincts, secretes 9 hormones - connected to pituitary gland via infundibulum Epithalamus - contains pineal gland which secretes melatonin - sleep inducing hormone |
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Brain Stem
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Blends into spinal cord, includes
-Midbrain - contains corpora quadragemina - pair of superior colliculi(visual reflex), and inferior colliculi(auditory reflex), cerebral peduncles - tracts that connect pons to cerebrum, cerebral aqueduct - pathway for cerebrospinal fluid pons - contains fiber tracts connecting cerebrum to cerebellum medulla oblongata - regulates autonomic functions - heart rate, blood pressure, breathing - blends in with spinal cord at foramen magnum |
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Cerebellum
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2 hemisphere separated by longitudinal fissure called vermis
thin superficial gray matter layer, deep layer of white matter called arbor vitae Function: specializes in fine movements - helps learn new movements, regoin most affected by alcohol |
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Arachnoid Matter
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middle of 3 meninges, very delicate, net-like, spreads over the CNS
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Pia Matter
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very thin, highly vascularized, follows contours of brain surface(in both fissures and sulci), helps nourish brain and spinal cord
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Subarachnoid space
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area between arachnoid matter and pia matter - filled with cerebrospinal fluid
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Cerebrospinal fluid
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produced by choroid plexuses
forms watery cushion - protects brain and spinal cord circulates through ventricles |
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Dura Matter
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connective tissue that covers & protects brain and spinal cord
Outermost meninge - attached to skull 2 layers: Periosteal layer - outer layer attached to inner cranium surface, Meningeal layer - inner layer, projects into fissures, continuous with dura matter of spinal cord |
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Cranial nerves
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Part of PNS
12 pairs of cranial nerves - primarily serve head and neck labeled consecutively by roman numerals, described by name, number, origin, and function |
