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156 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Integumentary System
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*Skin
*Largest Organ of the body *All over inside and outside of body *Function: 1. Regulates body temperature 2. Protection 3. Sensation 4. Excretion 5. Immunity 6. Synthesis of vitamin D |
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2 Types of Skin
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Glabrous
Hairy Skin |
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Glabrous
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Hairless Skin
i.e.: palm, soles, lips, umbilicus, parts of external genitalia |
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2 layers of skin
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Epidermis
Dermis |
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Epidermis
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*Thin, Avascular
*Top Layer: Stratum Corneum *Bottom: Stratum Basale |
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Four types of Cells in Epidermis
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1) Keratinocytes (90%)- waterproofing/ grip
2) Melanocytes- skin coloration 3) Langerhans- immunity 4) Merkel- Touch |
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Stratum Basale
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1. AKA Stratum Germinativum
2. Deepest layer 3. Actively undergoing mitotic division- pushing older cells upward |
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Stratum Corneum
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1. Outer Layer
2. Cornified or Keratinized 3. Cells sloughped off 4. Varies in thickness- thicker where glabrous |
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Melanin
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*Skin Pigment
*Highest Concentration in Stratum Basale |
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Surface Marking of Epidermis
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1) Papillary Ridges
2) Tension LInes 3) Flexure lines |
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Papillary Ridges
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Prints found only on glabrous skin
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Tension Lines
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*Formed in every part of the epidermis
* Non keratinized lines * Allow movement and stretch in skin |
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Flexure Lines
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*Formed where underlying joints bend the skin
*Improves Joint movement |
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Dermis
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*Connective tissue that is well-vascularized and highly-innervated.
*Thickness varies- thicker on posterior surfaces and thicker on men |
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2 Layers of the dermis
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1. Papillary
2. Reticular Layer |
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Papillary Layer
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1. Adjacent to Epidermis
2. Highly sensitive vascular eminences 3. Only found where papillary ridges are formed |
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Reticular Layer
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Bundles of collagen fibers that form most of dermis
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Cleavage Lines/ Langer's Lines
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Bundles of Collagen fibers arranged in characteristic patterns forming cleavage lines
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Skin Appendages
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1. Cutaneous muscles
2. Glands 3. Finger/ Toe nails 4. Hair |
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Cutaneous Muscles
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* AKA Integumentary Muscles
* Orginate and insert on the dermis or/and superficial fascia |
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Striated Cutaneous Muscles
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*Platysma
*Facial Expression *Palmaris brevis o hand |
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Smooth Cutaneous Muscles
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*Arrector Pili muscles
*Dermis layer of scrotum, penis, labia majora & nipples |
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Nails
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Plates of keratin that are homologous to the stratum corneum
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Nail Body
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Exposed portion of nail
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Lunule of nail
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Pale crescent at proximal end of plate
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Matrix of nail
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Deep to lunule- very thick epithelium
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Root of nail
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Part of nail proximal to the body and is covered by skin.
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4 Types of Hair
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1. Lanugo
2. Vellus 3. Terminal 4. Vibrissae |
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Lanugo
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fine downy hair covering a fetus- falls of shortly after birth
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Vellus
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Short delicate hair which covers most of the body
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Terminal
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*Long, thick hair.
*Covers the head, axilla, pubic regions, chest, abdomen and legs |
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Vibrissae
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Long straight hairs associated with special sensory organs like nose and ears.
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Parts of hair
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1) Root- implanted in skin
2) Shaft- projects from the surface 3) Hair Follicle- holds root 4) Sebaceous Glands- empty into hair follicles 5) Arrector Pili muscle- attached to each hair follicle |
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Cutaneous Glands
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1. Sebaceous Glands
2. Sweat Glands |
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Sebaceous Glands
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*Oily secretions into hair follicles.
*Found all over skin but mostly in scalp & face |
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Sweat Glands
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*Sudoriferous
*Secrete a serous/ watery substance *Found all over skin |
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2 Types of Sudoriferous glands
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1. Eccrine- Temperature control. Directly on surface of epidermis- mainly on grip surface
2. Apocrine- Pheremones. Localized in eyelids, external ear, nipples, axilla, circumanal, genital regions |
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5 Bone Shapes
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1. Long
2. Short 3. Flat 4. Irregular 5. Sesamoid |
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Long Bones
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*i.e. Humerus & Femur
*Mainly in limbs * Epiphyses, diaphysis, metaphyses |
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Short Bones
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*Only in hands and feet
*Usually somewhat cubical in shape |
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Flat Bones
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*i.e. Scapula and Illium
*Protective in function |
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Irregular Bones
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*i.e. facial bones and vertebrae
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Sesamoid Bones
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*Looks like sesame seeds.
*Develop in certain tendons to reduce friction on tendon. Protects from excessive wear *Patella is largest |
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3 Types of Muscles
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1. Skeletal- Voluntary
2. Cardiac- Involuntary 3. Smooth- Involuntary |
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Tendon
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*Dense connective tissue
*Attachment: Bone to Muscle |
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Aponeurosis
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Broad tendon and is the attachment of a flat muscle
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Fascia
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*Covers muscles and organs
*Deep or Superficial |
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Superficial Fascia
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*Fat cells, blood vessels, nerves
*Loose connective tissue that separates dermis from deep fascia *Insulation & Protection |
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Areas where superfiscial and deep fascia are closely adherent.
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*Scalp
*Palm *Sole *Flexure lines of skin *Midline of nuchal region (back of neck) |
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Deep Fascia
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*Dense connective tissue that surrounds all structures in the body.
*Covers muscles & organs. *Forms discrete well-defined compartments- neck, leg, thigh, arm, breast, lungs *Function: prevents spread of infection and malignant disease |
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2 Joint Categories
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Solid Joints
Cavity |
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Joint
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Bone + Bone
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Arthrology
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Study of Joints
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3 Kinds of Fibrous/ Synarthrodial Joints (Solid Joints)
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1. Sutures
2. Syndesmoses 3. Gomphoses |
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Suture
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*Bones held together by several layers of fibrous tissue- suture ligaments.
*Skull only *Sagittal, Lambdoidal, Coronal |
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Syndesmoses
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*Bones held together by a SHEET of fibrous tissue
*e.g. interosseous membrane btwn tibia & fibula *connects 2 long bones |
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Gomphosis
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*Holds a tooth in alveolar socket
*Periodontal ligament |
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2 kinds of Cartilaginous/ Amphiarthrodia Joints (Solid Joints)
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1. Synchondrosis
2. Symphysis *allow some degree of movement |
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1 Kind of Cavity Joint
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Synovial Joint
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Synchondrosis
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*Primary cartilaginous joint
*Hyaline cartilage connecting 2 bones *Temporary (long bones) and Permanent (Sternocostal) |
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Symphysis
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*Secondary cartilaginous joints
*Hyaline cartilage + fibrocartilage that connect 2 bones *Limited movement *Pubis & Interbody Joint of Spine |
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Synostosis Joints
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When Fibrous tissue and Cartilage ossify- fuse together
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Synovial/ Diarthrodia Joints (Cavity)
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*Most common
*Relatively free movement *Less stability |
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4 Types of Synovial Joint Movement
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1. Gliding
2. Flexion/ Extension 3. Abduction/ Adduction 4. Circumduction 5. Rotation |
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Gliding
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*Simplest motion
*No angular or rotatory movement *2 surfaces gliding over each other |
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Flexion/ Extenstion
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*Transverse (X) Axis, Sagittal Plane
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Abduction/ Adduction
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*Anteroposterior (Z) Axis
*Coronal (frontal) Plane |
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Circumduction
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*Sequence of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction
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Rotation
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*When bone rotates around its longitudinal (Y) axis, in a horizontal plane
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Transverse Axis
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*X Axis
*Saggital Plane |
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Anteroposterior Axis
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*Z Axis
*Coronal (Frontal) Plane |
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Longitudinal Axis
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*Y Axis
*Horizontal Plane |
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3 Types of Synovial Joints
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1) Simple- 2 bones & 1 joint cavity
2) Compound- 3 or more bones & 1 joint cavity 3) Composite (Complex)- Articular Disc separates joint cavity into 2 synovial sacs |
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Example of Compound Synovial Joint
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Knee
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Example of Composite (Complex) Synovial Joint
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1. Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
2. Sternoclavicular (SC) Joint |
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Classifications of Synovial Joints
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1. Uniaxial
2. Biaxial 3. Triaxial |
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Ginglymus
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*Hinge Joint
*Uniaxial Synovial Joint *Resemble door hinge *Transverse (X) axis *Flexion/Extension only EXAMPLES: Humeroulnar & Interphalangeal |
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Trochoid
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*Pivot Joints
*Uniaxial *Bony pivot-like process and a bony ring/notch. *Rotate only around longitudinal (Y) axis EXAMPLES: Proximal/ Distal radioulnar joints (Elbow/Wrist); Median Antlantoaxial Joint |
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Condyloid Joint
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AKA: Elliposoid Joints
Synovial Joint: Biaxial Appearance: Concave & Convex articular surfaces Axis: Transverse (X) & Anterposterior (Z) (right angles) Movement: Flexion/ Extension; Abduction/Adduction; circumduction EXAMPLES: Radiocarpal joint (wrist) & Metacarpophalangeal joints |
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Sellar Joint
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AKA: Saddle Joints
Synovial Joint: Biaxial Appearance: Saddles for horses- perpendicular on each other Axis: Transverse (X) & Anteroposterior (Z) Movement: Flexion/ Extension, Abduction/ Adduction, Circumduction EXAMPLES: Carpometacarpal joint of thumb & Talocrural joint of ankle |
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Bicondylar Joint
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Synovial Joint: Biaxial
Appearance: Pair of concave/ convex articular surfaces Axis: Transverse (X) & Longitudinal (Y)- perpendicular Movement: Flexion/ Extension, rotation EXAMPLES: Temporomandibular Joint; Knee |
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Spheroidal Joint
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AKA: Ball & Socket
Synovial Joint: Triaxial Appearance: Globular head & cup-shaped cavity Axis: Transverse (X), Anteroposterior (Z), Longitudinal (Y) Movement: Flexion/ Extension, Abduction/ Adduction, Circumduction, Rotation EXAMPLES: Hip; Glenohumeral joint of shoulder |
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Plane Joints
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AKA: Gliding
Synovial Joint: varies Appearance: Flat articular surface allowing gliding movements Uniaxial Examples: Intercarpal & Intertarsal Joints Biaxial Examples: Midcarpal & Midtarsal Joints Triaxial Examples: Zygapophyseal |
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Elements of a Synovial Joint
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1. At least 2 bones
2. Ends are covered by articular cartilage 3. Separated by a Joint Cavity 4. Connected by a Joint Capsule- Articular Capsule |
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Articular Cartlidge
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Mostly Hyaline Cartilage but some are fibrocartilage
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Articular Capsule
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*AKA Joint Capsule
*Tough outer Fibrous Layer & thin inner Synovial Membrane enclosing ligament connections |
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Synovial Membrane
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*Inside Articular Capsule
*Synovial Membrane does not cover the articular cartilage *Function: 1) Lubricate 2) Nourish articular cartilage 3) Absorb shock |
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Bursae
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*Sac filled with synovial fluid and lined with synovial membrane.
*Found between surfaces that rub together |
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3 types of Bursae
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1) Subcutaneous- skin & bone
2) Subtendinous- Tendon & bone 3) Submuscular- Muscle & bone |
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Synovial Tendon Sheaths
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*Facilitates gliding movements
*Mostly found in wrist and ankle |
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OLympic OPium OCcupies TRoubled TRiathletes After Finishing VEgas Gambling VAcations Still HIgh
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I. Olfactory
II. Optic III. Oculomotor IV. Trochlear V. Trigeminal VI. Abducens VII. Facial VIII. Vestibulocochlear IX. Glossopharyngeal X. Vagus XI. Spinal Accessory XII. Hypoglossal |
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Cranial Nerves
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*From brain
*12 pairs OOOTTAFAGVSH SSMMBMBSBBMM |
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Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most
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I. Sensory
II. Sensory III. Motor IV. Motor V. Both VI. Motor VII. Both VIII. Sensory IX. Both X. Both XI. Motor XII. Motor |
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2 Types of Nerve Tissue
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1. Neurons- transmit neural impulses
2. Neurological cells- Nourishment to neurons |
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Function of Nervous System
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Regulate, control, coordinate and integrate activities of various body parts.
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
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Brain & Spinal Cord
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Branches of Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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1. Somatic- Voluntary; Cranial & Spinal Nerves
2. Autonomic- Involuntary; Visceral Nerves (Sympathetic & Parasympathetic) |
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V. Trigeminal Branches
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V1: Ophtlamic
V2: Maxillary V3: Mandibular |
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Spinal Nerves
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31 pairs:
8 Cervical 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 Sacral 1 Coccygeal *** All Mixed Except: C1- M; Co1- S |
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2 Spinal Cord Roots
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1) Ventral Root- Motor
2) Dorsal Root- Sensory |
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3 Branches of Spinal Nerve
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* Distal to IVF
1. Recurrent Meningeal Nerve 2. White & Gray Rami Communicans 3. Primary Ventral and Dorsal Rami |
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Recurrent Meningeal Nerve
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* Passes back into vertebral canal- provides sensory input
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White & Gray Communicans
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Convey sympathetic nerves to and from sympathetic chain ganglia
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Primary Ventral Rami
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Innervate skin & skeletal muscles of anterior and lateral trunk and extremities
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Primary Dorsal Rami
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31 pairs that innervate skin and skeletal muscles of posterior trunk.
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Plexuses
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Primary Ventral Rami in the following areas:
1. Cervical 2. Lumbar 3. Sacral 4. Coccygeal *** Thoracic remains as nerves. |
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Cervical Plexus
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Location: First 4 ventral rami of cervical nerves (C1-C4)
Innervates: Skin and muscles of neck |
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Brachial Plexus
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Location: Ventral rami of 5th to 8th Cervical nerves and by first Thoracic (C5-T1)
Innervates: Skin and muscles of upper limbs. |
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Lumbar Plexus
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Location: Ventral rami of first 4 lumbar nerves (L1-L4)
Innervates: Skin and muscles of lower limb |
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Sacral Plexus
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Location: L4-L5 & S1-S4
Innervates: Skin and Muscles of lower limbs |
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Coccygeal Plexus
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Location: Formed by 4th & 5th sacral nerves & Coccygeal nerve (S4-Co1)
Innervates: Skin & Coccygeal region (perineum) |
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Sympathetic Nerves
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Origin/ Primary Neuron: Spinal Cord (T1-L2)- Thoracolumbar System
Ganglia- Secondary Neuron: Sympathetic ganglia chain Description: Extra mural (short pre-ganglionic; long post-ganglionic) Innervation: 1. Vescera & Glands 2. Blood Vessels 3. Skin Appendages: blood vessels, sweat glands, Arrector Pilli Function: Flight or Fight in emergency |
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ParaSympathetic Nerves
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Origin/ Primary Neuron: Brain Stem- spinal cord (S2-S4; Cranio Sacral (Cranial Nerves 3, 7, 9, 10)
Ganglia- Secondary Neuron: Parasympathetic Ganglia-Chain Dexcription: Intra-mural Ganglia (Long Pre-ganglionic ; short post-ganglionic) Innervation: Viscera and Gland Only Function: Promote normal processes of the body in homeostasis |
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Dermatome
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*Region of skin innervated by sensory nerve endings of a specific spinal nerve.
*30 Dermatones (C1 has no sensory component) *C2-Co1 *Innervated from 3 nerves at cord levels i.e. C5 dermatome- innervated from C4, C5, C6 |
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Anethesia
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Neurological deficit in at least 3 adjacent cord levels
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Hypoesthesia or Paraesthesia
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Reduced sensation caused by dysfunction or impairment of only 1 spinal nerve
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Distribution of Dermatomes
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Head: C2-C3
Back: C2-Co1 Upper Extremity: C5-T1 Anterior Body: T1-T12 Lower Extremity: L1-S4 |
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Dermatome Testing
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Pinwheel for sensation
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Myotome
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*Muscle that is innervated by motor nerve endings
*Muscle tests |
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Muscle Test
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Polysynaptic reflex that includes voluntary activity by patient and involves higher brain centers
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Deep Tendon Reflex
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*DTR
*Monosynaptic reflex involving one sensory and one motor neuron. *Asses a specific spinal nerve and cord level associated with a muscle * Most common: C5, C6, C7, L4 & S1 *Reflex hammer |
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Circulatory System
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*Transport & Delivery System including:
1) Cardiovascular System 2) Lymphatic Systems |
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Cardiovascular System
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1. Heart
2. Blood Vessels 3. Blood Cells |
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Heart
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*4 chambers- 2 Atria & 2 Ventricles
*Blood enters heart via atria and exits through ventricles |
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Blood Vessels
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1. Arteries
2. Veins 3. Capillaries 4. Sinusoids |
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Arteries
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Carry blood away from heart and distributes through body
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Veins
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Returns blood from body to heart.
*** Most veins contain valves that prevent the reflux of blood |
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Capillaries
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Connect arteries to veins
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Capillary Beds
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*Communication networks of capillaries
*Gas and nutrition exchanges |
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Arteriovenous Anastomoses
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*Arteries and veins have direct connections- no capillaries
*e.g. skin of nose, lips, ears, fingers |
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Sinusoids
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*Wider and more irregular than capillaries.
*Replace capillaries in some organs *e.g. liver, spleen, suprarenal cortex, parathyroid glands |
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Blood Cells
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*Produced in marrow of long bones
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RBC
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*Red Blood Cells
* Broken down by the spleen and the liver after about 110 days *Iron- attachment site of oxygen and carbon dioxide |
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WBC
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*White Blood Cells
*Involved in immunity responses and are protective function |
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Aorta
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*Receives oxygenated blood from left ventricle
*Blood is distributed to arteries, capillary beds |
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Systemic Circulation
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1. Oxygenated blood from heart to left ventricle to Aorta
2. Deoxygenated blood returns to right atriaum via veins |
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Pulmonary Arteries
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Carry blood to lungs for oxygenated
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Pulmonary veins
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Carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium of heart
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Pulmonary Circulation
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1. Deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to pulmonary arteries.
2. Blood to lungs for oxygenated 3. Oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium of heart by pulmonary veins |
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Lymphatic System
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1. Lymphatic Organs
2. Lymphatic Vessels |
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Lymphatic Organs
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*Lymph Nodes
*Thymus *Spleen *Tonsils *Lymphatic Tissue in the intestines |
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Primary Function of Lymphatic Organs
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Protect and cleanse of body fluids
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Lymph Nodes- Locations
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1. Cervical
2. Axillary 3. Mediastinal 4. Inguinal |
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Function of Lymph Nodes
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*Filters that remove foreign material such as bacteria, virus and cancer cells
*Produce Lymphocytes that function in immune system |
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Thymus
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*Primary lymphatic organ
*Peak levels in adolescent only *T-Cells |
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Spleen
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*Destroys worn out RBC's
*Removes & Destroys bacteria, virus and blood debris *Produces RBC's in Embryo & blood less |
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Tonsils
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1. Palatine Tonsil- Mouth 'tonsil'
2. Pharyngeal Tonsil- adenoids 3. Tubal Tonsil- nasopharynx 4. Lingual Tonsil- tongue FUNCTION: Trap & destroy bacteria, viruses & foreign pathogens come through mouth & nose |
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Intestinal Lymphatic Tissue
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Protect the body from foreign pathogens
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Lymphatic Vessels
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1. Thoracic Duct- large
2. Right Lymphatic Duct- 2nd largest *Pick up proteins, fats, etc. leaked from blood and return to blood stream |
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Lymphatic Fluid Circulation
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Left Sublcavian Vein vs. Right Sublcavian Vein
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Chyle
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*Lymphatic fluid
*Milky |
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Left Subclavian Vein
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*Lower extremities
*Abdomen *Left head & neck *Left upper extremity *Left thorax ***Thoracic Duct empties into Left sublcavian |
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Right Subclavian Vein
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*Right head & neck
*Right upper extremity *Right thorax ***Right Lymphatic Duct drains to right subclavian |
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Lower Extremity
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1. Pelvic Girdle
2. Thigh 3. Leg 4. Foot |
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Foot
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*7 tarsal
*5 metatarsals *14 Phalanges |
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Sacroilliac Joint
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1. Anterior Synovial Joint
2. Posterior Fibrous Joint |
