Gre Psych -- Language

Front 1

Phonemes?

Back 1

Discrete sounds, but no meaning. e.g., p, sh, ee, etc.

Front 2

Morphemes

Back 2

The smallest units of meaning, made up of phonemes. e.g., boy, -ing, etc.

Front 3

Phrase

Back 3

Group of works that function as a singe syntactic part of a sentence.

Front 4

Syntax?

Back 4

Arrangement of words into sentences as prescribed by a particular language

Front 5

Grammar?

Back 5

Overall rules of the interrelationship between morphemes and syntax.

Front 6

Morphology?

Back 6

Grammar rules.

Front 7

Chomsky's two biggest things?

Back 7

(1) LAD -- children seem to be able to internalize language from a very young age, often making small grammatical errors, but had the right structural aspects. Natavistic/genetic interpretation of what language is.

(2) Transformational grammar -- differntiating between surface and deep structure. On the surface, two phrases might have different thing.. but in the deeper, semantic levels, they are conveying the same meaning.

Front 8

Overregularization?

Back 8

overapplication of grammar rules. e.g., child saying "I founded the toy".. the past tense suffix, ed, is redundant with "found".

Front 9

Overextension

Back 9

Generalizing with names for things. e.g., calling any furry thing a doggy.

Front 10

Telegraphic speech?

Back 10

speech without articles or extras, like a telegraph. e.g., me go.

Front 11

holophrastic speech

Back 11

using one word to mean a string of them. e.g, "me" -- holophrase,-- to mean "give that to me"

Front 12

Girls and language?

Back 12

Faster and more accurate in learning language

Front 13

Bilingual children?

Back 13

Are slower at learning

Front 14

Reading, writing, and the brain?

Back 14

Processed in the same parts of the brain.. though there are disticnt differences, since you can have alexia w/o agraphia (can't read, but can write), and vice versa. Also, might be alexia and agraphia, but can still speak/understand speech.

Front 15

Children and verbs?

Back 15

Learn them later... start off with only nouns to describe everything. i.e., mom shirt

Front 16

1,2,3,4 year old language hallmarks?

Back 16

1 - first words
2- > 50 vocab, in two or three word phrases
3 - 1,000-word vocab, but lots of grammatical error
4 - grammar problems are random exceptions

Front 17

Ben Whorf?

Back 17

Whorfian Hypothesis -- the language a culture speaks influences the horizons of their experience. Therefore important to do away with sexist language

Front 18

Robert Brown

Back 18

Children' understanding of grammatical rules develops as they make hypotheses about syntax works, and then self correct with experience.

Front 19

Katherine Nelson and active speech?

Back 19

Language learning only begins with children when they start actively speaking, and not when they are just passive listeners.

Front 20

William Labov and Black English?

Back 20

Found that Ebonics is actually a complicated language unto itself... has its own internal structure.. not just poor "real" english.

Front 21

Vygotsky and Luria?

Back 21

Russia's most popular psychologists. Word meanings are a complex development affected by interpersonal experience. Also that language is a tool involved in (not a byproduct of) the development of abstract thinking.

Front 22

Charles Osgood and Semantic differential charts?

Back 22

Plot the meanings of words on a chart. People with similiar background and interests plotted words similiarly. Indicated that words have similiar connotations for cultures and subcultures.