Gre Psych: Abnormal Psychology

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DSM IV (What are the axes?)

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DSM-IV: The most widely accepted scheme for classifying mental disorders. Has atheoretical descriptions.

DSM IV: Has 16 major diagnostic classes, and Multiaxial Assessment:
1. Axis I: Clinical Disorder (NOT personality disorder OR mental retardation)
2. Axis II: Personality disorder, mental retardation
3. Axis III: Any relevant medical condition
4. Axis IV: Any psychosocial/ environmental stressors that may have an influence.
5. Axis V: The clinician's judgment of overall functioning level. Assessed with GAF (Global Assessment of Functioning) scale 0-100.

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ADD/HD (symptoms/ rates)

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ADD/HD: Developmentally atypical inattention or impulsivity/ hyperactivity.

ex. short attention span/ can't stay on task, can't follow directions, hard times with group situations.

Hyperactivity: Motor activity (running, fidgeting)

Impulsiveness: Can't delay gratification, impatient, interrupts.

ADHD: Usually occurs by age 3, not usually diagnosed until the kid's in school. More common in males, usually gets better at adolescence.

Rates: Up to 3-5% of school children.

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Autism (symptoms/ rates)

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Lack of resonsiveness to others (no social skills), gross impaiment in communication skills, repetitive behaviors.

Autistic people: Inflexibly routines, stereotyped, may not cuddle or show facial expressions.Impaired language skills, may be oversensitive to sensory stimuli.

Rates: 2-5/ 10,000. Can be chronic.

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Tourette's (what is it? Rates?)

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Tourette's: A tic disorder. Symptoms: Multiple motor tics, one or more vocal tics. Tics: Sudden, recurrent, stereotyped.

Rates: 4-5/10,000 people

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Schizophernia

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Schizophrenia: "split mind" gross distrotions, disturbances in though content/ form.

Symptoms (no single necessary feature): delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought, inappropriate affect, catatonic.

Symptoms: 1. Positive: Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, catatonic behavior.
2. Negative: Absence of normal behavior, flat affect.

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Delusion

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Delusions: False belifs, maintained despite evidence to the contrary.

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Delusions (common ones)

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Delusions: false beliefs maintained in spite of strong evidence to the contrary.

1. Delusions of reference: People are talking about me

2. Delusions of Grandeur: I'm the queen of England

3. Delusions of Persecution: People are plotting against me

4. Thought broadcasting/ thought insertion

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Hallucinations

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Hallucinations: Perceptions NOT due to external stimuli, but feel real. Most common's auditory.

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Disorganized thought (word salad, neologism)

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Disorganized thought: Loosening of associations. Ideas shift, neologisms, word salad

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Disturbance of Affect (in Schizophrenia)

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Disturbance of Affect (in Schizophrenia):
1. blunting: a reduction of affect expression

2. Flat Affect:Almost no signs of affective expression

3. Inappropriate affect: Crying when telling a funny story

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Catatonic Motor Behavior

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Catatonic Motor Behavior: Extreme behaviors, like rigid posture, useless and bizarre movement

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Before Schizophrenia (before and during)

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Before schizophrenia:
1. Prodromal Phase: Deterioration, social withdrawal, role functioning impairment, inappropriate affect, unusual stuff.
2. Active Phase: Schizo

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Development of Schizo (process, reactive?)

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Development of Schizophrenia:
1. Process: If development of disease is slow. Recovery prognosis is poor.

2. Reactive: Onset is intense and sudden. Prognosis is better.

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5 subtypes of Schizo (catatonic, paranoid, disorganized, undifferentiated, residual).

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5 subtypes/ schizo:

1. Catatonic: Disturbance of motor behavior (either very little or a whole lot)

2. Paranoid: Preoccupied with one delusions or hallucination.

3. Disorganized: Flat affect, disorganized speech/ behavior.

4. Undifferentiated: When others don't fit the bill

5. Residual: When there's already been an episode, and positive psychotic symptoms are not displayed, but negative symptoms may be.

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Dopamine Hypothesis

Double-Bind Hypothesis

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1. Dopamine Hypothesis: There's an excess of dopamine at certain sites in the brain (dopamine plays a role in movement and posture). This excess causes delusions, hallucinations, agitation

2. Double-bind hypothesis: At childhood, a person gets confusion messages from parents (contradictory). Child feels anxious, messages are internalized, their perception's unreliable.
NOT widely supported, but faulty family communication may have some role.

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Major Depressive Disorder (Mood Disorder)

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Major Depre. Disorder: At least one major depressive episode, at least a two-week period with prominently persistent depressed mood. Also, weight change, feel guilt or worthless, hard to think, death thoughts.

Symptoms must cause IMPAIRED functioning. 15% of these people die of suicide.

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Bipolar Disorder (symtoms, Bipolar I, Bipolar II)

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Bipolar: Both depression and mania. Major episodes:abnormal elevated mood, impaired judgment, don't like having behavior restrained. Manic: Rapid onset and briefer duration than depression.

Bipolar 1: Manic episodes
Bipolar 2: Hypomania (no impaired functions, no psychotic features, person MAY be more energetic)

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Dysthymic and Cyclothymic Disorders

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Dysthymic and Cyclothymic Disorders: Less severe than major depression and bipolar. Similar but less severe symptoms.

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Etiologies for mood disorders (what's the Monomine/ Catechloamine theory of Depression

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Etiologies for mood disorders:
1. Neurotrasmitters: Norepinephrine, serotonin... the Monomine Theory of Depression (catechloamine): Too much leads to mania, too little to depression.

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Anxiety Disorders (Phobia, Specific Phobia)

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Anxiety Disorders:
1. Phobia: irrational fear that results in desire to avoid it.
Specific Phobia: Anxiety is produced by a certain object/ situation.

2. Social Phobia: Anxiety due to social situations. Fear of embarrassment.

3. Agoraphobia: Fear of being in open spaces or tight spaces. Basically fear of being in situations where escape is difficult.

4. OCD: Repeated obsessions that produce tension and compulsions, causing significant impairments.

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Somatoform Disorders( Conversion, Hypochondriasis)

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Somatoform Disorders: Involve the presence of psychical symptoms. They really believe they have the disease.

1. Conversion Disorder: Unexplained symptoms like voluntary motor and sensory function.

2. Hypochondriasis:Preoccupied with fears you have a serious disease. Based on misinterpreting body signs.

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Dissociative Disorders (dissociative amnesia, fugue, identity disorder, depersonalization disorder)

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Dissociative Disorders: Avoid anxiety by dissociating from identity.

1. Dissoc. amnesia: Can't recall false experiences. Amnesia's not due to neurological disorders.

2. Dissoc. fugue: Amnesia w/ a sudden, unexpected move away from your home. Confused about ID may assume new ID.

3. Dissoc. ID disorder: When two or more personalities take control. When components fail to integrate. Sybil and Trudy Chase. Often had sexual abuse.

4. Depersonalization Disorders: Feel detached from mental process. Still has intact sense of reality.

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Eating Disorders:
1. Anorexia Nervousa

2. Bulimia nervousa

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Eating disorders:
1. Anorexia: Can't maintain minimal body weight. Usually no period, 90% female. 10% of hospitalizations result in death.

2. Bulimia: Binge-eating and excessive compensation. 90% female.

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Personality Disorders (schizoid, narcissistic, borderline, antisocial)

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Personality Disorders: Inflexible pattern of behavior. Maladaptive, causes distress, impaired functioning in at least 2: Cognition, emotion, interpersonal functioning, impulse control.

1. Schizoid PD: detachment from social relatinoships, restriced range of emotional expression, poor social skills.

2. Narcissistic PD: Grandoise sense of self-importance, preoccupation with fantasizes of success, need for constant admiration. Very fragile self-esteem, concerned with how others see them. Freak out when other people don't like them.

3. Borderline PD: Instability in interpersonal behavior, mood, self-image, intense and unstable relationships, identity disturbance, fear of abandonment. Self-mutilation.

4. Antisocial PD: Disregard for others' rights, repeated illegal stuff, lies, lack of remorse. Serial killers and career criminals.

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Diathesis-Stress Model

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Diathesis-Stress Model:

diathesis: Predisposition toward a certain mental disorder (genes, anatomic, biochemical?) Excessive stress on these people may lead to development of specific mental disorder. INTERACTION.

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Primary Prevention

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Primary Prevention: Seeking out and eradicating conditions that foster mental illness. ex/ Good prenatal care, education. It's proactive.

Secondary: ex/ Crisis intervention


Tertiary Prevention: Restoring someone to mental health after a breakdown.

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David Rosenhan (Mentally Ill, Labels)

Thomas Szasz

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1. David Rosenhan: When you're labeled mentally ill, the label sticks. Mental illness can be fakes and misdiagnosed.

2. Thomas Szasz: "The Myth of Mental Illness." Labeling forces people to conform to social norms.

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Kraepelin, E.

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Pre-DSM IV. Made a system to classify mental disorders.

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Structuralism (Titchener)

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Structuralism (Titchener): Consciousness into elements using introspection.

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Functionalism (James, Dewey)

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Functionalism (James, Dewey): Stream of consciousness, studies how mind functions to facilitate adaptation to environment, attacked structuralism.

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Behaviorism (Watson, Skinner)

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Behaviorism (Watson, Skinner): Objective study of behavior. Attacked mentalism, introspection, structuralism, functionalism.

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Cognitive (Chomsky)

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Cognitive (Chomsky): Behaviorism does not fully explain behavior, people think, believe, are creative.

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Gestalt (Wertheimer, Kohler, Koffka)

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Gestalt (Wertheimer, Kohler, Koffka): Whole is different than the sum of its parts. Attacked structuralism and functionalism.

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Psychoanalysis (Freud, Jung, Adler)

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Psychoanalysis (Freud, Jung, Adler): Behavior is the result of unconscious conflicts, repression, defense mechanisms.

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Humanism (Maslow, Rogers)

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Humanism (Maslow, Rogers): Looks at people as wholes, humans have free will, study mentally healthy people.