Gre Bio Chp 10 Immunobiology

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Nonspecific Defenses

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Defenses that are used to fight off infection in general: skin, mucus membranes, certain white blood cells

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Macrophages

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Large white blood cells that look for foreign materials or cells to engulf through phagocytosis. Monocytes when in bloodstream. APCs

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Monocytes

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Macrophages while they are circulating the bloodstream. Able to transport themselves through capillary walls and into tissues that have been infected or wounded. Once in tissues they are referred to as macrophages

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Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

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Cells that display on their own cell surface the proteins that were on the surface of the cell or viral particle they have just digested.

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Antigens

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Foreign particles

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Neutrophils

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White blood cells that are actively phagocytic like macrophages but are not APCs. Usually destroy themselves when they fight off pathogens.

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Other white blood cells that secrete toxic substances without specificity

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Eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells

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Histamine

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Molecule responsible for dilating the walls of capillaries nearby and making those capillaries "leaky" which allows macrophages and neutrophils to more easily reach site of injury

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Cytokines

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Chemicals that excite specific immune defenses to activate

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Lymphocytes

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Specialized white blood cells. Two types: B cells and T cells. Produces by stem cells in bone marrow.

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T cells

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Mature in thymus. Three types: helper (Th), cytotoxic (Tc), and suppressor (Ts). Cannot detect free antigens.

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Thymus

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Thymus kills T cells that recognize "self" antigens or do not recognize MHC (major histocompatibility complex) proteins.

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Helper T cells

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Mediators between macrophages and B cells

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Cytotoxic T Cells

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Can kill virally infected cells directly. Bind to self-MHC proteins and viral proteins on infected cell surfaces and secrete enzymes that kill the cell.

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Suppressor T Cells

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Control immune response by suppressing production of B cells. Likely helper cells that secrete inhibitory cytokines.

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B Cells

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30% of lymphocytes. Essentially bound to Y shaped antibody proteins that can recognize a specific set of foreign antigens. Can be activated by coming in contact with a foreign antigen that can bind to the surface receptors or they can engulf a pathogen then getting activated by helper Ts that recognize the proteins on the B cell's surface

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Plasma B cells

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B clones. All produce the same antibodies which respond to the same antigen

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Immunoglobulins

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Antibodies. Are produced solely by B cells. Structure based upon four polypeptide chains, two heavy chains and two light chains. Some attached to B cells, most float freely through bloodstream

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5 Classes of Antibodies

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IgM, IgG, IgD, IgE, and IgA (Ig=Immunoglubulin). B cells always produce IgM first, then class-switch to another type, usually IgG

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Variable Regions

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Regions on light and heavy chains responsible for the specificity of a particular antibody for a particular antigen.

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Paratope

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Antigen-binding site on antibody formed from a combination of variable amino acids in one heavy chain and one light chain. Every antibody has two binding sites

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Heavy Chain mRNA

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24000 VDJ combinations.

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Light Chain mRNA

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4000 VDJ combinations

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Agglutination/Neutralization

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Antibodies cross-link adjacent antigen molecules so that these invaders literally get stuck together by the antibodies circulating in the bloodstream. Antibodies can cause clumping together of many pathogens in a short time

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Precipitation

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Similar to agglutination but used for soluble antigen molecules. Antigen binding allows rapid phagocytosis and destruction of small proteins through phagocytosis.

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Complement Activation

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Antibodies bound to the surface of foreign cells activate a system of 20 different "complement" proteins that circulate in the bloodstream. Proteins are turned on in a cascade

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Classical Pathway

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Requires antibodies bound to antigens. Use a protein complex to lyse the cell membrane of the invader

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Aclassical Pathway

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Occurs independent of antigen-antibody binding. Cell surface molecules of many bacteria, yeasts, viruses, and protozoan parasites can cause membrane-attack complexes to form without the help of antibodies

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Polyclonal

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Antibodies that arise in the natural course of fighting many pathogens. They are produced by several different clones of plasma B cells and cover a wide range of specificity.

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Monoclonal

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Antibodies arising from a single clone, a single B cell. research targets for disease cures.

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Hybridoma

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Antibody made in a lab by fusing myeloma cell with an antibody-producing mouse cell

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Lag Period

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Period after exposure to a pathogen but before helpful levels of antibodies have been made by B cells. Lasts 7-10 days.

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Secondary Response

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Very quick response when a person is exposed to an antibody a second time. Lag period 1-4 days.

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Memory Cells

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B and T cells that live for decades after a primary infection. The basis of immunity.

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Humoral Response

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Method of immune system secreting antibodies into the bloodstream