Grcc Bio 101 Chapter 6

Front 1

Tumor

Back 1

Unregulated cell division; mass of cells with no function

Front 2

Benign (Cancer)

Back 2

The type of tumor that doesn't affect surrounding tissues

Front 3

Malignant (Cancer)

Back 3

The type of tumor that invades surrounding tissues; cancerous

Front 4

Metastasis

Back 4

Cells break away from a malignant tumor and starts a new tumor at another location

Front 5

Circulatory System

Back 5

Metastatic cells can travel through this system

Front 6

Capillaries

Back 6

Lymphatic system collects fluid that leaks from this

Front 7

Lymph nodes

Back 7

They filter the lymph

Front 8

Risk Factors

Back 8

Increasing a persons chance of developing a disease

Front 9

Carcinogen

Back 9

Chemicals that cause cancer

Front 10

Asexual Reproduction

Back 10

Reproduction without a partner; genetically identical to parent

Front 11

Sexual Reproduction

Back 11

Reproduction are made with a partner; genetically different from one another and from the parents

Front 12

Gene

Back 12

Section of DNA that has the instructions for making one protein

Front 13

Chromosome

Back 13

A molecule of DNA wrapped around proteins that contain hundreds of genes

Front 14

Centromere

Back 14

What holds the duplicated chromosomes together. Called sister chromatids

Front 15

DNA Replication

Back 15

DNA duplication

Front 16

Homologous

Back 16

Similar genes but different alleles

Front 17

Semi conservative Replication

Back 17

Where the result is two identical daughter molecules, each with one parental strand and one new strand

Front 18

Cell cycle

Back 18

The life cycle of the cell

Front 19

Interphase

Back 19

The DNA replicates

Front 20

Mitosis

Back 20

The copied chromosomes are moved into daughter cells

Front 21

Cytokinesis

Back 21

The cell is split into 2 daughter cells

Front 22

Mitosis

Back 22

Produces genetically identical daughter cells

Front 23

Prophase

Back 23

The first phase of mitosis, the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells

Front 24

Metaphase

Back 24

(from the Greek μετά, "adjacent" and φάσις, "stage") The stage of mitosis in the eukaryotic cell cycle in which chromosomes are at their most condensed and coiled stage

Front 25

Anaphase

Back 25

(from the Greek ἀνά, "up" and φάσις, "stage"), The stage of mitosis or meiosis when chromosomes are split and the sister chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell.

Front 26

Telophase

Back 26

The final stage of mitosis. (Its name derives from the latin word telos which means end.) During this phase, the sister chromatids reach opposite poles. The small nuclear vesicles in the cell begin to re-form around the group of chromosomes at each end.

Front 27

Cytokinesis

Back 27

Division of cytoplasm. Starts in telophase.

Stage in which two daughter cells are formed from the original one.

Front 28

Checkpoints

Back 28

Where proteins survey the condition of the cell. Cell must pass the survey to proceed with cell division

Front 29

Proto-oncogenes

Back 29

Genes that code for the cell cycle control proteins

Front 30

Mutation

Back 30

A change in the sequence of DNA

Front 31

Oncogenes

Back 31

When proto-oncogenes mutate

Front 32

Tumor suppressor genes

Back 32

Genes for proteins that stop cell division if conditions are not favorable

Front 33

Angiogenesis

Back 33

tumor gets its own blood supply

Front 34

Contact inhibition

Back 34

Cells will now pile up on each other

Front 35

The loss of Anchorage dependence

Back 35

Enables a cancer cell to move to another location

Front 36

Immortalized

Back 36

Cells no longer have a fixed number of cell divisions

Front 37

Multiple hit model

Back 37

Process of cancer development requires multiple mutations. Some may be inherited.

Front 38

Biopsy

Back 38

Surgical removal of cells or fluid for analysis

Front 39

Needle biopsy

Back 39

Removal is made using a needle

Front 40

Laparascope

Back 40

Surgical instrument with a light, camera, and

small scalpel

Front 41

Chemotherapy

Back 41

Drugs that selectively kill dividing cells

Front 42

Radiation therapy

Back 42

Use of high-energy particles to destroy cancer cells

Front 43

Gonads

Back 43

The organ that produces sex cells; testes, and ovaries

Front 44

Gametes

Back 44

Sex genes

Front 45

Homologous Pairs

Back 45

Chromosomes are two identical gametes

Front 46

Somatic Cells

Back 46

22 pairs of autosomes, and one pair of sex chromosomes

Front 47

Gametes

Back 47

One pair of genes

Front 48

Sex chromosomes

Back 48

The chromosome that determines sex

Front 49

Meiosis I

Back 49

Separates homologous pairs. A crossing over between members of homologous pairs

Front 50

Meiosis II

Back 50

Essentially like mitosis; it separates the sister chromatids

Front 51

Crossing Over

Back 51

Exchange of equivalent portions of chromosomes between members of a homologous pair

Front 52

Random alignment

Back 52

The way in which different pairs of chromosomes align and get separated during meiosis I is random

Front 53

Nondisjunction

Back 53

Failure of homologues to separate during meiosis

Front 54

Trisomy

Back 54

A gamete that has one too many chromosomes

Front 55

Monosomy

Back 55

One too few chromosomes