Govt. 312L Exam 2

Front 1

Multi-causality

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when variables are interconnected and interact together to produce particular outcomes

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Selection Bias

Back 2

a focus on effects rather than causes, which can lead to inaccurate conclusions about correlation or causation

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Endogeneity

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the issue that cause and effect are not often clear, in that variables may be both cause and effect in relationship to one another

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Qualitative method

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study through an in-depth investigation of a limited number of cases

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Quantitative method

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study through statistical data from many cases

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Democracy Defined

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A political regime in which the possibility of undisturbed public contestation is guaranteed and in which political rule is ultimately based on the renewable empirical consent of the citizens, considered as political equals and defined in an inclusive way.

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Varieties of Democracy (2)

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- Direct
- Representative

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Direct Democracy
2 types and Key features(6)

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- Classical Athenian Direct Democracy
- Marxian Direct Democracy
Features:
- direct participation of citizens
- assembly of citizens has sovereign (ultimate) power
- multiple methods to elect candidates for office
- same office cannot be held more than 2x by same person
- short terms in office
- payment for public services

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Representative Democracy
2 types and definition

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- Liberal Democracy
- Social Democracy

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Protective Republicanism:
- or + liberty?
Name
Definition
Features

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- freedom from
- Machiavelli
- Participation is an essential condition of personal liberty; if the citizens do not rule themselves, they will be rules by others.
Features:
- Balance of power between the people
- citizen participation can be achieved through multiple routes ( serving on a council, electing a member to council, etc.)
- competing social groups
- freedom of speech, expression, and association
-

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Developmental Republicanism
- or + liberty?
Name
Definition

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freedom to
- Rousseau
- Citizens must enjoy political and economic equality in order that nobody can be master of another and all can enjoy equal freedom and development in the process of self-determination for the common good

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Liberal Democracy

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A from of representative democracy which out of concern over the abuse of political power restricts the power of democratic rulers and limits the intervention in economy and society.
Simply put: govt. should have a role, but it should be very limited.

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Negative Liberty
What type of govt. is interested in this?

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Freedom from government intervention.
Ex: freedom to have an abortion, freedom to bears arms, etc.
US govt, more liberal democracy

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Positive Liberty
Type of govt. interested in these.

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Freedom "to". Government gives you the opportunity to participate or not participate in something.
Ex: freedom to education.
Social democracy is more interested in integrating both positive and negative freedoms.

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Relationship between state and society

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?

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Thomas Hobbes
did:
thought:

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- thought experiment about humans in the state of nature
- strong protective state needed to reduce the dangers citizens faced when left to their own devices
( more govt. involvement)

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John Locke

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- people are capable of reason
- wrong to assume the state will give citizens the freedom to pursue their interests
- the purpose of govt. is to protect rights of citizens who are the best judge of their own interest
( less govt. involvement)

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Montesquieu

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- separation of powers
- limits on legally sanctioned political power

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James Madison
did:

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- wrote The Federalist; combines hobbe's locke's and montesquieus ideas into one document
- federalist 10- the problem of factions

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Jeremy Bentham & James Mill

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- mechanisms to hold govt. accountable and give citizens the means for choosing, authorizing and controlling political decisions
ex: regular voting, secret ballot, & competition among candidates

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Contemporary representative liberal democracy:
features (6)

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-Free and fair elections
-Every citizen’s vote has equal weight
-Suffrage includes all citizens, irrespective of race, religion, class, sex, etc.
-Freedom of conscious, information, and expression
-The right to oppose government and stand for office
-Freedom of Association (the right to form and join political parties, interest groups, social movements)

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"n"

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number of cases studied
americanist n=1
comparativist = n+

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access

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the ability to study other countries
ex: knowing other languages, ability to travel, etc.

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Assumptions about human actors

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hypothesis testing assumes that humans are always rational

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Institutions

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humanly devised constraints that shape human interaction

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Roberth Dahl's views on Democracy

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- public contestation
( electoral competition, individual freedoms)
- inclusiveness
( universal suffrage, equal opportunity to run for office)

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Democracy as a continuum

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Authoritarianism Liberal Democracy
<_____________________________________________________________>
Soviet Union, N. Korea US, UK, Canada

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Democracy Map

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Democracy
Direct Representative
Classical Liberal Democracy
Marxian Social Democracy

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Characteristics of the 1st Democracy

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- small city states w/ agriculture
- slave-based
- citizens participate directly

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The Events of May

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Students erected barricades and demanded educational changes. Workers seized forces and called for sweeping social reforms. This was in response to de Gaulle who was prime minister/ president and seen as an authoritarian ruler.

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Semi-residential

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a system that includes a dual executive. The president is head of state and the prime minister is head of government.

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Council of Ministers

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the cabinet of officials appointed by the prime minister in France.

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Motion of Censure

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a vote of no confidence that can remove the prime minister from office and requires an absolute majority of all 577 members of the lower house of France.

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Cohabitation

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when presidents lack a majority in the legislature, which leads to the appointment of a prim minister from an opposing party.

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Parlement

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a bicameral legislature in France that is made up of the 577 member Assemblee nationale and a 348 member upper house, the senat.

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Blocked Vote

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: an important instrument tht limits the legislature’s ability to amend legislation by forcing the legislature to accept bills in their entirety and allows amendments only if they are approved by the government.

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Code Law

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in the French system laws are derived from detailed legal codes rather than from precedent.

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Constitutional Council

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a council to settle disputes between legislature and the executive which is comprised of nine members appointed for a single nine year term by the president and heads of the National Assembly and the Senate.

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Authoritarianism

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term used to cover many tyes of nondemocratic rule because when speaking of nondemocratic regimes we think of what they deny their citizens are those that define democracy: participation, competition, and liberty.

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Nondemocratic Regimes

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a political regime controlled by a small group of individuals who exercise power over the state without being constitutionally responsible to the public.

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Totalitarianism

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a form of nondemocratic rule with a highly centralized state who regime has a well-defines ideology and seeks to transform and fuse the institutionsal fabric of a country to meet an ideological goal.

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Populism

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an pseudo-ideology that has the view that elites nad established institutions do not fully represent the will of the people and that a new movement, free from ideology and often led by a charismatic leader, can usher in a new order.

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Corporatism

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a method to solidify control over the public by creating or sanctioning a limited number of organizations to represent the interests of the public and restricting those not set up or approved by the state. It has now evolved into a system in which business, labor, and the state bargain over economic policy.

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Clientelism

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when the state co-opts members of the public by providing specific benefits to a person in return for public support.

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Kleptocracy

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rule by theft in which those in power seek only to drain the state of assests and resources.

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Patrimonalism

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a form of clientelism in which the benefits are not distributed in an ad hoc way among individuals in society but are instead limited to a small group of regime supporters inside the state itself.

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Bureaucratic Authoritarianism

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: a regime in which the state bureaucracy and the military share a belief that a technocratic leadership, focused on rational, objective, and technical expertisem can solve the problems of the country.

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Illiberal or Hybrid Regimes

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regimes that are categorized as partially free, falling somewhere between a democratic and nondemocratic regime.