.government I Test #2 Study Guide

Front 1

The beliefs and attitudes that people have about issues.

Back 1

Chapter 6:
Practice Quiz (pg. 244):

1. The term public opinion is used to describe:

Front 2

Often create differences of political opinion in America

Back 2

2. Variables such as income, education, race, gender, and ethnicity:

Front 3

The family, social groups, education

Back 3

3. Which of the following is an agency of socialization?

Front 4

The gender gap

Back 4

4. When men and women respond differently to issues of public policy, they are demonstrating an example of:

Front 5

Political Socialization

Back 5

5. The process by which Americans learn political beliefs and values is called?

Front 6

Political knowledge and the influence of political leaders, private groups, and the media.

Back 6

6. In addition to one’s basic political values, what other two factors influence one’s political opinions?

Front 7

The Constitution

Back 7

7. What is not an important external influence on how political opinions are formed?

Front 8

Sample

Back 8

8. What is the term used in public opinion polling to denote the small group representing the opinions of the whole population?

Front 9

An illusion of saliency.

Back 9

9. When politicians, pollsters, journalists, or social scientists assume something is important to the public when in fact it is not, they are creating:

Front 10

Polling results influence people to support the candidate marked as the probable victor in a campaign.

Back 10

10. A familiar polling problem is the “bandwagon effect,” which occurs when?

Front 11

Chapter 6:
Vocabulary (pg. 244):

1. Agencies of Socialization (pg. 210) –

Back 11

Political Beliefs and Values

The induction of individuals into the political culture; learning the underlying beliefs and values on which the political system is based.

Front 12

2. Attitude (or Opinion) (pg. 207) –

Back 12

A specific preference on a particular issue.

Front 13

3. Bandwagon Effect (pg. 239) –

Back 13

Opinions Shift to Front-Runner

A shift in electoral support to the candidate whom public opinion polls report as the front-runner.

Front 14

4. Conservative (pg. 219) –

Back 14

Large Government Poses Threat to Freedom

Today this term refers to those who generally support the social and economic status quo and are suspicious of efforts to introduce new political formulae and economic arrangements. They believe that a large and powerful government poses a threat to citizens’ freedom.

Front 15

5. Democracy (pg. 207) –

Back 15

Citizens are Significant in Governmental Process (Voting)

A system of rule that permits citizens to play a significant part in the governmental process, usually through the election of key public officials.

Front 16

6. Equality of Opportunity (pg. 207) –

Back 16

All People Have the Freedom to Reach Their Fullest Potential

A widely shared American ideal that all people should have the freedom to use whatever talents and wealth they have to reach their fullest potential.

Front 17

7. Gender Gap (pg. 211) –

Back 17

Voting Pattern Differences of Women and Men

A distinctive pattern of voting behavior reflecting the differences in views between women and men.

Front 18

8. Illusion of Saliency (pg. 237) –

Back 18

The impression conveyed by polls that something is important to the public when actually it is not.

Front 19

9. Liberal (pg. 219) –

Back 19

Support Government Expansion in Matters

Today this term refers to those who generally support social and political reform; extensive governmental intervention in the economy; the expansion of federal social services; more vigorous efforts on behalf of the poor, minorities, and women; and greater concern for consumers and the environment.

Front 20

10. Liberty (pg. 207) –

Back 20

Freedom from governmental control.

Front 21

11. Marketplace of Ideas (pg. 226) –

Back 21

The public forum in which beliefs and ideas are exchanged and compete.

Front 22

12. Measurement Error (pg. 233) –

Back 22

Wording of Survey Questions Badly in which Public Opinions are Not Conveyed Accurately

Failure to identify the true distribution of opinion within a population because of errors such as ambiguous or poorly worded questions.

Front 23

13. Political Efficacy (pg. 225) –

Back 23

The ability to influence government and politics.

Front 24

14. Political Ideology (pg. 207) –

Back 24

A cohesive set of beliefs that form a general philosophy about the role of government.

Front 25

15. Political Socialization (pg. 210) –

Back 25

Citizens Learning and Formulating Values on the Political System

The induction of individuals into the political culture; learning the underlying beliefs and values on which the political system is based.

Front 26

16. Probability Sampling (pg. 231) –

Back 26

Pollsters Method in Selection of Citizens to be Polled Randomly

A method used by pollsters to select a representative sample in which every individual in the population has an equal probability of being selected as a respondent.

Front 27

17. Public Opinion (pg. 207) –

Back 27

Citizens’ attitudes about political issues, leaders, institutions, and events.

Front 28

18. Public-Opinion Polls (pg. 231) –

Back 28

Scientific instruments for measuring public opinion.

Front 29

19. Push Polling (pg. 235) –

Back 29

A polling technique in which the questions are designed to shape the respondent’s opinion.

Front 30

20. Random Digit Dialing (pg. 232) –

Back 30

Polling through Random Selection of Telephone Numbers

A polling method in which respondents are selected at random from a list of ten-digit telephone numbers, with every effort made to avoid bias in the construction of the sample.

Front 31

21. Salient Interests (pg. 237) –

Back 31

Attitudes and views that are especially important to the individual holding them.

Front 32

22. Sample (pg. 231) –

Back 32

Pollster Method where they Poll a Citizen Who Shares the Same Beliefs of a Large Group of People.

A small group selected by researchers to represent the most important characteristics of an entire population.

Front 33

23. Sampling Error (or Margin of Error) (pg. 233) –

Back 33

Polling error that arises based on the small size of the sample.

Front 34

24. Selection Bias (pg. 232) –

Back 34

Polling Error when the Sample is Inaccurate

Polling error that arises when the sample is not representative of the population being studied, which creates errors in overrepresenting or underrepresenting some opinions.

Front 35

25. Values (or Beliefs) (pg. 207) –

Back 35

Basic principles that shape a person’s opinions about political issues and events.

Front 36

The wave of mergers and consolidations following the passage of the 1996 Telecommunications Act.

Back 36

Chapter 7
Practice Quiz (pg. 280):

1. Which of the following trends in ownership of the media has influenced the nationalization of the news?

Front 37

Nationalized and Centralized

Back 37

2. What best describes national news in the United States?

Front 38

Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union

Back 38

3. What Supreme Court case overruled the government’s attempt to regulate the content of the Internet?

Front 39

The Equal Time Rule and The Fairness Doctrine

Back 39

4. Which 2 principles affect the political content of radio and television broadcasts?

Front 40

Reporters, Political Actors, and News Consumers

Back 40

5. What has an impact on the nature of media coverage of politics?

Front 41

Protest

Back 41

6. What is a strategy available to poor people to increase their coverage by the news media?

Front 42

Agenda Setting and Framing

Back 42

7. The media’s powers to determine what becomes a part of the political discussion and to shape how the American people interpret political events are known as?

Front 43

Internet Chat Rooms

Back 43

8. What can be considered an example of a news enclave?

Front 44

None of the above, including: Talk Radio Programs, The Wall Street Journal, or The American Spectator

Back 44

9. What exemplifies the liberal bias in the news media?

Front 45

The Spanish-American War

Back 45

10. The newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst was responsible for encouraging U.S. involvement in which war?

Front 46

Chapter 7
Vocabulary (pg. 281):

1. Agenda Setting (pg. 267) –

Back 46

Media Sway of Population due to its Power to Interpret and Report an Issue.

The power of the media to bring public attention to particular issues and problems.

Front 47

2. Equal Time Rule (pg. 255) –

Back 47

Equal Airtime Requirement for Politicians Running for Office

The requirement that broadcasters provide candidates for the same political office equal opportunities to communicate their messages to the public.

Front 48

3. Fairness Doctrine (pg. 255) –

Back 48

Ending in 1985, an FCC Requirement for Broadcasters who Aired Controversial Issues to Provide Time for Opposing Views

A Federal Communications Commission requirement for broadcasters who air programs on controversial issues to provide time for opposing views. The FCC ceased enforcing this doctrine in 1985.

Front 49

4. Framing (pg. 268) –

Back 49

The power of the media to influence how events and issues are interpreted.

Front 50

5. Priming (pg. 271) –

Back 50

Swaying the Public’s Opinion by Media Coverage Affecting the Public’s view of Political Leaders, Issues, and Events

Process of preparing the public to take a particular view of an event or political actor.

Front 51

6. Right of Rebuttal (pg. 255) –

Back 51

Requires that Individuals be Given Opportunity to Respond to Personal Attacks made in TV and Radio.

A Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulation giving individuals the right to have the opportunity to respond to personal attacks made on a radio or television broadcast.

Front 52

7. Sound Bites (pg. 249) –

Back 52

Brief Quotes and Short Characterizations of the Day’s Events

Short snippets of information aimed at dramatizing a story rather than explaining its substantive meaning. (Used by politicians and other news makers seeking to manipulate the news by providing their own.)

Front 53

Watching the news on television.

Back 53

Chapter 8
Practice Quiz (pg. 317):

1. What is not a form of political participation?

Front 54

Voting

Back 54

2. What is the most common form of political participation?

Front 55

Landowning white males over the age of 21.

Back 55

3. What describes the electorate in the U.S. prior to the 1820’s?

Front 56

1920; 19th

Back 56

4. Women won the right to vote in ____________ with the adoption of the ______________ Amendment.

Front 57

Elementary School, High School, and Election Campaigns

Back 57

5. Civic education takes place during:

Front 58

Registration Requirements and Weak Parties

Back 58

6. What negatively affects voter turnout in the U.S.?

Front 59

The mobilization of people by political institutions.

Back 59

7. Of all the factors explaining political participation, which is the most important?

Front 60

Poll Taxes and White Primaries

Back 60

8. What is an example of obstacles to political participation for African Americans?

Front 61

Declined Somewhat

Back 61

9. After passage of the Motor Voter Act in 1993, participation in the 1996 elections?

Front 62

All of the above: Wealthier, Whiter, and More Educated

Back 62

10. Americans who do vote tend to be _____________ than the population as a whole.

Front 63

Chapter 8
Vocabulary (pg. 317):

1. American Political Community (pg. 291) –

Back 63

Citizens who are eligible to vote and who participate in American political life.

Front 64

2. Civic Engagement (pg. 305) –

Back 64

Concern about Public Issues, and if a Citizen Feels they can make a Difference (Participation)

A sense of concern among members of the political community about public, social, and political life, expressed through participation in social and political organizations.

Front 65

3. Gender Gap (pg. 298) –

Back 65

Voting Behavior Differences between Women and Men

A distinctive pattern of voting behavior reflecting the differences in views between women and men.

Front 66

4. Litigation (pg. 287) –

Back 66

Attempt to Use the Courts to Achieve a Goal

A lawsuit or legal proceeding; as a form of political participation, an attempt to seek relief in a court of law.

Front 67

5. Lobbying (pg. 286) –

Back 67

Groups or Individuals Efforts taking their Case Directly to Elected or Appointed Officials

A strategy by which organized interests seek to influence the passage of legislation by exerting direct pressure on members of the legislature.

Front 68

6. Mobilization (pg. 309) –

Back 68

The process by which large numbers of people are organized for a political activity.

Front 69

7. Political Participation (pg. 285) –

Back 69

Wide Range of Activities Used to Influence the Government

Political activities, such as voting, contacting political officials, volunteering for a campaign, or participating in a protest, whose purpose is to influence government.

Front 70

8. Poll Tax (pg. 290) –

Back 70

Tax on Voters Required for Voting Registration; Supreme Court made Unconstitutional with the 24th Amendment in 1966

A state-imposed tax on voters as a prerequisite for registration. The Supreme Court rendered poll taxes unconstitutional in national elections by the 24th Amendment, and in state elections in 1966.

Front 71

9. Protest (pg. 287) –

Back 71

Assembling Crowds to Confront the Government or other Official Organization

Participation that involves assembling crowds to confront a government or other official organization.

Front 72

10. Public Relations (pg. 286) –

Back 72

Effort to Sway Public Opinion of an Issue or Cause

An attempt, usually through the use of paid consultants, to establish a favorable relationship with the public and influence its political opinions.

Front 73

11. Socioeconomic Status (pg. 303) –

Back 73

Status in society based on level of education, income, and occupational prestige.

Front 74

12. Suffrage (pg. 288) –

Back 74

The right to vote; also called franchise.

Front 75

13. Turnout (pg. 290) –

Back 75

The percentage of eligible individuals who actually vote.

Front 76

Seeks to control the entire government by electing its members to office and thereby controlling the government's personnel.

Back 76

Chapter 9
Practice Quiz (pg. 361):

1. A political Party is different from an interest group in that a political party:

Front 77

Electoral Realignments

Back 77

2. The periodic episodes in American history in which a “new” dominant political party replaces an “old” dominant political party are called?

Front 78

Machine Politics

Back 78

3. Through which mechanism did party leaders in the late 19th and early 20th centuries maintain their control?

Front 79

All of the above: National, State, and County

Back 79

4. On what level are U.S. political parties organized?

Front 80

Determine the party's rules and platforms.

Back 80

5. Contemporary national party conventions are important because they:

Front 81

Republican

Back 81

6. Which party was founded as a political expression of the antislavery movement?

Front 82

When large numbers of voters permanently shift their support from one party to another.

Back 82

7. Historically, when do realignments occur?

Front 83

Recruiting and nominating candidates for office.

Back 83

8. Parties today are most important in the electoral process in:

Front 84

They select leaders, e.g., Speaker of the House, and They assign members to committees

Back 84

9. What role do parties play in Congress?

Front 85

All of the above: Encourage Electoral Competition, Promote Voter Turnout, and Make governance possible by organizing elected leaders into governing coalitions.

Back 85

10. Parties are important to democracy because they:

Front 86

Chapter 9
Vocabulary (pg. 361):

1. Caucus (Political) (pg. 335) –

Back 86

Committee Members (Political) are Elected at Normally Closed Local Party Meetings

Normally closed meetings of a political or legislative group to select candidates, plans strategy, or make decisions regarding legislative matters.

Front 87

2. Divided Government (pg. 331) –

Back 87

Presidency is Controlled by One Party, while the Other Party Controls One or Both Houses of Congress

The condition in American government wherein the presidency is controlled by one party while the opposing party controls one or both houses of Congress.

Front 88

3. Electoral Realignment (pg. 330) –

Back 88

Points of Transition Between Party Systems in American History

The point in history when a new party supplants the ruling party, becoming in turn the dominant political force. In the U.S., this has tended to occur roughly every 30 years.

Front 89

4. 527 Committees (pg. 338) –

Back 89

Provides Tax-Exempt Status for Nonprofit Political Advocacy Groups who Disburse Funds to Influence Elections, Named after Section 527 of the Internal Revenue Code

Nonprofit independent groups that receive and disburse funds to influence the nomination, election, or defeat of candidates. Named after Section 527 of the Internal Revenue Code, which defines and grants tax-exempts status to nonprofit advocacy groups.

Front 90

5. Gender Gap (pg. 343) –

Back 90

Voting Behavior Differences between Women and Men

A distinctive pattern of voting behavior reflecting the differences in views between women and men.

Front 91

6. Machines (pg. 340) –

Back 91

Strong Party Organizations led by “Bosses” who Strongly Influenced Politics

Strong party organizations in late-19th-century American cities and a few states. These machines were led by “bosses” who controlled party nominations and patronage.

Front 92

7. Majority Party (pg. 350) –

Back 92

Party who Controls Either House of Congress (Holds More Seats)

The party that holds the majority of legislative seats in either the House or the Senate.

Front 93

8. Minority Party (pg. 350) –

Back 93

Party who Doesn’t Control Either House of Congress (Holds Less Seats)

The party that holds a minority of legislative seats in either the House or the Senate.

Front 94

9. Multiple-Member District (pg. 335) –

Back 94

In Other Nations, Several Individuals can be Elected to Represent Each Legislative District (Weaker Parties have Better Chance of Winning Seats)

An electorate that selects all candidates at large from the whole district; each voter is given the number of votes equivalent to the number of seats to be filled.

Front 95

10. National Convention (pg. 335) –

Back 95

Party’s Most Important Institution, Held every 24 Years, Delegates from Each State Attend, As a Group they: Nominate Presidential and Vice Presidential Candidates, Draft the Party’s Campaign for Presidential Race, and Approve Changes in the Rules and Regulations of Party Procedures

A national party political institution that nominates the party’s presidential and vice presidential candidates, establishes party rules, and writes and ratifies the party’s platform.

Front 96

11. Nomination (pg. 348) –

Back 96

The process through which political parties select their candidates for election to public office.

Front 97

12. Party Activists (pg. 342) –

Back 97

Citizens who Participate in Supporting their Party and Candidates

Partisans who contribute time, energy, and effort to support their party and its candidates.

Front 98

13. Party Identification (pg. 341) –

Back 98

An individual voter’s psychological ties to one party or another.

Front 99

14. Party Organization (pg. 335) –

Back 99

Formal Structure of Political Party, Usually Committees Made up of Active Party Members

The formal structure of a political party, including its leadership, election committees, active members, and paid staff.

Front 100

15. Patronage (pg. 340) –

Back 100

Power to Control Government Jobs and to Approve Grants, Licenses, or Special Favors to Supporters

The resources available to higher officials, usually opportunities to make partisan appointments to offices and to confer grants, licenses, or special favors to supporters.

Front 101

16. Platform (pg. 337) –

Back 101

A party document, written at a national convention, that contains party philosophy, principles, and positions on issues.

Front 102

17. Plurality System (pg. 335) –

Back 102

Single-Member District, has the Effect of Setting a High Threshold for Victory Depending on the Amount of Participating Parties

A type of electoral system in which, to win a seat in the parliament or other representative body, a candidate need only receive the most votes in the election, not necessarily a majority of votes cast.

Front 103

18. Policy Entrepreneur (pg. 350) –

Back 103

An individual who identifies a problem as a political issue and brings a policy proposal into the political agenda.

Front 104

19. Political Parties (pg. 321) –

Back 104

Organized groups that attempt to influence the government by electing their members to important government offices.

Front 105

20. Proportional Representation (pg. 335) –

Back 105

A System Allowing each Political Party Representation in Proportion to its Percentage of the Total Vote

A multiple-member district system that allows each political party representation in proportion to its percentage of the total vote.

Front 106

21. Responsible Party Government (pg. 358) –

Back 106

Political Parties the Mobilized Voters and were Sufficiently Well Organized to Develop and Implement Programs and Policies after the Election

A set of principles that idealizes a strong role for parties in defining their stance on issues, mobilizing voters, and fulfilling their campaign promises once in office.

Front 107

22. Single-Member District (pg. 335) –

Back 107

Electorate is Allowed to Select 1 Representative from Each District (Normal Method of Representation in the U.S.)

An electorate that is allowed to select only one representative from each district; the normal method of representation in the U.S.

Front 108

23. Soft Money (pg. 341) –

Back 108

Money contributed directly to political parties for political activities that are not regulated by federal campaign spending laws.

Front 109

24. Third Parties (pg. 332) –

Back 109

Parties that organize to compete against the 2 major American political parties.

Front 110

25. Two-Party System (pg. 322) –

Back 110

A political system in which only 2 parties have a realistic opportunity to compete effectively for control.

Front 111

The latter (authoritarian) do not allow the defeat of those in power.

Back 111

Chapter 10
Practice Quiz (pg. 415)

1. What is the most important difference between democratic and authoritarian electoral systems?

Front 112

Vote for a split-ticket.

Back 112

2. The neutral ballot made it possible for voters to:

Front 113

In closed primaries, only registered members of a political party may vote to select that party's candidates.

Back 113

3. What is the difference between an open and a closed primary?

Front 114

All of the above: General election chances may be undermined, Party extremists may win the nomination, and Typical party supporters may refuse to support the party's nominee.

Back 114

4. What are the potential consequences of ideological struggles in primary contests?

Front 115

They no longer nominate presidential candidates.

Back 115

5. What was the most fundamental change in national conventions in the 20th century?

Front 116

The Spot Advertisement

Back 116

6. What is not an example of a media technique introduced in the 1992 presidential campaign?

Front 117

The right of individuals to spend their own money to campaign is constitutionally protected.

Back 117

7. In Buckley v. Valeo, the Supreme Court ruled that:

Front 118

Is often handed down from parents to children.

Back 118

8. Partisan loyalty:

Front 119

The electoral system used to determine the winner.

Back 119

9. What is not a factor that influences voters’ decisions?

Front 120

12

Back 120

10. If a state has 10 members in the U.S. House of Representatives, how many electoral votes does that state have?

Front 121

Chapter 10
Vocabulary:

1. Benign Gerrymandering (pg. 368) –

Back 121

Attempt to Draw District Boundaries to Create Districts that Under Represent Minorities

Attempts to draw district boundaries so as to create districts made up primarily of disadvantaged or underrepresented minorities.

Front 122

2. Campaign (pg. 373) –

Back 122

Effort by Political Candidates and Staffs to Win Backing of Donors, Political Activists, and Voters to Win Political Office

An effort by political candidates and their staffs to win the backing of donors, political activists, and voters in the quest for political office.

Front 123

3. Caucus (Political) (pg. 377) –

Back 123

Normally closed meetings of a political or legislative group to select candidates, plan strategy, or make decisions regarding legislative matters.

Front 124

4. Closed Caucus (pg. 377) –

Back 124

Presidential nominating caucuses open only to registered party members.

Front 125

5. Closed Primary (pg. 365) –

Back 125

Primary Election which Voters can Participate in the Nomination of Candidates, of the Party which they are Enrolled in Prior to Primary Day

A primary election in which voters can participate in the nomination of candidates, but only of the party in which they are enrolled for a period of time prior to primary day.

Front 126

6. Coattail Effect (pg. 369) –

Back 126

Result of Voters Casting Ballot for President or Governor and Automatically Voting for the Rest of the Party’s Ticket

The result of voters casting their ballot for president or governor and “automatically” voting for the remainder of the party’s ticket.

Front 127

7. Delegates (pg. 381) –

Back 127

Political activists selected to vote at a party’s national convention.

Front 128

8. Electoral College (pg. 371) –

Back 128

The presidential electors from each state who meet after the popular election to cast ballots for president and vice president.

Front 129

9. 501c(4) Committees (pg. 407) –

Back 129

Nonprofit groups that also engage in issue advocacy. Under Section 501c(4) such a group may spend up to half its revenue for political purposes.

Front 130

10. 527 Committees (pg. 407) –

Back 130

Nonprofit Independent Groups that Receive and Disburse Funds Influencing the Nomination, Election, or Defeat of Candidates; Named after Section 527 of the Internal Revenue Code

Nonprofit independent groups that receive and disburse funds to influence the nomination, election, or defeat of candidates. Named after Section 527 of the Internal Revenue Code, which defines and provides tax-exempt status for nonprofit advocacy groups.

Front 131

11. Gerrymandering (pg. 368) –

Back 131

Apportionment of voters in districts in such a way as to give unfair advantage to one racial or ethnic group or political party.

Front 132

12. Incumbent (pg. 373) –

Back 132

A candidate running for re-election to a position that he or she already holds.

Front 133

13. Majority System (pg. 366) –

Back 133

Type of Electoral System where Candidates must Receive a Majority of All the Votes Cast in the Relevant District in to Win a Seat in Parliament or Representative Body

A type of electoral system in which, to win a seat in the parliament or other representative body, a candidate must receive a majority of all the votes cast in the relevant district.

Front 134

14. Majority-Minority District (pg. 369) –

Back 134

A gerrymandered voting district that improves the chances of minority candidates by making selected minority groups the majority within the district.

Front 135

15. Midterm Elections (pg. 365) –

Back 135

Congressional elections that do not coincide with a presidential election; also called off-year elections.

Front 136

16. Open Caucus (pg. 377) –

Back 136

A presidential nominating caucus open to anyone who wishes to attend.

Front 137

17. Open Primary (pg. 365) –

Back 137

A primary election in which the voter can wait until the day of the primary to choose which party to enroll in to select candidates for the general election.

Front 138

18. Platform (pg. 379) –

Back 138

A party document, written at a national convention, that contains party philosophy, principles, and positions on issues.

Front 139

19. Plurality System (pg. 366) –

Back 139

The Candidate with the Most Votes Wins

A type of electoral system in which, to win a seat in the parliament or other representative body, a candidate need only receive the most votes in the election, not necessarily a majority of votes cast.

Front 140

20. Political Action Committee (PAC) (pg. 406) –

Back 140

A private group that raises and distributes funds for use in election campaigns.

Front 141

21. Primary Elections (pg. 365) –

Back 141

Elections held to select a party’s candidate for the general election.

Front 142

22. Proportional Representation (pg. 366) –

Back 142

A multiple-member district system that allows each political party representation in proportion to its percentage of the total vote.

Front 143

23. Prospective Voting (pg. 391) –

Back 143

Voting based on the imagined future performance of a candidate.

Front 144

24. Recall (pg. 366) –

Back 144

Procedure to allow voters an opportunity to remove state officials from office before their terms expire.

Front 145

25. Redistricting (pg. 367) –

Back 145

Process of Redrawing Election Districts and Redistributing Legislative Representatives, Every 10 years to Reflect Population Shifts

The process of redrawing election districts and redistributing legislative representatives. This happens every 10 years to reflect shifts in population or in response to legal challenges in existing districts.

Front 146

26. Referendum (pg. 366) –

Back 146

Referring a Measure Proposed or Passed by Legislature Voted by the Electorate to Approve or Reject It

The practice of referring a measure proposed or passed by a legislature to the vote of the electorate for approval or rejection.

Front 147

27. Retrospective Voting (pg. 391) –

Back 147

Voting based on the past performance of a candidate.

Front 148

28. Spot Advertisement (pg. 384) –

Back 148

A 15, 30, or 60 second TV campaign commercial that permits a candidate’s message to be delivered to a target audience.

Front 149

29. Superdelegate (pg. 381) –

Back 149

A convention delegate position, in Democratic conventions, reserved for party officials.

Front 150

30. Town Meeting (pg. 385) –

Back 150

A media format in which candidates meet with ordinary citizens, that allows them to deliver messages without the presence of journalists or commentators.

Front 151

31. Winner-Take-All System (pg. 377) –

Back 151

A system in which all of a state’s presidential nominating delegates are awarded to the candidate who wins the most votes, while runners-up receive no delegates.

Front 152

Pluralism

Back 152

Chapter 11
Practice Quiz (pg. 451)

1. The theory that competition among organized interests will produce balance with all the interests regulating one another is:

Front 153

Provide Selective Benefits

Back 153

2. To overcome the free-rider problem, groups:

Front 154

Purposive Benefits

Back 154

3. Politically organized religious groups often make use of:

Front 155

It is respected and feared.

Back 155

4. What best describes the reputation of the AARP in the Washington community?

Front 156

Public-Interest Groups

Back 156

5. Which types of interest groups are most often associated with the New Politics movement?

Front 157

An Iron Triangle

Back 157

6. Access politics, exemplified by defense contractors acting in concern with congressional committees and executive agencies, is an example of:

Front 158

All of the above: Filing Amicus Briefs, Bringing Lawsuits, and Financing Those Filing Suit

Back 158

7. In which of the following ways do interest groups use the courts to affect public policy?

Front 159

$50,000

Back 159

8. According to this text, what is the limit a PAC can contribute to a primary or general election campaign?

Front 160

Starting their own political party.

Back 160

9. What is not an activity in which interest groups frequently engage?

Front 161

Chapter 11
Vocabulary:

1. Collective Goods (pg. 424) –

Back 161

Benefits, sought by groups, which are broadly available and cannot be denied to nonmembers.

Front 162

2. Free Riders (pg. 424) –

Back 162

Those who enjoy the benefits of collective goods but did not participate in acquiring them.

Front 163

3. Grassroots Mobilization (pg. 439) –

Back 163

A lobbying campaign in which a group mobilizes its membership to contact government officials in support of the group’s position.

Front 164

4. Informational Benefits (pg. 424) –

Back 164

Special newsletters, periodicals, training programs, conferences, and other information provided to members of groups to entice others to join.

Front 165

5. Institutional Advertising (pg. 438) –

Back 165

Advertising designed to create a positive image of an organization.

Front 166

6. Interest Group (pg. 419) –

Back 166

Individuals who organize to influence the government’s programs and policies.

Front 167

7. Iron Triangle (pg. 436) –

Back 167

The stable, cooperative relationship that often develops among a congressional committee, an administrative agency, and one or more supportive interest groups.

Front 168

8. Issue Network (pg. 436) –

Back 168

A loose network of elected leaders, public officials, activists, and interest groups drawn together by a specific policy issue.

Front 169

9. Lobbying (pg. 431) –

Back 169

A strategy by which organized interests seek to influence the passage of legislation by exerting direct pressure on members of the legislature.

Front 170

10. Material Benefits (pg. 425) –

Back 170

Special goods, services, or money provided to members of groups to entice others to join.

Front 171

11. Membership Association (pg. 423) –

Back 171

An organized group in which members actually play a substantial role, sitting on committees and engaging in group projects.

Front 172

12. New Politics Movement (pg. 429) –

Back 172

A political movement that began in the 1960’s and 1970’s made up of professionals and intellectuals for whom the civil rights and antiwar movements were formative experiences. The New Politics movement strengthened public interest groups.

Front 173

13. Pluralism (pg. 419) –

Back 173

The theory that all interests are and should be free to compete for influence in the government. The outcome of this competition is compromise and moderation.

Front 174

14. Political Action Committee (PAC)(pg. 442) –

Back 174

A private group that raises and distributes funds for use in election campaigns.

Front 175

15. Public Interest Groups (pg. 429) –

Back 175

Groups that claim they serve the general good rather than only their own particular interest.

Front 176

16. Purposive Benefits (pg. 425) –

Back 176

Selective benefits of group membership that emphasize the purpose and accomplishments of the group.

Front 177

17. Solidary Benefits (pg. 425) –

Back 177

Selective benefits of group membership that emphasize friendship, networking, and consciousness raising.

Front 178

18. Staff Organization (pg. 424) –

Back 178

A type of membership group in which a professional staff conducts most of the group’s activities.