Mgmat Gmat Sc Imitation By Abdurrakib

Front 1

Past perfect

Back 1

Over half of the firm’s employees had left the building by the time the fire started.

Hint 1

POINT ACTIONS-have a direct bearing on some second past time-frame

Front 2

Past Perfect-

Back 2

yesterday james smelled good, since he had taken a shower the day before.

Hint 2

actions don't have a direct bearing on the present

Front 3

COMMA that-

Back 3

i'm looking for a TV that costs less than $200.

you can write-

i'm looking for a TV, with a remote, that costs less than $200.

Hint 3

the comma will ALWAYS belong to a different, unrelated construction (such as a modifier) inserted between the noun and "that".

Front 4

w/o COMMA that-

Back 4

1.Logical decision-making in rats that run through mazes has helped shed light on the cognition used by simple animals.

2.Logical decision-making in rats that resembles the thought processes of young children has helped shed light on the cognition used by simple animals

Hint 4

you have to use logic and common sense to figure out what is being modified.

Front 5

parallel clauses-

Back 5

residents who make noise after hours or whose pets destroy communal property will be fined.

Hint 5

EXCEPTION-"you should make parallel structures look as much like each other as possible."

Front 6

Past perfect

Back 6

1.by the time Kyle saw the doctor, he had been sick for 5 days.

2.Kyle, who had played football for over 15 years, finally received a championship ring

Hint 6

-if had VERBED is used to describe a state in which something existed, or some activity/action/event that was a regular occurrence, then it may indeed describe something that persisted into the timeframe of another past action

Front 7

had been VERBing -

Back 7

Kyle, who had been playing football for over 4 hours, was physically exhausted.

Hint 7

generally to describe an action that was literally going on, non-stop, up to (and possibly through) the timeframe of a past event

Front 8

parallel verbs-

Back 8

Leonard started the program last month and will finish it next month.

Hint 8

grammatically, ALL verbs are equivalent.any verb can, potentially, be parallel to any other verb—depending on context.

Front 9

excepting

Back 9

1.excepting a few bits of dialogue, nothing in the text is understandable

2.excepting some of the dialogue, everything in the play is beautifully written

Hint 9

used to preface negative exceptions to positive statements.

Front 10

so x as to y-

Back 10

so debilitating is it as to become an economic drain on many developing countries.

it is so debilitating as to become an economic drain on many developing countries.

Hint 10

could have been written correctly a(2nd example)

Front 11

that-

Back 11

1.That cat hissed at me. (Implies that I'm pointing to / indicating a particular cat)

2.I don't agree with that idea. (The speaker is responding to an idea that someone else just stated, and it's clear which idea we're talking about).

Hint 11

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN

Front 12

that-

Back 12

1.The giraffe that stuck its head in my window startled me.(These clauses can modify nouns)

2.I know that you threw the water balloon at me. (they can function as objects)

Hint 12

RELATIVE PRONOUN

Front 13

more than-e.g., all of the following are correct:

Back 13

i can lift more weight at the gym than my brother.

i can lift more weight at the gym than my brother can.

i can lift more weight at the gym than in my basement.

Front 14

more than-

Back 14

Correct-Heating-oil prices are expected to be higher this year than they were last year

Incorrect-Heating-oil prices are expected to be higher this year than last year

Hint 14

TWO INSTANCES IN WHICH YOU CAN'T JUST USE A NOUN: 1) VERB TENSE SHIFT

Front 15

more than-

Back 15

Correct-1) i know more about Shakespeare than does my brother --> i'm a bigger Shakespeare nerd than my brother is.

Correct-2) i know more about Shakespeare than about my brother --> my brother and i were separated at birth, so i know more about Shakespeare than i do about him.

"Incorrect-i know more about Shakespeare than my brother "

Hint 15

TWO INSTANCES IN WHICH YOU CAN'T JUST USE A NOUN: 2) AMBIGUITY

Front 16

that + CLAUSE

Back 16

1.i believe two things.

2.i believe that two things are true.

Hint 16

that + CLAUSE can substitute for a noun.

Front 17

Rate

Back 17

Rate of change in commodity prices is indicative of a highly volatile market.

Rates for gold have been consistently increasing.

Hint 17

measure/characteristics

price

Front 18

COMMA + -ING

Back 18

the bullet entered Smith's brain, killing him instantly --> this is an immediate and automatic consequence; if the bullet does this, then smith will be killed.

john scored 90 on the most recent test, raising his overall average by two points --> again, an immediate and automatic consequence; if john gets this score, there will automatically be the stated consequence for his average.

Hint 18

immediate consequence

Front 19

COMMA + -ING

Back 19

using a siphon, gasoline can be transferred from a car's tank to a gas can.--> here, "using a siphon" does modify the action of the following clause, but it doesn't have a legitimate subject -- i.e., the following clause doesn't say who is using a siphon-Incorrect

using a siphon, a stranded driver can transfer gasoline from a car's tank to a gas can.--> here, the modifier correctly modifies the following action, but it also has a proper subject ("a stranded driver").

Hint 19

the subject of the clause that's being modified must also be the subject of the -ING form.

Front 20

AS A FACT

Back 20

no matter how big or tall you may be, we have a suit for you.

However much United States voters may agree that there is a waste in government and that the government as a whole spends beyond its means, it is difficult to find broad support for a movement towards a minimal state

Hint 20

not meant to indicate a hypothetical situation

Front 21

However much

Back 21

i am willing to pay however much it costs to get that thing.

i am willing to pay as much as it costs to get that thing.

Hint 21

however much" is sometimes used as the object of a verb, in which case its use is similar to that of "as much as

Front 22

However much X happens

Back 22

"However much you may betray me, I will still love you--> I'll still love you IF you betray me, even to a great degree. But you might not betray me at all."

Hint 22

regardless of the degree to which X happens". There's no implication that X will happen to a great degree, or at all

Front 23

unless-clause

Back 23

"correct- John will not attend unless Mary ATTENDS. "

incorrect- John will not attend unless Mary will attend.

Hint 23

Generally, the verb in an unless-clause should be in the SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE.

Front 24

VerbING

Back 24

The greatest challenge for many authors is writing the first few words of a book. /He took Annette's growling dog out for a walk

Hint 24

since __ing forms are also nouns

Front 25

because of ____ing NOUN

Back 25

because of diminishing returns, i don't get as much interest from my bank account anymore

Hint 25

because of ____ing NOUN" is a perfectly acceptable structure

Front 26

capable/capability

Back 26

She is capable of running swiftly.

She has the capability to run swiftly.

incorrect- She has the capability of a gazelle.

Front 27

QUALIFIED /UNQUALIFIED

Back 27

I will support you, but only if you do some favors for me in return --> this is a QUALIFIED declaration of support; it is qualified by the requirement of favors in return.

Hint 27

QUALIFIED

Front 28

xxx happens consistently

Back 28

xxx happens consistently (NOT 'is happening consistently

Hint 28

if the message is 'xxx happens consistently these days', then that message should be expressed in the present:

Front 29

When vs If

Back 29

When you return the goods, your money will be refunded.-->"- The first sentence implies that your money will be refunded immediately when you return the goods. No delay. The refund occurs in the timeframe of the return--that's the point of "when".

Hint 29

When ____" ALWAYS refers to the timeframe of "____

Front 30

participle (verbal adjective) VS gerund (verbal noun)

Back 30

having good friends is a wonderful thing is different because "having" is a gerund (verbal noun), not a participle (verbal adjective). You can use gerunds that don't have objects ("Running is fun!") and gerunds that do have objects ("Running circles around your opponents is fun!"), and in every case it's singular. Note that you COULD have "Running and jumping ARE both fun

Hint 30

means it's just an adjective -- "cars" doesn't suddenly become singular if we put "yellow" in front of it.

Front 31

Enough

Back 31

sentence ("I went to ShopRite enough to taste jalapenos") doesn't work

Correct-It was cold enough that my toes turned blue. / It was so cold that my toes turned blue.

"Correct-It was cold enough that you could see your breath in the air. / It was so cold that you could... "

Correct-It was cold enough that the county cancelled school for the day. / It was so cold that the county...

Correct-It's warm enough for ice cream --> I've been wanting ice cream, and I've been waiting for it to get sufficiently warm to justify my getting some.

Correct-It's sunny enough for a picnic --> Hooray, finally we can have a picnic!

Correct-It's cold enough for a fire --> We've been freezing and waiting for it to get cold ENOUGH that it justifies our lighting a fire.

Hint 31

to such a degree that

Front 32

so + adj + that

Back 32

"Don is so tall that he can reach the top shelf without any effort.....>""so ADJ/ADV that ..."" is* used to emphasize the extreme quality of ADJ/ADV* followed by some consequence of that extreme quality"

Hint 32

if the emphasis is on a quality described by an adjective ("tall" in this example), then it's more compact and stylistically better to write "so + adj + that"

Front 33

such + adj + noun + that

Back 33

Tom is such a hermit that he hasn't left his house in two years.-->in that sentence, the quality is actually described by a noun ("hermit"), so there is no option to use the "so + adj + that" construction.

Hint 33

if the quality itself is embodied by a noun rather than by an adjective

Front 34

so ADJ as to VERB

Back 34

i am so ugly as to be viscerally repulsive to women. --> this works, because the verb "to be" describes a state/condition.

INCORRECT-i am so ugly as to repel women on sight. --> you generally wouldn't see this in good writing, as "repel" is an action verb; the sentence would probably be written as "i am so ugly that i repel women on sight."(CORRECT).

Hint 34

you don't use so ADJ as to VERB unless the VERB describes some sort of state/condition. i.e., if the verb is an action verb, this construction generally isn't used.

Front 35

so as to

Back 35

Joe bought a gym membership so as to become more attractive to women.-->the act of buying a gym membership itself is not going to make joe instantly more attractive to women (women do not swoon over a man's gym membership card). instead, there are plenty of implied intermediate steps between "by a gym membership" and "be more attractive"; the use of "so as to" implies that there are such intermediate steps in the process.

Hint 35

indirect intention

Front 36

to be competitive

Back 36

My sister is very competitive.-->to be competitive" is more about personality traits ("My sister is very competitive") than about actual competition. i.e., "x competes" implies that x actually competes, while "x is competitive" implies only that x wants to compete (but may or may not actually get the chance).

Hint 36

personality traits.>than about actual competition

Front 37

x competes

Back 37

x competes implies that x actually competes, while "x is competitive" implies only that x wants to compete (but may or may not actually get the chance).

Hint 37

x actually competes

Front 38

purpose

Back 38

A purpose is an active intention.-->You're trying to DO something."Not doing something" isn't an active intention.If this idea were phrased in an active way——i.e., with the purpose of avoiding competition with xxxx——then it would make sense.

Hint 38

A purpose is an active intention

Front 39

avoiding prosecution.

Back 39

It actually requires that you DO things. (e.g., destroying evidence; intimidating witnesses; taking advantage of legal loopholes; etc.)

Hint 39

(avoiding prosecution) is an active endeavor.Avoiding prosecution is actually an ACTIVE GOAL.

Front 40

not being prosecuted

Back 40

not being prosecuted" applies equally well to things like sleeping, dancing, eating pizza, etc. (These activities definitely do not quality as "avoiding prosecution", though.)

Hint 40

Not being prosecuted is something that basically just is, unless you're actually being prosecuted.

Front 41

Since xxxx, yyyy /Yyyy since xxx

Back 41

yyyy' should be.......'has/have __ed' if its timeframe is 'up to the present' or ...'had __ed' if its timeframe is 'up to some past point' (= NOT 'up to the present') .xxxx' is normally a date or a past-tense construction.

Front 42

who(m), where, whether, why

Back 42

whether Earth will grow warmer --> suggests the question 'Will Earth grow warmer?'

what form of government the new country will adopt --> suggests 'What form of government will the new country adopt?'

Hint 42

words that suggest questions'

Front 43

parallelism

Back 43

what he knows and who spoke to him --> parallel (two 'words that suggest questions' as explained above)

what he knows and the people who spoke to him --> nope

the things he knows and who spoke to him --> nope

the things he knows and the people who spoke to him --> parallel (two normal nouns)

Hint 43

parallelism you should match words of the same kind

Front 44

That

Back 44

Mary made claims that pertain to her achievements in high school.

Retailers do not approve of the apps that allow shoppers to perform immediate price-comparison by scanning a product on the shelf.

Hint 44

“That” modifies the preceding noun through this modifying clause and acts as the subject of this clause.

Front 45

That

Back 45

The analysts strongly believe that the manufacturing sector will continue to act as a drag on gross domestic product in the third quarter and that the improvement is unlikely until regional structural issues are addressed and the broader global backdrop brightens.

Mary found certain evidence that even the Crime Scene Investigators (CSI) could not find.

Hint 45

“That” connects two clauses. It acts as a connector. Each clause connected by ‘that’ requires its own subject and verb pair.

Front 46

idiom

Back 46

"Incorrect-Rock samples taken from the remains of an asteroid about twice the size of the 6-mile-wide asteroid that eradicated the dinosaurs have been dated to be 3.47 billion years old and thus are evidence of the earliest known asteroid impact on Earth"

"Correct-Rock samples taken from the remains of an asteroid about twice the size of the 6-mile-wide asteroid that eradicated the dinosaurs have been dated at 3.47 billion years old and thus are evidence of the earliest known asteroid impact on Earth"

Hint 46

dated to be/dated at

Front 47

that

Back 47

Mary found certain evidence that even the Crime Scene Investigators (CSI) could not find

Mary found certain evidence that even could not be found by the Crime Scene Investigators (CSI)

Hint 47

that' is a connector

that' is modifying the noun 'evidence

Front 48

present perfect/simple past

Back 48

if the two of you are actually talking about marriage, he will probably say "i have been married three times".

if the two of you are NOT directly talking about marriage or its consequences -- for instance, he is just enumerating members of his family -- he will probably say "i was married three times"

Hint 48

the present perfect (has/have VERBed) is used if the event still has a tangible impact or influence on, or relevance to, the present state of affairs

the simple past is used if the event does NOT have any tangible impact/influence/relevance in the present

Front 49

comma+ and

Back 49

i bought bananas and grapes --> normal parallel structure; there shouldn't be a comma here.

i bought bananas, which were on sale, and grapes. --> here there is a comma in front of "and", but that comma belongs to the green modifier.

Hint 49

it's quite possible to have a comma in front of "and" in a construction that's not an independent clause, if that comma belongs to some other construction (such as a modifier).you can't block off a modifier with a comma on only one side

Front 50

Comma+ING

Back 50

i dropped the groceries onto the floor, scaring the baby.--->this is another "modifying the entire action" type of modifier.what scared the baby? well, my dropping the groceries onto the floor did.did *i* directly scare the baby? no.

Hint 50

chain of causation

Front 51

pronouns

Back 51

The framers of the US Constitution did not anticipate the challenges it would face in a post-industrial world.

The novels of James Joyce reflect his fascination with both word origins and patterns of verbal association.

Hint 51

pronouns can refer to objects of preposition

Front 52

ACT OF HAVING or the ACT OF BEING

Back 52

HAVING too many friends can be a burden.

HAVING more cars than I can use, I don't mind lending them to friends. <- even this usage is doubtful. It's better to say "since I have..."

Hint 52

correct usages:

Front 53

laws

Back 53

laws specifying long jail sentences for drunk drivers --> correct (___ing), since that's what the laws actually specify.

laws to specify long jail sentences for drunk drivers --> incorrect (that's not the ultimate purpose of the laws)

laws to discourage drunk driving --> correct (this IS actually the ultimate purpose of the laws)

Hint 53

correct (___ing)

Front 54

to

Back 54

i eat eggs and cottage cheese with every meal to promote muscle growth.--> in this sentence, you can't look at "meal to promote...", because that is not actually a construction. the construction is : (i eat eggs and cottage cheese (with every meal)) (to promote muscle growth).so, in this case, the infinitive "to promote" applies to the entire preceding clause, not to the noun in front of it.

Hint 54

"to" to indicate purpose but if they are smaller parts of some larger construction, then you may have to look at other things.

Front 55

ING modifier without a comma

Back 55

This restaurant will provide free food to runners finishing the marathon. (correct)--> "Finishing the marathon" describes the runners.

Hint 55

That kind of modifier should describe the noun that comes before it.

Front 56

-ING modifiers WITH commas

Back 56

I dropped the groceries onto the floor, scaring the dog. (correct)--> The floor didn't scare the dog. What scared the dog was my dropping the groceries on the floor.

This restaurant will provide free food to runners, finishing the marathon.--> Nonsense; implies that the restaurant is running a marathon while providing food.

I dropped the groceries onto the floor scaring the dog.--> Nonsense; implies that the floor scared the dog.

Hint 56

Without meaning, grammar doesn't even exist.

Front 57

to

Back 57

My plan is to sell clothes

To know my dog is to love him.

Hint 57

"to sell clothes"used as a noun.

subject of a sentence

Front 58

estimated

Back 58

"Paleontologists believe that fragments of a primate jawbone unearthed in Burma and estimated to be 40 to 44 million years old provide evidence of a crucial step along the evolutionary path that led to human beings.--->the word ""estimated"", which must be followed by ""to be."" A certain number of these little rules will occur on Test Day, so you should do your best to learn them in small groups as you continue to study (as opposed to trying to memorize 100s of them all at once)."

Hint 58

Idiom

Front 59

as well as

Back 59

Diesel engines burn as much as 30% less fuel than gasoline engines of comparable size, as well as emitting far less carbon dioxide gas and far fewer of the other gases that have been implicated in global warming.

His review was insightful as well as thorough--->i wouldn't elevate this to the status of a 'rule', since as well as is also widely used to connect other things, such as adjectives

Hint 59

don't follow 'as well as' with a verb.be suspicious of any choice in which 'as well as' is followed by something other than a noun. (if you can't see any other reason to eliminate, use this as a guessing method.

Front 60

that [verb]s

Back 60

if i tell you that i have friends who work in finance, i'm implying that finance is their long-term career.

Hint 60

that [verb]s" implies that [verb]ing is a permanent or fundamental aspect of the noun that's described.

Front 61

[verb]ing

Back 61

on the other hand, if i tell you that i have friends working in finance, then there is no such implication (e.g., maybe they'll quit tomorrow and become consultants, or form a startup, or retire and move to a tropical island).

Hint 61

.[verb]ing", on the other hand, implies that it's temporary and can/will change

Front 62

parallelism

Back 62

"We argue just as often and about the same things as the couple next door.-> ""(Just as) often"" is an adverb. ""About the same things"" doesn't contain a literal adverb, but it acts the same way (both modifiers describe ""argue"".There's no adverb that means ""about the same things"", so this is about as good as you're going to get here."

Hint 62

Just a result of the fact that, well, not everything in the world can be expressed in exactly the same way.

Front 63

sentence + "as" + noun(s)

Back 63

the noun(s) normally describe the significance of whatever was described in the sentence.

Hint 63

the restaurant owner gave free meals to veterans on Veterans' Day, as a token of appreciation for their service to the country.

Front 64

comma + __ing follows only a noun

Back 64

Roberta, having just finished her first marathon, collapsed onto the floor.--->Here, "having..." just describes Roberta. However, it still needs to have a fundamental relationship to the following part (i.e., she collapsed because she had just run 26.2 miles).

Hint 64

Namely, if comma + __ing follows only a noun, rather than a full sentence/clause, then it modifies only that noun. (It can't do anything else!)

Front 65

that are

Back 65

items produced by this machine are guaranteed to be accurately sized

"items that are produced by this machine are guaranteed to be accurately sized.--->there's no real difference here. so, the first one is marginally better, if only because it's more concise.rest assured that such a small difference will NEVER be the sole basis for the elimination of an answer choice."

Hint 65

there's no real difference here. so, the first one is marginally better, if only because it's more concise.rest assured that such a small difference will NEVER be the sole basis for the elimination of an answer choice

Front 66

were VERBing

Back 66

tom's mother was cutting his hair before the guests arrived --> this makes it sound as though tom's mother didn't finish cutting his hair.

tom's mother cut his hair before the guests arrived --> she finished the job.

Hint 66

were VERBing" implies that the process was going on at the time, but that it didn't necessarily finish. in this context, that is at best questionable

Front 67

that

Back 67

the notion that his own family would vote against him

confidence that the economy will improve

Hint 67

if you have a noun referring to a feeling or an idea, than you're always going to need to use "that" if a description of that feeling or idea follows.

Front 68

THAT

Back 68

The key that opens the main door is on the table.

The keys that open the office doors are on the table.

Hint 68

if "THAT" is used to start a modifier (as it is here), then it works with both singular and plural nouns.

Front 69

THAT

Back 69

The economy of country X is stronger than that of country Y --> correct

The governmental institutions of country X are stronger than that of country Y --> INCORRECT (must be "those")

Hint 69

if "THAT" is a pronoun appearing in a parallel structure, then it must represent a singular noun

Front 70

nouns

Back 70

The trenches have yielded evidence that societies arose.--->The trenches have been doing something (present perfect) but the societies arose in the past).

Hint 70

Because they refer to different nouns in the sentence. Here's the core of the sentence:

Front 71

having

Back 71

"Students having finished Math 101 and 102 are eligible to take Math 201.--> this is like saying ""students who have finished...""; this tense actually makes sense here."

Hint 71

this modifier is equivalent to saying have been cut... (if it's attached to something in the present or future tense), or had been cut... (if it's attached to something in the past tense).in general, you're going to find that modifiers with "having..." are somewhat rare, because they will usually (not always!) be written with "who"/"that" when possible. for instance, the sentence above -- while not incorrect as is -- would most likely be written instead as Students who have finished...

Front 72

a "___ing" modifier

Back 72

"I told Susan to be wary of pickpockets, watching her purse.--> I was watching Susan's purse (presumably to prevent theft) while I warned her about pickpockets."

"I told Susan to be wary of pickpockets watching her purse.--> If there are pickpockets watching Susan's purse, she should be suspicious."

Hint 72

If a "___ing" modifier DOES NOT follow a comma, then it should modify a noun.

Front 73

parallelism

Back 73

"The Federalist papers, a strong defense of the United States Constitution as well as an important body of work in political science, represent the handiwork of three different authors.---->Present perfect tense is for an action that started in the past and is either still going on or still true today. This sentence fits the latter category - the data presented is still true (45k in 1979, 34k last year). Notice also the parallelism from [number, date] to [number, date];"

Hint 73

parallelism within the commas ("a strong defense... as well as an important body of work...") b/c both descriptions refer to the papers.

Front 74

present perfect tense

Back 74

"Now a days, the new Governments always rollback the changes that have been implemented by the old Governments.- The clause in present perfect (that have been implemented by the old Governments) is modifying changes"

"In El Nino, changes combine to allow the warm water that has accumulated in the western Pacific to flow back to the east.- The clause in present perfect (that has accumulated in the western Pacific) is modifying warm water"

"Everyday, the Sun clears the mist that has been accumulated by the low temperatures of the night.- The clause in present perfect (that has been accumulated by the low temperatures of the night) is modifying mist"

Hint 74

present perfect tense is primarily used to depict an event that has happened at some unspecific time before the current time.

Front 75

Meaning

Back 75

In the capacity of Rousseau, Tolstoi rebelled against the unnatural complexity of human relations in modern society.

Considered as Rousseau, Tolstoi rebelled against the unnatural complexity of human relations in modern society.

"As Rousseau, Tolstoi rebelled against the unnatural complexity of human relations in modern society."

As was Rousseau's, Tolstoi´s rebellion was against the unnatural complexity of human relations in modern society.

Hint 75

grammatically fine, but clearly distort the meaning of the original sentence.

Front 76

comparison

Back 76

"John has more ice cream than Mary. Implied comparison: John has more ice cream than Mary [HAS ICE CREAM]. The words in brackets are omitted, but their presence is understood. "

Hint 76

Case 1:

Front 77

comparison

Back 77

"John has fewer apples than oranges. Implied comparison: John has fewer apples than [HE HAS] oranges. The words in brackets are omitted, but their presence is understood. "

Hint 77

Case 2:

Front 78

comparison

Back 78

Julia was able to climb the tree as fast as her brothers did.

Land values in most parts of the pinelands rose almost as fast as those outside the pinelands.

Hint 78

action to action

noun to noun

Front 79

comparison

Back 79

"we could read the sentence as meaning that julia climbed the tree as fast as she climbed up her brothers' backs.if there's any ambiguity in the version that doesn't feature a verb, then throw the verb in there to resolve the ambiguity (even if one of the 2 ambiguous meanings is a bit farfetched - remember that ambiguity is ambiguity, and that we aren't supposed to use 'common sense' to resolve meanings). so, in the sentence about julia WITHOUT the 'did', we could read the sentence as meaning that julia climbed the tree as fast as she climbed up her brothers' backs. a bit strange, but not meaningless or ungrammatical, so we must consider it a genuine ambiguity. therefore, we need the verb. "

Julia was able to climb the tree as fast as her brothers did.

Hint 79

WITHOUT the 'did

with "did"

Front 80

comparison

Back 80

Incorrect-Because my little son does not perceive the things systematically, as I, he may notice details that I ignore.

Correct-Because my little son does not perceive the things systematically, as I do, he may notice details that I ignore.

Hint 80

verb to verb

Front 81

a genuinely ambiguous

Back 81

"Josh has known tim longer about stephanie. this can mean two things: (1) josh has known tim longer than josh has known stephanie; (2) josh has known tim longer than stephanie has known tim. --->he reason why both of these meanings are legitimate sentences is that they are both perfectly parallel: (1) is parallel because the parallel elements are tim and stephanie (both people, both in the same context), and (2) is also parallel because the parallel elements are josh and stephanie (both people, both in the same context). "

Hint 81

two meaning

Front 82

itself

Back 82

"Smith's books were not as infamous as Smith himself.the ""himself"" here is used to solidify this comparison between two things that would normally not be comparable, i.e., smith and his books."

Hint 82

if you say "the NOUN itself" or "the NOUNS themselves", the point is usually to make some sort of comparison with something that is NOT in the same category as the NOUN/NOUNS.

Front 83

possessives

Back 83

those boys' unruly behavior is a result of unorthodox parenting.---->since you used an apostrophe on boys', that's not a noun -- possessives are adjectives -- and so the subject becomes unruly behavior

Hint 83

possessives are adjectives

Front 84

Like

Back 84

Like the grassy fields of the United States, the swamps of Florida are slowly disappearing.

Like the grassy fields and old pastures of the northeastern United States that the upland sandpiper needs for feeding and nesting when it returns in May after wintering in the Argentine Pampas, the bird itself is vanishing . . ....>"Like the grassy fields, etc. . . . ," creates a modifier. This modifier must be followed by the thing that is like the grassy fields.

Hint 84

If you have a noun modifier ("Like the grassy fields,"), it must immediately be followed by a noun

Front 85

extra preposition

Back 85

I am thinking of pizza and (of) ice cream.

as a result of (x and y) and of z: As a result of residential/industrial development AND a result of changes

proper meaning Error: as a result of (a and b)(y and z): As a result of residential/industrial development and changes

Hint 85

you need to include a preposition to give a clear understanding of what needs to be parallel for proper meaning. In some cases an extra preposition (or other part of speech) is optional

Front 86

Singular/plural

Back 86

If you have to make this decision, then, for presumably obvious reasons, "the bird" (singular) is better than "the birds" (plural).

Hint 86

"There's no point in considering this issue in isolation, since the GMAT will never hand you a single sentence and ask you whether it is correct.The GMAT is a multiple-choice test. So, there are only two possibilities:1/ You have to choose between ""the bird"" and ""the birds"";2/ No such issue is in play."

Front 87

like

Back 87

"Like my brother, I enjoy stupid jokes.––> both my brother and i enjoy dumb jokes. (this may be the only thing we have in common.)"

Hint 87

in the sentence "like X, Y does zzzz", the whole point is that both X and Y do zzzz (though they may or may not have anything else in common).

Front 88

does/do/did

Back 88

"Since 1990 the global economy HAS GROWN more than it DID during the 10000 years from the beginning of agriculture to 1950....>Conveyed meaning: Since 1990 the global economy HAS GROWN more than it GREW during the 10000 years from the beginning of agriculture to 1950. ...>Implication: On the GMAT, does/do/did and its antecedent verb can be in different forms. "

"Wrong: Our cars were designed to inspire envy, and they ARE.Implied meaning: Our cars were designed to inspire envy, and they are [inspiring envy]. Here, the participle in brackets -- inspiring -- has been omitted. A PARTICIPLE may be omitted only if it appears in the same form earlier in the sentence. In the sentence above, inspiring does not appear in the first clause; hence, it cannot be omitted from the second clause. "

Hint 88

the purpose of does/do/did is to serve not as a helping verb but as a SUBSTITUTE for an antecedent verb.

Front 89

omitted-Comparison

Back 89

"A reader might make the following interpretation: While it costs about the same to run nuclear plants as other types of power plants [cost]... The intended comparison is as follows: While it costs about the same to run nuclear plants as [to run] other types of power plants... ....>since a reader might be confused, eliminate the answer choice.Since a reader might misinterpret the intended meaning, look for an answer choice that makes the comparison clear. "

Hint 89

Structure

Front 90

comparisons

Back 90

"French bulldog puppies cost more than Samoyed puppies.French bulldog puppies cost more than Samoyed puppies do.^^ These sentences discuss the cost of purchasing the puppies themselves."

"French bulldog puppies cost less to feed than Samoyed puppies.French bulldog puppies cost less to feed than Samoyed puppies do.^^ These sentences discuss the cost of feeding the dogs, not the cost of purchasing them."

"You do need a certain degree of parallelism. (E.g., here, ""do"" needs a verb, ""cost"", to which it can be parallel.) Beyond that, though, it's mostly just common sense.If for some reason you wanted to compare the cost of feeding one of the puppies with the cost of purchasing the other one -- for whatever reason -- then you'd have to write a sentence that's very specific about that intention.E.g., It costs more to purchase a French bulldog puppy than to feed a Samoyed for ten years."

Hint 90

comparison sentences automatically compare things that are actually comparable to each other

Front 91

EQUIVALENT

Back 91

"Equivalent to = ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION: Critics claim that the new law is EQUIVALENT TO censorship. Equivalent of = NOUN + PREPOSITION: One grapefruit is the nutritional EQUIVALENT OF two lemons."

Hint 91

EQUIVALENT means equal in VALUE, function, or meaning.

Front 92

MORE AND GREATER confusion

Back 92

correct -The cost of pen is greater than the cost of pencil--->you're missing "a" in front of the nouns. but that's a non-issue, since the gmat does not test "a"/"an"/"the".

correct -The weight of our kitty is greater than the weight of their kitty---->theoretically correct, although no decent writer would ever write this sentence (you'd see "Our cat is heavier than theirs" instead)

correct -The number of birds breeding this year is greater than that of last year---->"that of last year", on the other hand, creates non-parallelism, because there's nothing "of this year"

correct -The pen costs more than a pencil.---->random observation: you have two examples labeled

"correct-The amount of water is greater than the amount of juice.The clarity of water is greater than that of juice."

incorrect-There are more number of birds breeding this year than last year.

incorrect-The number of cats we have is more than the cats they have

incorrect-The weight of our kitty is more than theirs.

"[quote]The fraction of the population who smoke is greater than those who do not [smoke].three big errors:

• ""those"" has no noun to stand for.

• even if such a noun were present, the sentence would still be non-parallel (""a fraction is greater than these people"").

• idiomatically, ""greater than"" can never be followed by people/things, irrespective of parallelism. (""greater than ____"" only works if ""____"" is a numerical quantity."

Front 93

greater

Back 93

"the gyrfalcon has greater numbers --> this is ok

the gyrfalcon has more numbers --> this doesn't make sense

therefore, ""greater"" is the preferred version.

try this if you ever run into this issue again; it will almost certainly work."

Hint 93

the best rule i've found is to test the legitimacy of placing "greater" BEFORE the noun (i.e., as an adjective), vs. the legitimacy of placing "more" BEFORE the noun (i.e., as an adjective)

Front 94

x is more than y

Back 94

"The following usages are ok:""- ""Besides y, there are additional components to x"" (Human thought is more than information processing; it also incorporates emotions and intuition at every step.)

""- ""...is more than [adjective/description]"" (This apartment building is more than 100 years old.)If x and y are quantities, you'll see ""x is greater than y""."

Hint 94

You're unlikely to see #5 (BirdsA are more than birdsB in country.)("x is more than y") in any official sentences.

Front 95

"The following usages are ok:""- ""Besides y, there are additional components to x"" (Human thought is more than information processing; it also incorporates emotions and intuition at every step.)""- ""...is more than [adjective/description]"" (This apartment building is more than 100 years old.)If x and y are quantities, you'll see ""x is greater than y""."

Back 95

"examples:this year's unemployment rate of 12% is three times as great compared to the rate in 1994 --> incorrect (redundant)

the correct way to write it:this year's unemployment rate is 12%, compared to 4% in 1994i.e., you just come out and SAY the statistics, and then give ""compared to""."

Hint 95

if you have a sentence that says "compared to/with" (or similar constructions, including "in comparison to", "as compared to/with", etc.), then the sentence CANNOT also use a comparison word, such as more, less, greater, prefer, better, worse, X times as much, etc.

Front 96

Being

Back 96

"Being followed by paparazzi 24 hours a day has caused many celebrities to become extremely hostile to strangers. (source: i made this up on the spot) (note that this is both --> it's a passive-voice ING noun!)

During the 1950s, as part of their therapy, young polio victims learning to live with their disabilities were helped to practice falling, so that they could learn to fall without being hurt. (source: gmat prep) (again, passive voice ING noun)

According to one expert, the cause of genetic irregularities in many breeds of dog is not so much that dogs are being bred for looks or to meet other narrow criteria as that the breeds have relatively few founding members. (source: gmat prep) (passive; not ING noun)

Being heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that has worked well in the past, is likely to make an executive miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear. (source: gmat prep; also in the OG verbal supplement) (ING noun; not passive)"

Hint 96

"from what we've seen, ""being"" can be ok as long as at least one of the following 2 conditions obtains:

(1) it is part of a PASSIVE-VOICE construction (note that such constructions require a form of ""to be"", so, if the passive voice is in the -ing form, that form will manifest as ""being"");or

(2) it is used as a ING noun (i.e., the action of ""being something"" is treated as a NOUN in the sentence). most, but not all, of these nouns form of a construction in the passive voice, as discussed in #1 above. "

Front 97

initial modifier that begins with an adjective

Back 97

"for instance:Fresh from the tree, the mangoes were difficult to eat because they were not yet ripe.

-->requirement (1): ""fresh (from the tree)"" describes the mangoes.

--> requirement (2): the fact that the mangoes were fresh from the tree is directly related to the fact that they were not yet ripe enough to eat.

same thing here:Less successful after she emigrated to New York than she had been in her native Germany, photographer Lotte Jacobi nevertheless earned a small group of discerning admirers, and her photographs were eventually exhibited in prestigious galleries across the United States

--> requirement (1): ""less successful"" does describe photographer lotte jacobi.

--> requirement (2): note the relationship between the description in the modifier (""less successful than she had been in her native germany"") and the description in the following clause

-- note especially the word ""nevertheless"", which makes it explicitly clear that the sentence is focused on the relationship between these two ideas."

Hint 97

"this sort of modifier -- an initial modifier that begins with an adjective -- should fulfill the following two requirements:

(1) the adjective should refer to the subject that follows the comma;

(2) the description in the modifier should have some sort of easily understandable relationship to whatever is described in the following clause"

Front 98

compared to germany

Back 98

"the unemployment rate in county x is 5%, compared to 8% in county y (a correct sentence)

--> note that this sentence actually compares what it is intended to compare. i.e., ""compared to 8%"" is actually sensible, because the intended comparison is actually between the two percentage values."

Hint 98

if you have "compared to germany", then the context of the sentence must actually have an intended comparison between germany and some other place.

Front 99

although" and "nevertheless

Back 99

Jake studied for the test but nevertheless failed ......>it is a perfectly respectable sentence, so there doesn't seem to be anything objectionable about combining "although" and "nevertheless".

Hint 99

Although has essentially the same function as "but". nevertheless=in spite of that

Front 100

some of which

Back 100

"e.g., Twenty employees moved abroad, some of them going to the Middle East and the rest going to Asia.this sentence works.if you try to replace 'some of them' with 'some of WHOM', though, it no longer works. (comma + ... + 'whom' has the same restrictions as 'which', except in regard to persons rather than things.)"

Hint 100

"some of them...' is not nearly so restricted.this modifier CAN work like 'some of which...', but it can also modify more distant nouns, such as the previous subject."

Front 101

AMBIGUITY

Back 101

"analogy: i know more about shakespeare than my brother ambiguous. two ways we can resolve this problem by adding little words:

1) i know more about shakespeare than does my brother --> i'm a bigger shakespeare nerd than my brother is.

2) i know more about shakespeare than about my brother --> my brother and i were separated at birth, so i know more about shakespeare than i do about him. same deal."

Hint 101

"* if you have 2 ANSWER CHOICES THAT DIFFER ONLY IN THE PRESENCE/ABSENCE OF A LITTLE WORD, then CHANCES ARE THAT THE LITTLE WORD IS NECESSARY. i can't guarantee this 100%, but LOOK FOR AN AMBIGUITY that arises if the little word is omitted.

* if the little word isn't the _sole_ difference between 2 answer choices, then try to concentrate on the other differences between the answer choices first. "

Front 102

Comparisons

Back 102

"E.g., I am taller than my brother .....>is a perfectly valid comparison.It doesn't matter that am would conjugate differently for my brother (my brother is). It's still the same verb.

In fact, this latitude even extends to versions with helping verbs.E.g., Sarah eats faster than her brother ever could .....>is also a legitimate sentence; you don't specifically need to write could eat."

Hint 102

Comparisons don't require the same form of a verb.

Front 103

Interpretation

Back 103

"Interpretation 1: The US spends more money on health care than [the US spends money on] Canada.

Interpretation 2: The US spends more money on health care than Canada [spends money on health care].

While the second interpretation seems to be the intended meaning, both interpretations are reasonable. "

Hint 103

"Example 1: The US spends more money on health care than Canada"

Front 104

Clarity/paralallelism-Comparison

Back 104

"Quote:Example 2:

The critic XY described the performance as more important to popular music concert history than was any other performance<-- wrong

Here, was (verb) lacks a preceding parallel form.

Since was must be compared to a preceding verb, the sentence above is not viable.

The following would be correct:

According to the critic, John's performance WAS more important to popular music concert history than WAS any other performance."

Hint 104

"Rule 1: Clarity The comparison must be crystal clear. If more then one interpretation is reasonable, then the comparison must be clarified. Generally, adding just a word or two will make the comparison crystal clear.

Rule 2: Parallelism Generally, we compare PARALLEL FORMS. One CLAUSE is compared to another CLAUSE. One VERB is compared to another VERB."

Front 105

Like vs As

Back 105

According to a recent poll, owning and living in a freestanding house on its own land is still a goal of a majority of young adults, as it was of earlier generations

Hint 105

"Here's another way of thinking about it: Generally, you use 'as' to compare VERBS or WAYS in which things happen. Generally, you use 'like' THINGS (nouns).

So the first example in this thread uses 'as' because of the comparison between VERBS/WAYS ('as it was of...'). Notice that, if the sentence were written in a manner that compared nouns or noun phrases (such as 'The goal of the current generation, LIKE THAT OF previous generations, is...'), then you'd use 'like'.

In your most recent example, the two things being compared are most definitely things (nouns) - the appetite for this and the appetite for that. There are no verbs in the comparison at all, so you use 'like' for sure. "

Front 106

those

Back 106

"for instance:the fats in olive oil are more healthful than THOSE in canola oil.--> those, ""those"" stands for fats."

Hint 106

those of -- in this construction, you have to have some NOUN for which "those" can actually stand.

Front 107

ambiguity

Back 107

"in no other music festival did jimi hendrix cause such a spectacle as woodstock.this is ambiguous. there are two possible interpretations:(1) ...as IN woodstock (this is analogous to the intended meaning of the posted problem)(2) ...as DID woodstock (i.e., you're comparing the spectacle caused by jimi hendrix to the spectacle caused by woodstock itself)"

Hint 107

"if you have 2 ANSWER CHOICES THAT DIFFER ONLY IN THE PRESENCE/ABSENCE OF A LITTLE WORD, then CHANCES ARE THAT THE LITTLE WORD IS NECESSARY.

this is a really, really, really strong bias, like over 90% likely. if you see two such choices, then you should REALLY think twice before picking the one without the ""little word""

i can't guarantee this 100%, but LOOK FOR AN AMBIGUITY that arises if the little word is omitted.

* if the little word isn't the _sole_ difference between 2 answer choices, then try to concentrate on the other differences between the answer choices first."

Front 108

Comparisons

Back 108

"Jim's pen is brighter than Alex's (pen). - Correct! (""pen"" is implies)

Jim is smarter than Alex (is). - Correct! (""is"" is implied)

The omission of a noun for concision is straightforward. Just make sure that the 2 nouns in the sentence can be logically compared. But there are certain exceptions when you are deciding"

Hint 108

"Rule tested- Parallelism (ellipsis)

This is a case of ellipsis in comparison. In this some words omitted from the sentence to make it more concise. Both noun and verb can be omitted. The omitted words should be present in the first part of the sentence in the same form. "

Front 109

Comparisons

Back 109

"· You look more beautiful this year than last year. - Incorrect·

You look more beautiful this year than you did last year.- Correct"

Hint 109

"Tense ShiftIf the verb tense changes from the first to the second half of the sentence, then the verb must not be omitted in the second half."

Front 110

Comparisons

Back 110

"I love my dog more than my friend. - Incorrect

Here, the intended meaning could be that I love my dog more than I love my friend, ORthat I love my dog more than my friend does. Since the omission of the verb in the second half of the sentence distorts the meaning, this sentence is incorrect on the GMAT.·

I love my dog more than I love my friend.- Correct!·

I love my dog more than my friend does.- Correct!"

Hint 110

"Meaning Ambiguity- Do not omit the verb if doing so will make the sentence’s meaning ambiguous."

Front 111

past perfect

Back 111

at the beginning of the 1991 track season, the world record in the men's long jump had stood for almost 23 years.

"Retailers reported moderate gains in their November sales, as much because their sales a year earlier had been so bad as because shoppers were getting a head start on buying their holiday gifts"

Hint 111

as long as there's something to serve as the second past time marker - to which the action referenced in the past perfect is relevant - you can use the past perfect.

Front 112

awkward

Back 112

"Sales in November increased.

Sales in November increased because of X.

Sales in November increased because of X and Y.

Sales in November increased, as much because Y as because X."

Hint 112

The bolded portion is an aside that gives a reason for the main clause (why retailers gained moderate gains in November sales). They use an awkward construction that follows:

Front 113

background1

Back 113

"• __ing modifiers suggest that the noun is currently, but not permanently, ""__ing"".e.g.,People working in the oil and gas industry have suffered from the recent collapse in oil prices.(= people who are working in the industry right now, with no expectation that they'll make a career of it)"

Front 114

background2

Back 114

"• ""who/that + (present tense)"" modifiers suggest that the noun is, at its very core, a noun ""who/that does xxxx""--in other words, that doing xxx is part of the identity of that noun.e.g.,People who work in the oil and gas industry tend to live far from cities.(= people whose career is in oil and gas)"

Front 115

having __ed

Back 115

"e.g.,People having seen this movie...People who have seen this movie...the first of these is basically impossible, because ""having seen this movie"" can't be a temporary state. once you've seen it, you've seen it, and then, for the rest of your life on earth, you're someone who has seen that movie."

Hint 115

with that background ^^, you can probably see why "having __ed" is usually problematic

Front 116

having __ed

Back 116

"ok, here's an example. i lived in miami about fifteen years ago.

consider:I live in Miami.RIGHT NOW this sentence is FALSE. (right now i live in los angeles.)

I have lived in Miami.RIGHT NOW this sentence is TRUE (and it will remain true in perpetuity—it's clearly impossible for this to become false.)

for the same reason, i could not write a present-tense sentence (about myself) with , living in miami

but i absolutely CAN write a present-tense sentence about myself with, having lived in miami

e.g.,Ron, having lived in Miami, is frustrated by the early closing times of California nightclubs. (lots of clubs in miami are open until 6-8am)totally valid sentence."

Hint 116

Correct usage of having __ed

Front 117

Modifiers - Use it or Lose It

Back 117

"In the first case, you'll ""use it"" - identify the improper modifier and eliminate the answer choice.

In the second case, you should ""lose it"" -- if the modifier is correct, then you can read as though it weren't there and reduce the word count that you need to read.

As an example, answer choice A says:

Unlike the United States, where farmers can usually depend on rain or snow all year long, the rain...

Well, ""where farmers..."" is a modifier - and because ""where"" logically modifies the place (the US), it's a proper modifier. Because it works, you should ""lose it"", leaving you with:

Unlike the United States, the rains...

This should clearly be incorrect - the main reason that the GMAT might have left you with doubt is that the in-between ""where"" modifier distanced the initial ""Unlike the US"" modifier from the subject ""rains"". "

Hint 117

"Basically, modifiers on the GMAT serve two purposes: 1) A decision point for you to eliminate misplaced modifiers or 2) Extra description for the GMAT to use to make it harder for you to find the true decision point "

Front 118

subordinating conjunctions

Back 118

" for instance, both of the following sentences are fine:

even though i was third in line, i had to wait two hours to be served.

i had to wait two hours to be served, even though i was third in line.--"

Hint 118

"subordinating conjunctions") can be placed just as well at the beginning of a whole sentence as between two clauses.

Front 119

coordinating conjunctions

Back 119

"there is, however, a different group of conjunctions that indeed can't be placed at the beginning of a sentence. these are the so-called ""coordinating conjunctions"" -- and, but, yet, and so on.for instance, the following sentence is ok...

i was third in line, but i still had to wait two hours to be served.

... but under no circumstances can you write a sentence like But xxxxx, yyyyy."

Front 120

comparison

Back 120

"Unlike smog, which in Mexico City is often dense enough to hospitalize or even kill asthmatic children, humidity is not inherently dangerous.

--> This sentence is a comparison between ALL smog (not just the smog in Mexico City) and humidity.The issue with choice E is that it's structured the same way, mistakenly suggesting a reference to all such tubes in the first part of the sentence.

... versus

Unlike the smog in Mexico City, which is often dense enough to hospitalize or even kill asthmatic children, the air pollution in Houston has never threatened human life.

--> Now it's just ""Mexico City smog vs. Houston air pollution""."

Front 121

two sentences look alike

Back 121

"What should be pretty obvious here, though, is that it's better if the two sentences look alike""”especially if they express similar or corresponding ideas.

E.g.,If you return your library books late, you will accrue fines on your account.

If your library books are returned late, fines will be accrued on your account.

vs.

If you return your library books late, fines will be accrued on your account.If your library books are returned late, you will accrue fines on your account.

All four of these sentences are grammatically sound, and all four have reasonable meanings, but it should nonetheless be absolutely clear that the first two are much better than the last two."

Hint 121

As long as thing #1 and thing #2 are complete sentences, technically, you have grammatical parallelism.

Front 122

NOUN in which

Back 122

"• to judge ""NOUN in which..."", just ask yourself, Can I write ""in this/that NOUN?""

e.g.,

– i can put jewelry in a box. so, the box in which i put jewelry is ok.

– i can pay taxes in a certain year. so, the year in which i paid the taxes is ok.

– on the other hand, you don't do things in a date; you do them on a date, or at a date. so, you can't say ""the date in which i finished the course"". (you could use ""on which"" or ""at which"".)"

Hint 122

completely different issues.

Front 123

When

Back 123

"""When ____"" ALWAYS refers to the timeframe of ""____"".

E.g., When you return the goods, your money will be refunded.

If you return the goods, your money will be refunded. ""-

-The first sentence implies that your money will be refunded immediately when you return the goods. No delay. The refund occurs in the timeframe of the return--that's the point of ""when"". ""

- The second sentence, on the other hand, carries no implication whatsoever about when the money will be given back. This sentence can be true even if you have to wait months or years to get the money back!"

Front 124

many of whom

Back 124

"if you understand why

i adopted two dogs, which weigh approximately 100 pounds each

or

i adopted two dogs, each of which weighs approximately 100 pounds"

Hint 124

"many of whom" is not a subject pronoun; it's a relative pronoun. it has EXACTLY the same grammar as plural "which"

Front 125

many of them

Back 125

"*i adopted two dogs, they weigh approximately 100 pounds eachis a run-on sentence (--> incorrect). for the same reason,

*i adopted two dogs, each of them weighs approximately 100 poundsand

*... a population of only 4 million people, many of them are members of hill tribes...would also be run-on sentences (--> incorrect)."

Hint 125

by contrast, if the sentence had contained "many of them", then it would be a run-on.

Front 126

which

Back 126

"viz.:

the dogs are large.

each of the dogs is large."

Hint 126

"it's ""each of which"", not just ""which"".""each"" (and therefore ""each of which"") is singular."

Front 127

"viz.:the dogs are large.each of the dogs is large."

Back 127

"for instance:

the unemployment rate in county X is 6 percent, compared to 11 percent in neighboring county Y.

this is a correct sentence; note that it explicitly mentions both of the statistical quantities in the comparison."

Hint 127

here's how to use it: a sentence that uses "compared to/with" should explicitly mention both items in the comparison.If you see "compared to/from", the issue is whether the comparison makes sense. The issue will NOT involve grammar.

Front 128

it" and "they" (and their various forms"”its, their, them, etc.)

Back 128

"So, if a sentence contains ""the energy produced is France"", then it CANNOT just stand for ""energy"". It has to stand for the energy produced in France.

This is the entire reason for the existence of these pronouns""”to demonstrate that we're still talking about exactly the same thing.

If you want to just pick out the noun""”and leave out the following qualifiers/modifiers""”then you have to use ""that"" or ""those"" as a pronoun instead.

E.g., you can compare ""the energy produced in France"" with ""that produced in Germany""."

Hint 128

The pronouns "it" and "they" (and their various forms"”its, their, them, etc.) stand for a noun with all attached modifiers.

Front 129

while

Back 129

"If ""while"" comes before a complete sentence, then, ideally, it should imply BOTH simultaneity AND contrast.

While HOV (high-occupancy vehicle) lanes do serve the laudable purpose of encouraging carpooling, they also reduce the number of lanes available to solo drivers, increasing both congestion and air pollution.

If ""while"" comes before a modifier, it serves only to indicate simultaneity.

You shouldn't send text messages while driving."

Hint 129

If "while" comes before a complete sentence, then, ideally, it should imply BOTH simultaneity AND contrast.

Front 130

capable of VERBing

Back 130

"The results of two recent unrelated studies support the idea that dolphins mayshare certain cognitive abilities with humans and great apes; the studies indicate dolphins as capable of recognizing themselves in mirrors—an ability that is oftenconsidered a sign of self-awareness—and to grasp spontaneously the mood orintention of humans."

Hint 130

the correct idioms are "capable of VERBing" and "ability to VERB"

Front 131

indicate

Back 131

this test indicates the presence of the drug

this test indicates that the drug is present

Hint 131

Both of the examples are correct

Front 132

parallel

Back 132

"""(of) recogniz(ing)"" is something that dolphins can do. "

"(of) grasp(ing)"" is also something that dolphins can do.

therefore, these are the parallel elements. "

"of self-awareness"" and "of grasping"" are completely different things -- one refers to the meaning of a sign, while the other is an action that dolphins can carry out -- so it makes no sense to consider these as parallel elements."

Hint 132

remember that [b]parallel elements must be PARALLEL IDEAS -- they must be two of the same type of thing/action/idea.

Front 133

wordiness

Back 133

"the correct version is ""the ability TO (VERB)"

". the incorrect version is ""the ability OF (VERBing)"

". pure idiom issue -- notice that the correct and incorrect versions have exactly the same number of words, so wordiness doesn't enter into the equation at all."

Hint 133

the issue isn't "wordiness" -- this is actually an incorrect idiom. (note that there are indeed some choices that are "wordy", but "wordiness" will never, ever, be the only thing that's wrong with a choice.)

Front 134

consider

Back 134

"on the other hand, you can use ""considered as"" in a different context: namely, if you mean to say that you are only considering a certain aspect of something/someone.

for instance, let's say that there's an absolutely horrible piece of art called ""The Stand"", but that this horrible piece of art also makes a profound political statement. (i'm just making this up -- i have no knowledge of any actual art by this name.)

then you can write: ""the stand"" is entirely worthless when considered as a work of art, but of historical importance when considered as a political statement.

i haven't seen this use of ""considered as"" on the actual gmat, but it can't hurt to be aware of its existence."

Hint 134

"if you mean to say that X is classified as a Y, then you just say ""X is considered Y"". (alternatively, you can say ""X is considered to be Y"", although that extended version isn't normally used unless the former results in ambiguity or difficult language.) if that's the intended meaning, then it's incorrect to write ""X is considered as Y"". "

Front 135

expect

Back 135

here are the two separate examples:

"expect" directly before a verb (actually, an infinitive):

we do not expect to arrive on time.

"expect" directly before a noun:

we do not expect the package until sunday.

Hint 135

Here are three ways you can use expect as a verb.

Expect immediately before a verb:We expect the new shoes tomorrow.

Expect that before a clause with its own subject:We expect that the new shoes will arrive tomorrow.

Expect before a noun and infinitive: We expect the new shoes to arrive tomorrow.

These all look slightly different when expected is used as a past participle. But that's the subject of a different question.

Front 136

“will” and “would”

Back 136

several experts have predicted that brazil will win the world cup in 2014. (as of this writing it is not 2014 yet, so the future tense is appropriate)

last year, several experts predicted that brazil would win this year's world cup. (this year's world cup is now over, so it's inappropriate to use the future tense. therefore, we use “would”, which is a tense that we use to describe something that was once a future event, but is no longer)

in ancient times, the mayans predicted that the world will end in the year that corresponds to A.D. 2012 on the modern gregorian calendar. (2012 has not happened yet, so we still use the future tense for the prediction -- even though the prediction was made a really, really long time ago)

Hint 136

* if we are actually talking about an event that has not occurred yet -- i.e., an event that is genuinely in the future -- then we should usually use “will”.

* if we are talking about an event that was still a future event at the time described in the sentence (but is no longer a future event), then we should use “would”.

Front 137

that

Back 137

examples (ALL are ok):

I proposed that we meet on Wednesday rather than Tuesday.

I proposed a new meeting time.

James estimated that he had not seen Thomas in three months.

James estimated the length of the corridor.

This report indicates that crime is increasing in our neighborhood.

This map indicates all locations at which violent crimes have been committed in the last week.

etc. etc.

you can even have sentences in which a noun clause is the subject, although that's not very common (because there are usually less wordy / more direct ways to write such sentences).e.g.That Maya was on time to the meeting was a shock to everyone, including Maya herself.

Hint 137

"that" technically plays the role of a noun; in fact, such clauses are technically classified as "noun clauses", for exactly this reason. therefore, by taking out the clause and replacing it with a noun, you are actually not altering the grammar of the sentence at all.

Front 138

expect that X will/would VERB

Back 138

however, this particular idiomatic form is irrelevant in the problem at hand, because the non-underlined part of the problem contains "expect automakers...".

this form can't exist unless you have "that" directly after "expect", which is impossible with the existing underline.

Hint 138

it's true that "expect that X will/would VERB" is a correct idiomatic form. (the VERB doesn't have to be "to be", and there doesn't have to be an object "Y").

Front 139

"Convinced of ___"

Back 139

"Convinced of SWE" just doesn't mean anything. "Convinced of ___" only works if ____ represents some idea, notion, etc. (...really convinced of these ideas)

Front 140

that are not currently true

Back 140

the sentences that DO use this construction all deal with things that are not currently true, either ...

1/ because they are actually false at present ("I propose that boys be admitted to School X, which currently enrolls only girls")

... or ...

2/ because they haven't had the chance to happen yet ("The timeline of the event mandates that volunteers be on site at 5:00am tomorrow"; "You should store your food in an airtight container, lest it be detected and eaten by a bear while you sleep").

Hint 140

if we're talking about the way things are, then we NEVER use that kind of construction.

if you are convinced that _____ is true, then you are convinced that ____ IS true right now. So "is true" (not "convinced that ____ be true").

Front 141

more than one possible meaning.

Back 141

e.g.,Smith proposed that evolution occurs through sudden, sporadic changes, rather than gradually.

--> this is smith's hypothesis ("proposed" = "stated a hypothesis"). he thinks this is how evolution actually happens, so "occurs".

Smith proposed that evolution occur primarily through sudden, sporadic changes, rather than gradually.

--> this would be a bit weird... smith is talking to God, or to some other deity/entity that can control how the world works, and he is basically asking for evolution to work this way ("proposed" = "put forth a plan").

Hint 141

there are some verbs that may or may not take that construction, because they have more than one possible meaning.

Front 142

at the time of the sentence

Back 142

Although Smith had demanded that twenty employees be fired, only three were actually let go.

note that "be" doesn't have a tense at all--it's the same in any timeframe--so it's even more important than usual to ascertain tense/timeframe from the other verb(s) in the sentence.

Hint 142

the point is that at the time of the sentence--regardless of when that might be--xxxxx is (or was, or will be) not true, or not yet true.

Front 143

one possible meaning.

Back 143

• The doctor suggested that Susan go to sleep early.

• This cell phone bill, which shows no usage at all after 9pm, suggests that Susan goes to bed early.

Front 144

"and"

Back 144

I'm convinced that I should study harder for the GMAT and that I should learn to swim.

I'm convinced that I should go to the YMCA more often, where I can learn to swim.

Hint 144

Unrelated

Interrelated

Front 145

results in

Back 145

"results in..." can only be used when it's LITERALLY TRUE. for instance, you could say that the attempt resulted in failure, since the attempt ITSELF ended in failure

Hint 145

if you understand this literal meaning, then it goes without saying that you can't use this sort of construction for physical objects.

TAKEAWAY:you can only say "X results in Y" when X is an ACTION. if X is an OBJECT, you can NEVER say that X "results" in anything.

Front 146

as

Back 146

wrong-As the heavily barbed stinger of the honeybee stays where it is inserted, with the result that the act of stinging causes the bee to sustain a fatal injury.

Hint 146

the connector "as" connects two complete sentences BY ITSELF. if "as" is used to connect two complete sentences, it should NOT be used in conjunction with any other connector words.

Front 147

the construction (preposition) + NOUN + VERBing is WRONG, unless the preposition refers directly to the NOUN

Back 147

for instance:

i've never heard of bees stinging dogs

WRONG. this is not an issue of whether you've heard of bees themselves; it's an issue of whether you've heard of their stinging dogs.

...results in the act of stinging causing...

WRONG. this doesn't result in the act of stinging itself; it results in what is caused by the act of stinging.

i have a picture of my cousin playing hockey.

CORRECT. this time, the picture is actually of my cousin, so we're good.

Hint 147

that isn't usually the case, so, if you're in doubt, you should strike choices with this sort of construction.)

Front 148

if you have "preposition + NOUN + VERBing", then "VERBing" is just a modifier, and can be dropped without changing the surrounding grammar.

Back 148

i've never heard of bees stinging dogs

--> i've never heard of beesdoesn't make sense anymore. wrong.

...results in the act of stinging causing...

--> ..results in the act of stingingdoesn't makes sense anymore. wrong.

i have a picture of my cousin playing hockey.

--> i have a picture of my cousin.still makes sense, so this one is ok

Hint 148

therefore, the sentence should still make sense, in context, if you write it as just "preposition + NOUN", without the "VERBing" modifier.therefore, the sentence at hand can be reduced to "... results in the act of stinging".

Front 149

"with" is NOT used like other prepositions

Back 149

the clearest example of this special usage is in the non-underlined part of og12 problem 29:

with individual bulls and cows receiving awards, fetching unprecedented prices, and exciting enormous interest

Hint 149

this is veeeerrry interesting, since identical constructions with other prepositions are definitely incorrect. for instance, i've never heard of people biting dogs is incorrect, because the intended object of the preposition is the action (the biting) rather than the noun ("people"); instead, one could write i've never heard that people have bitten dogs.

Front 150

“aim to do” and “with the aim of doing”

Back 150

a. Joe aims to finish his book by the end of this month.b. Joe is writing the book with the aim of finishing it by the end of this month.

Front 151

parallelism

Back 151

In Britain, "pig" refers to any member of the class of domestic swine, but in the United States the term refers only to younger swine not yet ready for market and weighing less than 82 kilograms.

Hint 151

the term refers to swine A and B, where A and B are noun modifiers referring to the noun swine:

the term refers to swine not yet ready for market

the term refers to swine weighing less than 82 kg.

Front 152

gerund

Back 152

Obtaining an investment-grade rating will keep the county's future borrowing costs low, protect its already-tattered image, and increase its ability to buy bond insurance.

Hint 152

Obtaining (something) will keep the costs low. The act/action of obtaining (something) is the subject.

Rating is also an -ing word; this one is perhaps easier to recognize as a noun because it has the article "an" and an adjective before it.

Front 153

COMMA + VerbING

Back 153

Five fledgling sea eagles left their nests in wester scotland this summer, bringing to 34 the number of wild birds sucesfully raised since transplants from norway began in 1975.

Five fledgling sea eagles left their nests in wester scotland this summer, and bought to 34 the number of wild birds sucesfully raised since transplants from norway began in 1975.

Hint 153

Just look at the second part:

Five eagles brought to 34 the number of birds successfully raised.

Did the five eagles themselves actively bring about the result? No. The fact that the eagles left their nests, that action, is what brought to 34 the number... That's why OG said E is illogical. The birds themselves didn't bring anything about.

Front 154

Verb Phrase

Back 154

did not spring to life in a flash of inspiration but evolved slowly

Hint 154

'Did not 'Verb Phrase + Prepositional Phrase but 'Verb Phrase + PP' is maintained here.

Front 155

BY + VERBing = HOW:

Back 155

John LOST weight BY EATING less.

Mary SOLVED the problem BY PLUGGING in her own numbers.

Henry SAVED time BY TAKING the highway.

Hint 155

In the SC above, HOW do many people avoid toll charges? BY USING their mobile phones.

Front 156

parallelism

Back 156

Some bat caves, like honeybee hives, have residents that take on different duties such as defending the entrance, acting as sentinels and sounding a warning at the approach of danger, and scouting outside the cave for new food and roosting sites.

Hint 156

If there are more than one series, then the last series by itself has to be again preceded by another “and”.

If there are more than one series in a passage, ensure that each of the series maintains its own parallel structure within its domain.

Front 157

although

Back 157

if i say "you can take the bus to the city, although you cannot drive", then it's a fact that you cannot drive, period.

if i say "you can take the bus to the city when you cannot drive", then this is basically an "if/then" statement: if you can't drive, then you can take the bus.

Hint 157

"X although Y" implies that Y is a given (unless Y contains weasel words such as "might" or "could").

Front 158

definition of a Gerund and a Participle

Back 158

Gerunds: Swimming is a good exercise. (Gerund used as the subject of a sentece)

When will you stop talking? (Gerund used as a the object of a verb)

Her crying disturbed me. (Gerund used as a verbal noun)

The picture needs reframing. (Gerund used after a verb)

Participles:

Fishermen fishing in choppy seas rish their lives. (present participle used immediately after the subject it refers to)

I saw birds flying over the hill. (present participle after a noun)

Bill went hunting with his friends.(present participle used after a verb)

The fading star can hardly be recognized. (present participle as an adjective)

Bill is ironing his shirt. (to show continuity in a continuous tense)

Hint 158

The easiest definition of a Gerund and a Participle is that a Gerund is a verb form used as a noun whereas a Participle is a verb that has the characteristics of both a verb and an adjective.

Front 159

COMMA + CONJUNCTION + SUBJECT + VERB

Back 159

The normative model suggests that executives examine a firm's conditions...and THAT they use....

OR

The normative model suggests that executives examine a firm's conditions...and use...

Hint 159

we have to assume that use is the main verb of a separate, independent clause and is NOT serving to complete the first clause.

Front 160

Executives (examine X) and, (using ABC, decide on Y).

Back 160

The normative model of strategic decision-making suggests that executives examine (a firm’s external environment and internal conditions) and, (using the set of objective criteria derived from these analyses,) decide on a strategy.

Hint 160

Notice that the modifier "using the set..." comes after the parallel marker "and" and so the modifier must modify the second parallel element:

Front 161

difference in meaning

Back 161

College taught me to drink coffee, and stay awake to study for tests.

(College taught me to drink coffee and stay awake??? Comma misused to separate two ideas)

College taught me to drink coffee and, by staying awake, study for tests.

(College taught me to drink coffee and study for tests. Correct meaning. Commas are used to separate the aside (by staying awake).

Front 162

"and", or "but"

Back 162

E.g.,You should fill the form out, with blue or black ink, and then sign your name at the bottom.

--> "With blue or black ink" describes how you should fill out the form. It doesn't necessarily describe how you should sign the form.

You should fill the form out and then, with blue or black ink, sign your name at the bottom.

--> You should sign the form with blue or black ink. No information about how you should fill it out.

Hint 162

Basically, when you have "and", or "but", or anything else that separates two thoughts from one another, that word forms a "boundary" that modifiers can't cross.

Front 163

2 possible meanings:

Back 163

The normative model of strategic decision-making suggests that executives examine a firm’s external environment and internal conditions, and they use the set of objective criteria derived from these analyses in deciding on a strategy.

2 possible meanings:

1/(a) The model suggests that executives do xxxx, and (b) they do yyyy.

2/The model suggests (a) that executives do xxxx and (b) that they do yyyy.

Either interpretation is possible. Worse, the punctuation of choice B strongly suggests the first (incorrect) interpretation.

Front 164

analogy

Back 164

the law stipulates that i take a break for at least 30 minutes, and i often take one for much longer.

see how this works?

• the law stipulates that i take a break for at least 30 minutes

• i often take a longer break (which, of course, has nothing to do with the law

Hint 164

unrelated(incorrect)

Front 165

super different.

Back 165

• "in __ing" describe something someone does, or experiences, as part of the process of "__ing".In using a RPN calculator, you may initially encounter some frustration with the order of keystrokes.

• "using" (like other comma+__ing modifiers) just adds more information that describes the entire main action.Using a RPN calculator, Mark was able to perform financial calculations very quickly.

Front 166

suggest

Back 166

e.g.,I would suggest that you be on time tomorrow, since the district manager will be here at the start of the day and may use his impressions to make future promotion decisions.

Hint 166

a different kind of "suggest"

Front 167

But

Back 167

"It is not a duck, but a swan"

The energy source on Voyager 2 is not a nuclear reactor, in which atoms are actively broken apart, but rather a kind of nuclear battery that uses natural radioactive decay to produce power.

Hint 167

coordinate contrasting elements

Front 168

Independent of/from

Back 168

"Independent of" means "not influenced by." Most aid decisions are made independent of academic performance.

"Independent from" means "not reliant on," "politically autonomous from" or "free from." Algeria has been independent from France since 1962." Hmm...you decide which meaning applies there.

Hint 168

There are actually at least two other relevant forms: the adjective forms "independent of" and "independent from."

Front 169

Rather than/instead of

Back 169

He wanted to see an action film rather than a comedy.

He wanted to see an action film instead of a comedy.

Hint 169

"Rather than" is used for contrast, you're correct. "Instead of" is used in a similar context, and can be interchangeable.

Front 170

two interpretations

Back 170

Rahul is as comfortable with Shoaib as Shane Warne.

two interpretations:

a) Rahul is as comfortable with Shoaib as (Rahul is comfortable with) Shane Warne

b) Rahul is as comfortable with Shoaib as Shane Warne (is comfortable with Shoaib)

Front 171

meaning of the sentence

Back 171

when you read the prompt of an SC problem,

READ FOR MEANING FIRST! don't worry about being able to pick out mistakes in the prompt

-- you'll find the mistakes when you compare the answer choices to each other

Front 172

because........as

Back 172

In the textbook publishing business, the second quarter is historically weak, because revenues are low and marketing expenses are high as companies prepare for the coming school year.

Correct

Hint 172

Correct

Front 173

due to

Back 173

"""I suffered a fracture due to the fall"" is correct senstence or incorrect?It seems correct to me because

1) when replacing ""caused by"" with ""due to"", it still makes sense.

2) ""due to the fall"" modifies fracture."

Hint 173

"• if replacing ""due to"" with ""caused by"" creates a workable sentence, then ""due to"" is correct.

• if replacing ""due to"" with ""because of"" creates a workable sentence, then ""due to"" is incorrect.

presuming that you have an adequate understanding of ""caused by"" and ""because of"", any further examples would be superfluous-- especially given that you already provided, and correctly analyzed, a perfectly good example in your last post!"

Front 174

because and "due to"

Back 174

"""Because xxxxx"", where xxxxx is a sentence, is a single modifier.

""Because of xxxxx"", where xxxxx is a noun (possibly with some modifiers of its own), is a single modifier."

"Due to xxxxx"", where xxxxx is a noun (possibly with some modifiers of its own), is a single modifier."

Hint 174

"""Because"" and ""due to"", by themselves, ARE NOT modifiers. (If you understand that a ""modifier"" is an additional description that explains or describes something, then you'll already know this -- it's clear that these words by themselves can't describe anything.)"

Front 175

Because

Back 175

"I was two hours late to the meeting due to the six mile traffic....>It has to describe the noun ""meeting"

".Nonsense. A meeting is not ""due to traffic""."

"I was two hours late to the meeting because of the six mile traffic......>This time, it describes the entire preceding sentence/action/idea.

That makes perfect sentence, because the green thing is the reason why I was late to the meeting."

Front 176

modifiers

Back 176

"for many modifiers, in fact, this is actually obligatory.

e.g., in a which modifier, which is always the subject of a verb that's also part of the modifier."

Hint 176

modifiers can contain subjects and verbs of their own, sure.

Front 177

ED and -ING verbs

Back 177

"They won the football game, scoring 28 points. (how did they win?)

They won the football game, followed by a massive celebration. (what happened after they won?)"

Hint 177

ED and -ING verbs after commas are most commonly a modifier that modifies the main clause of the sentence:

Front 178

present perfect will also admit the past perfect

Back 178

"for the last five years, i have been nauseated every morning

.

for five whole years before i went to see dr. smith, i had been nauseated every morning

....>you clearly can't just memorize that ""for"" goes with xxxxx tense -- but, if you understand the basic pointers above, the use of these tenses should make sense. in the first sentence, we are talking about a state that has persisted (or recurring action, depending on how you want to think about it) up to the present. in the second sentence, we are talking about a state/action that persisted up until the definite timeframe of the sentence."

Hint 178

almost every construction that admits the present perfect will also admit the past perfect under different circumstances, and vice versa.

Front 179

DEDICATED NOUN FORM

Back 179

"Every year, the running of the Boston Marathon attracts hundreds of thousands of spectators.

--> this is correct, since there is no dedicated noun form (like “runnage”).

People running the Boston Marathon are generally in very good physical shape.

--> also correct; this is a modifier.

The performing of certain dance moves requires years of practice.

--> inferior, though not technically incorrect

The performance of certain dance moves requires years of practice.

--> correct, and better than the previous version

People performing dance moves extremely skillfully often appear to be exerting less effort than they really are.

--> correct; this ""performing"" is a modifier. "

Hint 179

"if you are ever given a choice between a DEDICATED NOUN FORM of an action and the corresponding GERUND form of the action, you should always go for the dedicated noun form.

notice that this doesn’t mean that you should automatically reject all -ING forms of those actions, since some of them are not gerunds; some of them are modifiers, in which case you should absolutely use the -ING form. "

Front 180

verb tense

Back 180

"As soon as you've established that something is (or should be) a verb, you're done with grammar. From that point onward, it's all context.

(If you have to decide between a verb and something that's not a verb""”e.g., ""swam"" vs.

""swimming""""”then that's going to be a grammatical issue.) <<<.""to have ___ed"" is the only past-tense version of ""to ___"".>>>"

Hint 180

"In fact, verb tense is one hundred percent meaning and zero percent grammar.

From the standpoint of grammar, all verbs are equivalent. "

Front 181

they seemed/appeared to

Back 181

"If you say ""they seemed/appeared to..."", then, no matter how remote the event is (in time), you use this construction.

for instance:

it seems that the students cheated on the exam (normal past tense in this construction)

but...

the students seem to have cheated on the exam (not here) "

Hint 181

"in any case, though, you DO have to use an infinitive after ""appear"" or ""seem"" in this sort of construction. and if you think about it, this is as past-tense as an infinitive can get. so that's why you have to use it."

Front 182

X in that Y

Back 182

"joe is a typical teenager in that he likes to watch a great deal of television.

--> MEANING: joe shares one thing with typical teenagers: namely, he likes to watch a lot of tv. "

Hint 182

X in that Y is a LIMITING STATEMENT. in these statements, x is usually something very general, but then the sentence LIMITS that statement to the scope of whatever Y is.

Front 183

X because Y

Back 183

"joe is a typical teenager because he likes to watch a great deal of television.

--> MEANING: joe's tv shows have actually CAUSED him to BECOME LIKE other teenagers. "

Hint 183

X because Y means that there is an actual CAUSE-EFFECT RELATIONSHIP, in which Y is/was the actual CAUSE of X.

Front 184

also

Back 184

"Ron, one of the most prolific posters on the MGMAT forum, is also a GMAT course instructor.--> again, if you were to remove the modifier, you would also have to remove ""also""."

Hint 184

if you "drop the modifier", then also doesn't make sense anymore.

Front 185

(identical sentences)

Back 185

"The resale value of your car is greater than the resale value of my car.

The resale value of your car is greater than the resale value of mine.

The resale value of your car is greater than that of my car.

The resale value of your car is greater than that of mine.

(all identical)"

Hint 185

"Your car is bigger than my car.Your car is bigger than mine."

Front 186

including

Back 186

"examples:

I went to Home Depot and bought several tools, including screwdrivers.

--> i bought a bunch of tools. some of those tools were screwdrivers.

I went to Home Depot and bought several multi-tools, which include screwdrivers.

--> each multi-tool actually includes screwdrivers. i.e., screwdrivers are components of these multi-tools. "

Hint 186

"the idea is hard to put into words, but here's my best attempt: when 'which' follows a plural noun, it describes something about those nouns themselves, NOT about the group that they form.

• '...tools, including screwdrivers' means that the GROUP contains screwdrivers.

• '...tools, which include screwdrivers' means that THE TOOLS THEMSELVES (NOT the group) contain screwdrivers."

Front 187

which

Back 187

"So, for instance, both of these (beginnings of) sentences work:

New treatments for cancer, which is the leading killer of American adults over 65, ...

New treatments for cancer, which are often too expensive for patients to afford, ..."

Hint 187

from what we've seen - if you have "which" following "noun1 + preposition + noun2", then "which" can refer to noun1 only if noun2 is grammatically ineligible. otherwise it automatically refers to noun2.

Front 188

AMBIGUOUS PRONOUN

Back 188

"1) if you see an AMBIGUOUS PRONOUN that is REPLACED BY THE CORRECT NOUN in OTHER ANSWER CHOICES, then ELIMINATE the ambiguous pronoun and keep the specific noun.for an example, see problem 68 in the blue verbal supplement, in which ""them"" is split against ""these companies"".HOWEVER,

2) if you see an ambiguous pronoun that is NOT replaced by the correct noun in any of the other answer choices, then DON'T eliminate!for an example, see problem 21 in the blue verbal supplement (in which the correct answer contains a technically ambiguous pronoun)."

Hint 188

not all ambiguous pronouns are incorrect!

Front 189

but

Back 189

(1) renowned for his creative genius in many other countries(,) but almost completely unknown in his own nation, rodrigo was content to make music without amassing a large fortune or playing large concerts.

the "but" connects 2 parallel modifiers, both of which modify "rodrigo". this one would be ok with or without the comma (hence the parentheses around that comma).

(2) after three games, the Bulldogs were on the brink of elimination, but they proceeded to win the next four games in a row, advancing to the semifinal.

here "but" is being used as a coordinating conjunction, connecting 2 independent clauses. (note that "COMMA + advancing..." is just an adverbial modifier -- you can eliminate this without affecting the grammar of the remaining sentence.)

the correct structure here is SENTENCE1 + , + but + SENTENCE2. (there's another comma within each of SENTENCE1 and SENTENCE2, but that's irrelevant to the "but" situation.)

i.e., you can parse the sentence as SENTENCE1: after three games, the Bulldogs were on the brink of elimination ,

but SENTENCE2: they proceeded to win the next four games in a row, advancing to the semifinal

Hint 189

here are 2 similar, but CORRECT, structures. note that they have completely different grammar, so this isn't as simple as you might think it is.

Front 190

when / while

Back 190

"perhaps most commonly, ""when i go to school tomorrow, i will pick up your books"" (NOT ""when i will go..."")

note that you're not given a choice about that (there's no choice with a future verb)."

"Ms. Chambers is among the forecasters who predict that the rate of addition to arable lands will drop while the rate of loss rises"

Hint 190

"this is something that will not be tested on this exam (since it would give native speakers of english--who could judge it correctly by ear--a very unfair advantage).basically, english uses present forms in many contexts where one would logically expect the future."

Front 191

as

Back 191

I like the movie Star Wars, especially since it has Harrison Ford as Han Solo

or perhaps closer to the sentence posted

Even though we aren't dating anymore, I still think of you as a friend.

So, some people still value the iguana in the role of a game animal. Not everybody does.

Hint 191

"as" can be used as a preposition (I just did it right there) to denote "in the role of".

Front 192

verb change

Back 192

The Gorton-Dodd bill requires that that banks disclose to customers how long access to funds from their deposited check is to be delayed-Incorrect for multiple reason

Hint 192

is to be" change the meaning of the original

Front 193

the -ed things

Back 193

"Yves Saint Laurent designed women's jackets with internal pockets, a feature previously found only on men's jackets.

--> here, ""designed"" is a verb.

Women's jackets with internal pockets, first designed by Yves Saint Laurent, reflected the growing presence of women in the workplace.

--> here, ""designed"" is a modifier, not a verb."

Hint 193

you have to use context. the -ed things can be verbs -- but they can also *not* be verbs.

Front 194

according to

Back 194

according to GMAC, the GMAT exam is designed to measure test-takers' reasoning abilities, not their knowledge of particular content.

Hint 194

that's a phrase you use when you name the person or source from which some information/opinion/etc. comes.

Front 195

modifiers

Back 195

"MUCH more importantly—

DO NOT 'make your own versions' of GMAC's sentences.

really.

don't do it.

the GMAT only tests 1-2% of the things that can actually go wrong with english sentences (and even that may be an overestimate).

when random users try to 'edit' these sentences, the result is almost always incorrect—for reasons that the GMAT doesn't test.

making your own examples is good, but they should be...

...1/ your own examples,

...2/ SIMPLE examples, each illustrating only ONE concept (that is actually tested on this exam).

as far as the official problems are concerned, the given answer choices should offer more than enough challenges already."

Hint 195

(when modifiers are separated by commas, the meaning of the sentence without the modifiers must still make sense, and the remaining parts must have the same meaning as in the original sentence.)

Front 196

LIFE CYCLE

Back 196

"Incorrect: a tiger's life cycles Correct: a tiger's LIFE CYCLE "

Hint 196

A living thing cannot have more than one life cycle

Front 197

unequal comparison

Back 197

Incorrect-Although Napoleon's army entered Russia with far more supplies than in their previous campaigns , it had provisions for only twenty-four days.

Incorrect-Simla apple has more nutrients than in other apples......>an unequal comparison

Hint 197

The comparison should be from campaign to campaign. It cannot be between the Russian campaign on one hand and all the campaigns put together on the other hand

Front 198

Idiom

Back 198

Incorrect-Along the major rivers that traverse the deserts of northeast Africa, the Middle East, and northwest India, the combination of a reliable supply of water and good growing conditions both encouraged farming traditions that, in places, endure in at least 6,000 years.

"I started working at e-GMAT in 2012. (To refer to a point of time)

I have worked at e-GMAT for 2 years. (To show a time duration) "

Hint 198

‘in at least 6,000 years’ is incorrect idiomatic usage in this context.

Front 199

Pronoun ambiguity

Back 199

"1/a criminal is a person. ""it"" can't be a person.

2/Pronoun ambiguity is not tested on this exam.

3/Pronoun ambiguity is not tested on this exam.

this latter point is worth mentioning twice. don't burden yourself with things that, for the purposes of this exam, aren't actually things. "if the following 2 things are true ...1/ in context, it's obvious what the pronoun SHOULD stand for2/ the pronoun is actually allowed to stand for that thing (e.g., ""it"" = singular noun that's not a person)... then the pronoun is fine."

"see above-- keep it simple!as long as the pronoun (1) stands for something that's obvious in context and (2) is actually allowed (per grammar rules) to stand for that thing... it's fine. end of story."

Front 200

stylistically flawed

Back 200

"e.g. I am writing to you in reference to the job opening in your department."

Hint 200

It is a very formal expression used to say what you are writing or talking about, especially in business letters

Front 201

stylistically flawed

Back 201

Incorrect-Although the term "psychopath" is popularly applied to an especially brutal criminal, in psychology it is in reference to people apparently incapable of feeling compassion or the pangs of conscience.

Hint 201

The expression "it is in reference" used here is stylistically flawed

Front 202

can/could

Back 202

"I can tell you this: could has more than one use. In the sentence below, could is the past tense of can:

Yesterday John could run fast, but today he can't. (Yesterday John was able to run fast, but today he is unable to run fast.)

Another use is to express possibility:

If John had the energy, he could run fast. (It is possible for John to run fast, but he does not have the energy.) "

Hint 202

We need to examine the rest of the sentence in order to determine how could is being used.

Front 203

And /Although

Back 203

"Although still continuing elsewhere, polio has been eradicated in the United States and could be brought into the country by visitors.........>makes no sense, because ""although"" is put in front of something that doesn't completely contrast with the following clause, and ""and"" is used to connect two elements that DO contrast."

"Although eradicated in the United States, polio continues elsewhere and could be brought into the country by visitors......> uses the connectors properly."

Hint 203

"specifically:

* you should use AND to join the statements whose meanings ARE SIMILAR or REINFORCE EACH OTHER.

* you should use ALTHOUGH to set off a CONTRASTING statement."

Front 204

correct usage

Back 204

"here are a couple more examples of the same incorrect construction:my brother, he is a consultant. (wrong)

The Estadio Atanasio Girardot, it is where two major teams of Medellin play their home games. (wrong)"

Hint 204

"Polio, it continues elsewhere ...this isn't correct usage; it's like having a sentence with two subjects.

i have no idea what this construction is actually called, but you should recognize it as incorrect; i've seen it in a couple of different official problems."

Front 205

although

Back 205

"e.g.,

Although exhausted, Jim managed to keep himself awake for the duration of his three-hour drive home.

or

Jim, although exhausted, managed to keep himself awake for the duration of his three-hour drive home.

both correct"

Hint 205

if it's attached directly to a subject, an "although" modifier can contain just an adjective, or a thing that acts as an adjective

Front 206

verb

Back 206

In the right context, any verb can be parallel to any other verb. (There's only one exception -- a singular verb can't be parallel to a plural verb, because parallel verbs have the same subject.)

Front 207

parallel

Back 207

"MOST IMPORTANTLY

* Remember that parallelism is comparative. It's a beauty contest. You don't have to judge each ""contestant"" individually -- you just have to pick the winner.

So, if you see (A) ""I like to swim, lift weights, and participate in marathons"" and (B) ""I like to swim, lift weights, and run marathons"", it should be quite obvious that B is better than A, because swim/lift/run is clearly better than swim/lift/participate.

The point of SC is that all of the main topics are pretty simple. (The challenge lies in recognizing and isolating the things that are wrong, not in understanding how they work.) If you're encountering a great deal of complexity, then you may be accidentally introducing that complexity yourself.....>This is something you already inherently understand. (Try reading off a list of things, and see what kind of gestures you make while reading the list -- without even thinking about it. Those gestures show that you have an in-built understanding of ""parallelism"".) However, it's essentially impossible to make ""rules"" for which things should be parallel. You have to rely on that pre-existing sense of ""thing #1"", ""thing #2"", etc."

Hint 207

"* If you have 2 verbs, then, grammatically, they're parallel.* Tense depends entirely on context."

Front 208

WOULD AND "COULD"

Back 208

"e.g.According to his most recent advertisement, Mookie the Bookie can predict with 100% accuracy which teams will win next week’s games.

vis-Ã -vis

His October 2, 1982, advertisement declared that Mookie the Bookie could predict with 100% accuracy which teams would win the following week’s games."

Hint 208

"Usage #1""Would"" is the past tense of ""will"", and ""could"" is the past tense of ""can""."

Front 209

WOULD AND "COULD"

Back 209

"e.g.If I had one million dollars, I could buy 800,000 hamburgers at the gas station.

If I had one million dollars, I would donate 800,000 hamburgers to the county food bank."

Hint 209

"Usage #2""Would"" and ""could"" are used to describe hypothetical situations that are not true, or are extremely unlikely. (since these situations are hypothetical -- i.e., they never happened -- they don't really have a timeframe.)"

Front 210

adjective clause

Back 210

"That story, you wrote, was very good (wrong)

That story, which you wrote, was very good (right) "

Hint 210

"That story you wrote was very good.

Here ""you wrote"" is an adjective clause describing ""story."" While it might be clearer (especially in the case of a long relative clause, such as in the above OG question) to include a ""that"" before ""you wrote,"" it's not required. If set off my commas, though, you'll always see a relative pronoun, most likely ""which:"" "

Front 211

OAs in the OG12

Back 211

"following examples are all from OAs in the OG12:

are IN EFFECT told

have NEVER been sighted

can HARDLY be said

can CONSTANTLY change

have RECENTLY discovered

were EVENTUALLY exhibited

were FIRST aired

can QUICKLY analyze

would LATER make

are CLOSELY related

has ALREADY stimulated

is WIDELY accepted

Thus, would IN THE PAST have conceded is in keeping with GMAC's rules."

Hint 211

GMAC frequently places an adverb between a helping verb and the verb being helped.

Front 212

that

Back 212

"However, in certain other cases, omitting that may not be a good idea. For example:

1: He was told yesterday the inspection team left for the project. - Ambiguous

2: He was told yesterday that the inspection team left for the project. - Clear - yesterday describes when he was told.

3: He was told that yesterday the inspection team left for the project. - Clear - yesterday is part of second clause and now describes when the team left.

3B: He was told that the inspection team left for the project yesterday. - Better version of sentence 3.

So essentially you may ""omit"" when it plays the role of a conjunction as long as the MEANING is clear."

Hint 212

"Here ""that"" is used as a conjunction to connect two clauses. Note that it is not used as a relative pronoun here.

So in such cases when there is no ambiguity about the meaning of the sentence, we can safely omit that"

Front 213

x and y

Back 213

"In B, the parallel parts are ""to distinguish..."" and ""to make...""

Try these:

it hampers the ability of some children to distinguish discrete sounds and words

it hampers the ability of some children to make sense of speech

Good.

In D, the parallel parts are ""hampers..."" and ""results...""

it hampers the ability of some children to distinguish discrete sounds and words (fine)

it results in not making sense of speech (not fine, for the reason stated above)"

Hint 213

"Remember""

”When you have ""x and y"" (unless it's part of something like ""between x and y""), each of ""x"" and ""y"" should make sense alone in the sentence."

Front 214

preferences

Back 214

"you should think of SC ONLY in terms of...

... things that are right vs, things that are wrong,

... clear COMPARISONS between answer choices on a single problem (= answer choices that are clearly better vs. answer choices that are clearly worse)."

"preferences"" should not enter the picture."

Hint 214

you shouldn't think of "preferences" in SC, because "preferences" are basically not things that exist.

Front 215

distinguish

Back 215

"Colorblind people are not able to distinguish between green objects and red objects when these objects are placed in a pattern.

However, note the use of ""distinguish"" in the following sentence:

Excessively colorblind people cannot distinguish colors at all.

In this sentence, distinguish implies ""manage to discern""."

Hint 215

If the word distinguish is used to compare two entities, i.e. point out differences between two entities, then the correct idiom is distinguish between x and y.

Front 216

COMMA + -ING

Back 216

for instance: johnny ran down the street, flapping his arms wildly.

Hint 216

"COMMA + -ING modifiers ALWAYS modify the entire preceding clause. they cannot be used in any other way, ever.

one of the ways that they can be used is to introduce an action that took place during the action described in the main clause."

Front 217

NO COMMA + -ING,

Back 217

"here's a legitimate example of that:

Rey pointed a picture of a dolphin swimming in a blue lagoon.

in this case, it's just the dolphin that swims, so we use a NO COMMA + -ING structure to modify ""dolphin""."

Hint 217

if you have NO COMMA + -ING, then the preceding noun is modified.

Front 218

not just a "gmac thing"

Back 218

"for instance,

the footrace is a universal form of human competition --> this sentence is ok; clearly, it doesn't refer to just one footrace involving all mankind."

Hint 218

this is very common and normal usage, by the way; it's not just a "gmac thing".

Front 219

"comma + ing" modifier

Back 219

"(A)it MODIFIES THE ENTIRE ACTION of the preceding clause, and it APPLIES TO THE SUBJECT of that clause;

AND

(B)one of the following is true:

(1) the ""ing"" action is SIMULTANEOUS with, and SUBORDINATE to, the main action;- i ran down the sidewalk, flapping my arms wildly

(2) the ""ing"" action is a DIRECT AND IMMEDIATE CONSEQUENCE of the main action.- i got a 100 on the most recent exam, bringing my average up to 91

(3) the ""ing"" action DESCRIBES the main action, in some other extremely direct way (illustration, example, explanation, etc.)"

Hint 219

the "comma + ing" modifier should only be used when:

Front 220

whom or "who"

Back 220

"the Glass House Mountains in Queensland, Australia, were sighted in 1770 by the English navigator Captain James Cook, by whom they were named supposedly because its sheer wet rocks glistened like glass.

(B) by whom they were named supposedly and their

(D) who so named them supposedly because their ......>For example, for (B) we'd ask ""by whom were the mountains named?"" We'd answer: ""they were named by HIM""; since we use ""him"", ""whom"" is correct.

For (D) we'd ask ""who named them?"" We'd answer: ""HE did."" Since we answer with ""he"", ""who"" is correct. "

Hint 220

A great way to determine whether to use "whom" or "who" is to turn the sentence into a question and answer it with "he" or "him".

Front 221

"now" + some phrase as a modifier

Back 221

"e.g.James is expanding the scope of his job search, now looking in Malaysia and Thailand as well as in Singapore

--> this sentence is correct, because ""now looking in..."" actually modifies (describes) the way in which james ""is expanding his search""."

"Incorrect-The gyrfalcon, an Arctic bird of prey, has survived a close brush with extinction, now with numbers five times greater than when the use of DDT was sharply restricted in the early 1970s

here, now with numbers five times greater than does NOT modify the idea of ""surviving a close brush with extinction""; instead, it is a much later situation, far removed from (and in considerable contrast to) the near-extinction. therefore, a modifier is inappropriate here; a separate clause, written in a different tense (as in the correct answer), is a better solution. "

Hint 221

if you're going to use "now" + some phrase as a modifier, then "now" must accurately modify the action and timeframe of the preceding clause.

Front 222

run-on sentence

Back 222

The gyrfalcon, an Arctic bird of prey, has survived a close brush with extinction, its numbers ARE now fivefold what they were when the use of DDT was sharply restricted in the early 1970’s.

Hint 222

a run-on sentence (= complete sentence + comma + complete sentence). not ok.

Front 223

modifier

Back 223

"The gyrfalcon, an Arctic bird of prey, has survived a close brush with extinction, its numbers now fivefold what they were when the use of DDT was sharply restricted in the early 1970’s.

this choice is grammatically ok, but it doesn't make sense -- you've created a modifier that doesn't actually modify anything.

the point of ""its numbers are now fivefold..."" is to create a contrast with the previous clause (which says that the bird almost went extinct at one point), not to describe/modify it. so you can't use a modifier here."

"Incorrect-The hiker was stranded on the mountain and nearly starved to death, eating only 300 calories a day and losing twenty pounds in two weeks. Makes sense.

[i]The hiker was stranded on the mountain and nearly starved to death, now eating extra-large meals to gain the weight back.Separate thoughts, Doesn't make sense with a modifier."

Hint 223

grammatically ok, but it doesn't make sense

Front 224

modifiers

Back 224

"verbs are basically meaningless without their subjects, so there's automatically going to be a close relationship to the subject, too. (not a separate principle; it's just not possible to ""describe an action"" without describing how the subject does that action.)

e.g., in the chaco canyon sentence, ""with up to 75 xxxx"" is a description of how the settlements were built ""on a spectacular scale""——but also applies to the subject (""the anasazi settlements"") itself."

Hint 224

"1/these modifiers generally describe the entire preceding action/clause (much as ""comma + __ing"" modifiers do)."

Front 225

modifiers

Back 225

"I like fish sandwiches with garlic sauce(""with garlic sauce"" describes the sandwiches, not my appreciation of them)

I eat fish sandwiches with great enthusiasm(""with great enthusiasm"" describes how i eat the sandwiches, not the sandwiches themselves)"

"the above not a special property of ""with"", by the way; the same applies to other prepositions.e.g.,I don't know anyone in Texas (""in texas"" describes ""anyone"")I bought this book in Texas (""in texas"" describes ""i bought the book"")"

Hint 225

"2/modifiers can describe either a noun or an action."

Front 226

grammar/mechanics

Back 226

"in general, though, i don't think this kind of structure could make sense.consider:

• if ""now"" is included, then, presumably, the previous part describes something in the past. (if the sentence is already talking about the present, there's no reason to include ""now"".)...but...

• __ing modifiers must adopt the timeframe of the sentence to which they're attached.

these ideas are fundamentally contradictory. (if the __ing modifier is appropriate, then ""now"" will be redundant; if ""now"" is necessary, then the __ing modifier won't work.)"

Hint 226

"now" is an adverb. like other adverbs and modifiers, it has no effect on the surrounding grammar.

Front 227

mathematically different.

Back 227

"if joey is 10 years old, then...

... if i'm 5 times as old as joey, then i'm 50.

... if i'm 5 times older than joey, then i'm 60. (in this case, 5 times joey's age is the amount by which i'm OLDER than joey.)

in other words, ""N times older than"" is the same as ""N + 1 times as old as""."

Hint 227

both of these are things, although they are mathematically different.

Front 228

"extra credit" knowledge:

Back 228

"here's an example:

studies have shown that X is 60 percent of Y, a finding that has shocked most observers.

studies have shown that X is 60 percent of Y; this finding has shocked most observers.

--> both correct. note that ""a finding"", following the comma, or ""this finding"", standing alone after the semicolon, stands for the entirety of the clause that comes before it; you couldn't use ""which"" here, because ""which"" would automatically refer to Y.

because studies have shown that X is 60 percent of Y, this finding has shocked most observers.--> incorrect. the presence of ""because"" at the beginning of the first clause means you can't use ""this finding"" anymore.i don't have any idea what the actual rule is here, but i do know with 100% certainty that these constructions are allowed and disallowed respectively"

Hint 228

there ARE constructions that can stand for the abstract information in an entire clause (unlike pronouns, which are limited to standing for actual nouns). chief among these are the COMMA + NOUN modifiers.

Front 229

approach

Back 229

"remember that the approach is hierarchical:

1) CORRECTNESS

2) CLARITY

these are not on equal footing - correctness supersedes clarity.

in other words:

if 4 of the choices in a SC problem are WRONG, then it doesn't matter whether the 1 correct choice changes the meaning.

in this problem, 4 of the choices are WRONG.(a) is redundant (provisions ... provide), and (c) (d) (e) contain grammatical/usage errors.

since (b) is the only choice that is grammatically sound, it really makes no difference whether its meaning is exactly the same as that of the original."

Front 230

modifier

Back 230

"hence, why sentences like this are wrong:

using a siphon, gasoline can be transferred from a car's tank to a gas can.

--> here, ""using a siphon"" does modify the action of the following clause, but it doesn't have a legitimate subject -- i.e., the following clause doesn't say who is using a siphon.

vs

.using a siphon, a stranded driver can transfer gasoline from a car's tank to a gas can.-

-> here, the modifier correctly modifies the following action, but it also has a proper subject (""a stranded driver"").you need both."

Hint 230

however, the fact remains that the -ING form is still derived from a verb, and so still needs to have some sort of subject. in other words, the subject of the clause that's being modified must also be the subject of the -ING form.

Front 231

COMMA -ING modifier after a clause

Back 231

"examples:Joe broke the window, angering his father. --> this sentence makes sense, because it correctly implies that joe ""angered his father"".

the window was broken by Joe, angering his father. --> this sentence doesn't make sense,

because it implies that the window (i.e., not joe himself) angered joe's father.

my brother tricked me, disappointing Dad --> implies that dad is disappointed in my brother for tricking me (and not necessarily disappointed in me for being tricked).

i was tricked by my brother, disappointing Dad --> implies that dad is disappointed in me because i fell for my brother's trick (and not that he's disappointed in my brother for tricking me)."

Hint 231

"two problems with that choice:

1) when you use a COMMA -ING modifier after a clause**, you should actually satisfy TWO requirements:

-- the modifier should modify the action of the preceding clause, as you have stated;

AND

-- the subject of the preceding clause should also make sense as the agent of the -ING action."

Front 232

noun + , + __ing

Back 232

"e.g.,The father of the two boys, arriving at the courthouse, was xxxxxx.--> This sentence unambiguously states that the father was arriving at the courthouse.

It's important that the construction work this way, because there aren't very many other modifiers with similar functionality."

Hint 232

If you have noun + , + __ing, then the __ing describes that initial noun. I.e., if there are other nouns in modifier(s) attached to that noun, then comma + __ing DOES NOT describe those closer nouns.

Front 233

already

Back 233

"Even though he has only known how to sew for two years, Valentin is already one of the best-known young fashion designers in his home country.

By the time I arrive back home, my wife will already be gone."

Hint 233

In a suitable context, "already" can work with present (or future) constructions.

Front 234

comma + __ing structure

Back 234

"E.g.,Crime has decreased in our neighborhood, leading to an increase in property values.

—> The __ing makes sense with the action, but not with the subject.

Aggressive police patrols have decreased crime in our neighborhood, leading to an increase in property values.

—> This makes sense.

The police patrols didn't directly increase the property values—but they did so indirectly, by reducing crime."

Hint 234

"In the comma + __ing structure, the subject should be, among all possible nouns, the one most directly responsible for the ""__ing"" result.

However, the relation will usually still be indirect. (If the noun directly performs the action, then a normal subject+verb construction will almost always make more sense.)"

Front 235

X can be Y"

Back 235

"This sort of thing could make sense if it were written in a form that, well, makes sense. Here are a couple of ways it could work:

• X can be used as a basis for Y, a situation that has the potential to cause disputes. (""can be"" ... ""has the potential to"" ... ok, now that makes sense.)

• X has/have been used as a basis for Y, leading to international disputes. (Better, since the __ing is actually presented as a result of something that happened. Still a little weird, though, since X isn't the most appropriate subject.)"

Hint 235

You can't modify "X can be Y" with a definite consequence. Doesn't make sense.

Front 236

and'

Back 236

"e.g.,Today there was unusually heavy traffic on the highway and I was late to work.

--> the point of this sentence is 'Here are two bad things that happened today.'

--> in this sentence, the traffic IS DEFINITELY NOT the reason why i was late.

Today there was unusually heavy traffic on the highway and so I was late to work.

--> this sentence states that i was late to work BECAUSE OF the traffic."

Hint 236

"unless it is coupled with some sort of explanatory transition word ('and thus...', 'and so...', etc.), the word 'and' implies that you are talking about two SEPARATE things."

Front 237

comma __ing' modifier

Back 237

"consider:

i dropped the bags onto the floor, scaring the dogs.

what scared the dogs?

...my ACTION of dropping the bags onto the floor.

did i DIRECTLY scare the dogs?

...no.this is the point.

if you ask 'WHOSE ACTION is the __ing modifier most closely describing?', then the answer should be the preceding subject."

Hint 237

"remember, the 'comma __ing' modifier is a tool that exists specifically for the purpose of DIRECTLY giving more information about ACTIONS. the relationship to the SUBJECT must be indirect."

Front 238

comma + __ing

Back 238

"this should not be 'sometimes'. this should be ALWAYS. Always always always.

this whole notion—'the noun didn't directly do this; the ACTION did this'—is the ENTIRE PURPOSE of the 'comma + __ing' construction.in other words, we are dealing with a construction developed specifically to say 'i'm not talking directly about the subject; i'm talking about the action.'"

Front 239

because

Back 239

"here's an analogy:

Because Shelly has pink hair, her neighbors are scared of her.

Because Shelly has pink hair, her appearance scares her neighbors.

these sentences make logical sense.

Because Shelly has pink hair, her pink hair scares her neighbors.

Because Shelly has pink hair, her hair color scares her neighbors.

these sentences DON'T make logical sense.

if you understand why the last two sentences are illogical, then the problem with ""because xxxxxxx, this finding ...."" is exactly the same.

If you still don't understand, then it's best to just let this issue go. this is a very minor issue, and it's not worth countless hours and hours of your time."

Hint 239

as far as the "because" stuff -- i don't know any of the grammar terms you're using, but it's best to ignore them anyway since they clearly contribute no value to the discussion.

Front 240

"comma + ing" modifier

Back 240

"the ""comma + ing"" modifier should only be used when:

(A)it MODIFIES THE ENTIRE ACTION of the preceding clause, and it APPLIES TO THE SUBJECT of that clause;

AND

(B)one of the following is true:

(1) the ""ing"" action is SIMULTANEOUS with, and SUBORDINATE to, the main action;- i ran down the sidewalk, flapping my arms wildly

(2) the ""ing"" action is a DIRECT AND IMMEDIATE CONSEQUENCE of the main action.

- i got a 100 on the most recent exam, bringing my average up to 91

(3) the ""ing"" action DESCRIBES the main action, in some other extremely direct way (illustration, example, explanation, etc.)"

Front 241

COMMA -ING modifier

Back 241

"e.g.

james, flailing his arms, yelled obscenities at the fleeing bird.

here, ""flailing his arms"" just modifies ""james""."

Hint 241

"it's true that a COMMA -ING modifier must modify the preceding clause --

IF it is actually preceded by a clause!if a COMMA -ING modifier just follows a noun (almost always the subject of the sentence), then it will just modify that noun."

Front 242

by + VERBing

Back 242

"To express THE PROCESS by which an action is performed, we use by + VERBing:

John made a fortune BY INVESTING wisely.

To express WHO OR WHAT performs an action, we use by + NOUN:

A fortune was made BY JOHN. "

Front 243

adverb

Back 243

"extended |ikˈstendid| adjective

made larger; enlarged: an extended kitchen and new balcony.

• lasting longer than is usual or expected; prolonged: an extended period of time.

The recently extended run of ""Wicked"" on Broadway has now reached its 1000th week. [1st definition]

The recent extended sales slump could result in bankruptcy. [2nd definition]

In the first example, someone has purposely extended the run of something, and that extension occurred recently.

In the second example, ""extended"" merely means ""lasting longer than is usual"". This is the only meaning that makes sense, because no one would purposely extend a sales slump. It's a bad thing! "

Front 244

Each/Every

Back 244

"for instance, the following two sentences are correct:

* he wrote three symphonies, each of which is about half an hour long when played at the intended tempo.

* he wrote three symphonies; each is about half an hour long when played at the intended tempo.

note that ""every"" CANNOT be used to replace ""each"" in these sentences (unless you follow it with something like ""one"")."

Hint 244

you SHOULD know that "each" can also be used as a noun, while "every" cannot.

Front 245

semicolons

Back 245

"e.g.,The players were separated into three groups of four: A, B, C, and D; M, N, O, and P; and W, X, Y, and Z.

in this sentence, trying to separate the elements with commas would clearly be a bad idea."

Hint 245

"semicolons can also be used, in place of commas, to separate the elements of a list.this isn't done at random; it's done when the elements of the list are long, or when those elements themselves contain commas (in which case the sentence might be impossible to read without semicolons)."

Front 246

*must*

Back 246

"i know more about shakespeare than my brother does

i know more about shakespeare than does my brotherboth correct

BUT

i know more about shakespeare than my brother, who has never studied british literature, does

--> this sentence is basically unreadable (you'll have to read it several times before you can make any sense of ""does""), so it's unacceptable.

i know more about shakespeare than does my brother, who has never studied british literature--> correct."

Hint 246

"if it is followed by a decently long modifier, then you *must* use the latter of these.for instance,"

Front 247

prepositional phrases

Back 247

"People protested against slavery, in their homes and in the streets. --> this is a correct sentence in which this kind of modifier modifies an entire clause.

when it comes to problems like this, you don't even have to have precise rules for how the modifiers work. instead, just look at the modifier placement in each choice RELATIVE to the other choices, and go for the choice(s) in which the modifier is placed closest to what it's actually talking about."

Hint 247

prepositional phrases are marvelously flexible. they just need to be positioned in a place where they are clear, unambiguous, and as close as possible to their intended referent.

Front 248

analogy is completely 100% correct.

Back 248

"RonPlease explain the structure of the last part.I am not able to comprehend it."

" the army of terra cotta warrier took 700,000 artisans more than 35 years to complete. ""

Can you please make it clear using examples.

Are both (1) 700000 artisans and (2) more than 36 years - objects of the verb ""took""where 1st one is the indirect object of took and 2nd one is direct object.and is it similar to The project took them several years to complete"

Front 249

idiomatic usage

Back 249

"The chalice was buried to keep from being stolen.

The chalice was buried to keep it (the chalice) from being stolen.

In the former instance, when an action is done ""to keep from"" some other action, the implication is that the subject in question purposely did the first action in order to prevent the second action from occurring. Did the chalice bury itself to keep from being stolen? Nope. Smile

A correct usage might be:

I hid myself to keep from having to do the dishes after dinner.

Vs. ""to keep IT from"" means that something or someone else performed an action on something to keep seem other action from happening to that something. Someone buried the chalice to keep the chalice from being stolen."

Front 250

an effort to ___' vs. 'an effort that has ___'

Back 250

"if you're describing the goal/purpose of the 'effort'—as in this sentence—then you should use the first of these, since 'to ___' is specifically used for goals/purposes.

the second of these doesn't express the idea that '___' is actually THE POINT OF the effort. in actual praxis, in fact, this latter construction is just as likely to describe results that diverge from the original purpose.

e.g.,The government's effort to outlaw Drug X had the unintended effect of making Drug X more popular.

--> THE POINT of the 'effort' was to outlaw the drug.

--> however, its actual effect was quite different."

Front 251

for xxxx years'

Back 251

"e.g.,Jack lived in Bangkok for 15 years.(correct sentence)

here 'for 15 years' is describing the action (Jack lived in Bangkok). that is the only thing it's allowed to do."

Hint 251

for xxxx years' can describe only an action, not a noun.

Front 252

modifiers.

Back 252

"I eat tons of chocolate, my favorite flavor of ice cream.

In the example above, chocolate = my favorite flavor of ice cream. The phrase my favorite flavor of ice cream is giving us additional information about the noun chocolate. For this reason, we say that the phrase my favorite flavor of ice cream is in apposition to the noun chocolate.

Here's another:

Lady Gaga, a very popular singer, tours the world often.

In the example above, Lady Gaga = a very popular singer. So a very popular singer is in apposition to Lady Gaga.

In the SC above, one of Kirchoff's laws = an observation about electric current first made in 1845 and now included in virtually every textbook of elementary physics. The phrase after the comma is giving additional information about one of Kirchoff's laws. So the phrase is in apposition to one of Kirchoff's laws. "

Front 253

modifiers.

Back 253

"One more thing. Each of the following is grammatically correct:

A) Lady Gaga, who is a very popular singer, tours the world often.

In the sentence above, the pronoun who refers to Lady Gaga.

B) Lady Gaga, a very popular singer, tours the world often. In the sentence above,

the noun phrase a very popular singer is in apposition to Lady Gaga.

Notice that answer choice B is shorter. Using the appositive construction instead of the pronoun construction saves a few words and makes the sentence shorter.

All things being equal, shorter is better.

So answer choice B is the better -- and safer -- answer choice. "

Front 254

and

Back 254

"With regard to this rule, E should read as follows:

one of Kirchoff's laws THAT was an observation about electric current, first made in 1845, and

THAT is now included in virtually every textbook of elementary physics. "

Hint 254

Generally, when a conjunction such as and serves to connect one extended that-clause to another, the second that should not be omitted.

Front 255

COMMA + VERBed

Back 255

"Generally, COMMA + VERBed serves to refer to the nearest preceding noun.

E: electric current, first made in 1845

Here, made seems to modify current -- the nearest preceding noun -- implying that electric CURRENT was first MADE in 1845.

Not the intended meaning.

NO COMMA + VERBed does NOT have to refer to the nearest preceding noun.

OA: an observation about electric current first made in 1845

Here, made serves to modify an observation, implying that AN OBSERVATION was first MADE in 1845. "

Front 256

Which

Back 256

"""Which"" can do either of these things.

New treatments for cancer, which are often prohibitively expensive, are only seldom covered by medical insurance.(""which"" = ""new treatments for cancer"")

New treatments for cancer, which ranks among the leading causes of death in North America, are a high priority for research budget administrators.(""which"" = ""cancer"")

As these examples illustrate, you'll have to use common sense to determine which of the two is modified."

Front 257

"modifier with a preposition."

Back 257

"so:dioxins that north americans are exposed to --> INCORRECTdioxins to which north americans are exposed --> correct.etc."

Hint 257

you cannot end a modifier with a preposition.

Front 258

parallel

Back 258

"basically, it's ok to omit ""that"" if the sentence is still legitimately parallel without it.for instance:

food that is nutritious for cats but that is poisonous for dogs

food that is nutritious for cats but is poisonous for dogs

food that is nutritious for cats but poisonous for dogs

all correct.

hand signs that natives use and that appear in local rituals --> correct.

these are both [i]that-clauses that modify ""hand signs"", so the parallel structure works.

BUT

hand signs that natives use and appear in local rituals --> INCORRECT.

the second of these doesn't work because the right-hand component of the parallel structure is appear in local rituals (i.e., active verb whose subject is ""hand signs""). there is no verb in the left-hand side that is parallel to this, so this makes no sense."

Front 259

which

Back 259

"I can see what you're saying here, but nouns that are modified by prepositional phrases can still be the referent of 'which' even if they are a few words distant from it.This usually happens when the immediately preceding noun is grammatically incompatible with the verb after ""which"".

For example: ""The picture of my brothers, which was taken last year in Mexico, is one of my favorites.""

You might object to this sentence on the grounds that 'which' might be taken to modify 'brothers'. And, in a strict sort of way, you'd be right. But here's the catch: There's really no other reasonable way to write this sentence. You just can't get 'picture' next to the 'which' clause without creating total nonsense, or splitting the sentence into 2 smaller sentence-ettes.plus, 'brothers' is plural, and is incompatible with 'which WAS'.

This is an interesting point, though, and subtle at that."

Hint 259

"I can see what you're saying here, but nouns that are modified by prepositional phrases can still be the referent of 'which' even if they are a few words distant from it.This usually happens when the immediately preceding noun is grammatically incompatible with the verb after ""which""."

Front 260

pronoun

Back 260

"It's like this:Here is the song that you're going to sing. (correct)Here is the song that you're going to sing it. (incorrect)Again, there's no meaningful question of whether it is ""used correctly"" -- it shouldn't be there in the first place."

Hint 260

In this context, the pronoun shouldn't be there at all, so there's no such thing as "correctly used" vs. "incorrectly used". It shouldn't be used.

Front 261

modifier

Back 261

"* It can describe the noun that comes before.The plover feeds by cleaning bits of food out of the mouth of the alligator, a predator that could devour the bird at any time. (A plover is a kind of bird.)

Here, ""a predator"" is playing the same role as ""which"" would. The difference is that it adds extra information: it's the first mention that the alligator is a predator.

* It can also describe the entire idea of the preceding sentence. (There's no need to nail down exactly what it modifies in this case; it modifies the entire sentence.)The plover feeds by cleaning bits of food out of the mouth of the alligator, a relationship that benefits both animals.

Here, we're describing the entire sentence. The plover benefits by getting food; the alligator, by getting free dental care."

To decide which of those uses is in play"”as for any other construction with multiple uses"”you have to use a bit of common sense, along with the context of the sentence.

Hint 261

This kind of modifier can do more than one thing.

Front 262

analogy:

Back 262

"I was a high-school teacher until 2004.this makes sense all by itself.

I had been a high-school teacher until 2004.

alone, this is nonsense; it doesn't work unless i provide further context, i.e., something that happened in 2004 (or later) to which my tenure as a high-school teacher was directly relevant."

Front 263

modifiers

Back 263

"For instance,

My room is behind the third door, which is painted green.--> My room is door #3. I'm just noting that it's green to help you find it, but it's the third door, regardless of whether the modifier is there.

Vs.

My room is behind the third door that is painted green.--> My room is the third green door. It may be door #99, but it's the third door that is green.Note that it's impossible to remove this modifier without corrupting the sentence. The resulting sentence will still be grammatically sound, but it will say something altogether different.

That's the background.

Once you understand that, you can see what the issue is with the sentence you quoted. Specifically, references should still make sense if modifiers between commas are taken out.Try removing the modifier there. See what happens to the pronoun."

Hint 263

here's the deal with sentences like that: When modifiers are separated by commas, they're not part of the core of the sentence. In other words, the sentence has the same meaning"”though with less descriptive detail"”if they are removed.

Front 264

by 1945"

Back 264

"Right: By 1945, the United States HAD BEEN at war for several years."

Hint 264

"""by 1945"" is a totally different animal. that construction is specifically used for exactly the same kinds of context where ""has/have __ed"" and ""had __ed"" are appropriate:• completion of an action by a certain point• ongoing action up to a certain point"

Front 265

modifier

Back 265

"the library has instituted a new method of sorting CDs that will make certain genres of music easier to find.

--> here, ""that will make..."" refers to the method of sorting.

the library has instituted a new method of sorting CDs that won't fit into any of the traditional musical genres.

--> here, ""that won't fit..."" refers to the cd's, not the method."

Hint 265

here are two more examples (both correct) in which common sense directs the modifier to different nouns:

Front 266

while

Back 266

"Incorrect-Surpassing Wall Street's estimates, the report of the computer company showed strong second-quarter earnings, and, for the purpose of increasing sales further, they announced the first in a series of price cuts.

* the modifier ""surpassing wall street's estimates"" incorrectly applies to the report; the implication is that the report itself surpassed wall street's estimates. this doesn't make sense.

* the modifier ""for the purpose of increasing sales further"" seems to apply to the action of announcing the price cuts. this is incorrect; this modifier should apply to the price cuts themselves.

* ""they"" doesn't refer to anyone in particular, since the computer company is singular."

Hint 266

* the connector "while" doesn't make sense. there are two possible meanings of "while": (1) contrast, or (2) simultaneity. neither of these interpretations makes any sense in the case at hand.('while' should always be used to connect two things that happen / are true in the same timeframe. this is true regardless of whether a contrast is present.)

Front 267

"modifier"

Back 267

Incorrect-Surpassing Wall Street's estimates, the report of the computer company showed strong second-quarter earnings, and, for the purpose of increasing sales further, they announced the first in a series of price cuts.

Hint 267

a modifier must be blocked off by commas either on both sides or on neither side.

Front 268

...while announcing that (xxx)

Back 268

"...while announcing that (xxx) the ""xxx"" part -- the entire rest of the sentence -- is a complete sentence. ""while announcing that + (complete sentence)"" can be thrown onto another sentence as a modifier. "

Front 269

modifier

Back 269

when it comes to modifier placement, you should just judge the answer choices RELATIVE to each other.

Front 270

control

Back 270

"• If you control a variable, then you actually exert influence on that variable. E.g., Smith's data are questionable because he did not adequately control the ambient temperature during his experiments. -> Smith needed to DO something TO the temperature (= probably keep it constant). He didn't do an adequate job in this regard.

• If you control for a variable, then you're NOT exerting an influence on it, because you're unable, or else unwilling, to do so. Instead, you strategically choose data points to normalize or eliminate the effect of that variable.

E.g., People addicted to narcotics or opiates do not typically lead lives similar to those of non-addicts; as a result, it is often extremely difficult to control for such factors as diet, sleep, exercise, and risk aversion in studying the consequences of drug addiction.

-> To make a valid study of the consequences of drug addiction, we need to find drug addicts whose lives are (drug use notwithstanding) fundamentally similar to those of non-addicts. (E.g., if we compare drug addicts who eat a poor diet to non-addicts who eat a better diet, it's impossible to tell whether any observed differences are due to the drugs, the dietary differences, or both.) Finding such people is difficult, making it hard to perform valid studies.

The point here is that we DON'T ""control"" diet, sleep, exercise, and so on, most likely for ethical reasons. Instead, we try to control FOR these things--basically the next-best option."

Front 271

that

Back 271

"Starting a modifier, ""that"" can describe either singular or plural things.

I have the phone that you left on the table.

I have the coins that you left on the table."

Hint 271

When you use the above, take care not to confuse "that" at the beginning of a modifier with "that" as a pronoun in a comparison.

Front 272

that

Back 272

"If it's a pronoun in a comparison, ""that"" can only be singular, and must be changed to ""those"" for plural.

The sales tax rate in Nevada is lower than that in California.

Residents of Seattle are, on average, taller than those of New York."

Hint 272

If it's a pronoun in a comparison, "that" can only be singular, and must be changed to "those" for plural.

Front 273

which

Back 273

"It's both.

The mattress, which was only one month old, was already beginning to sag.

The mattresses, which were only one month old, were already beginning to sag."

Hint 273

"which" is used at beginning of a modifier it can describe singular and plural.

Front 274

which

Back 274

"""which"" is used as pronoun it can refer to singular

Still both.

It is easy to tell which of these 100 people is the tallest.

It is easy to tell which of these 100 people are women."

Hint 274

"which" is used as pronoun it can refer to singular

Front 275

COMMA + which on the GMAT:

Back 275

"Regarding the use of COMMA + which on the GMAT:

If which has a SINGULAR verb, then it should refer to the nearest preceding SINGULAR noun.

If which has a PLURAL verb, then it should refer to the nearest preceding PLURAL noun.

To illustrate:

Barbara Jordan did not become a nationally recognized figure until 1974, when she participated in the HEARINGS on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon, which WERE televised nationwide.

Here, which has a plural verb (were), so it's clear that it refers not to impeachment but to HEARINGS (the nearest preceding plural noun).

COMMA + VERBing serves to indicate an action happening at the same time as the preceding clause."

Front 276

that /which

Back 276

" ""Which' is considered a non-restrictive modifier, so in this case, it should follow a comma. For example, I can write ""My birch tree, which I planted in the front yard two years ago, is now six feet tall.""

If I use 'that' I would not insert a comma, because 'that' is a restrictive modifier. So I could also write, ""The birch tree that I planted in the front yard two years ago is now six feet tall.""

The two sentences are both correct, but mean different things - in the first, I'm saying I only have one birch tree, and this tree happens to be in my front yard. In the second case, I'm suggesting that I have multiple birch trees, but I'm only writing about the one in my front yard. As far as the GMAT is concerned, we just need to know that 'which' follows a comma in this case, and 'that' does not. E has no comma preceding 'which.' "

Front 277

that

Back 277

"In both of these, the correct comparison would be the equivalent ""I ate an earlier breakfast than I did most days"" not ""I ate an earlier breakfast than that I ate most days.""

In the second example, ""that"" refers to a specific breakfast, which makes no sense. "

Front 278

rather than/instead of

Back 278

"X instead of Y typically implies that Y had been expected, but X happened INSTEAD.

John chose a pen instead of a pencil.

Implication: John had been expected to choose a pencil, but he chose a pen INSTEAD.

X rather than Y typically implies that X is preferred to Y.

John chose a pen rather than a pencil.

Implicated: John PREFERRED a pen.

This is the intended meaning of the SC above:

Doctors do not want to face the threats of lawsuits. They PREFER to retire early. "

Front 279

As

Back 279

"As I could not go to the supermarket yesterday, my children had to eat breakfast cereal for dinner

However, we write

As head of the zoning committee, Irene rejected hundreds of applications..."

Hint 279

As is not a modifying phrase: as could be replaced by since or because

Front 280

when

Back 280

"here's another example:

On Saturday afternoon, when I was visiting my grandparents, an earthquake struck.

again, i don't know the formal grammar analysis here. it's clear that ""when"" is modifying (on) Saturday afternoon, which is a time period, so you're all good here. "

Front 281

when

Back 281

"more generally, you should avoid an over-emphasis on naming things -- because the whole skill set of naming things is completely irrelevant to this exam. all you need is functional knowledge; i.e., you just have to be able to USE these constructions. it's immaterial whether you can name them.

as an analogy:

do you know what all the parts of a window are called? probably not.

does this mean you can't open, close, or fix a window?

of course not.

same goes for sentences.

the only things you really have to be able to name are the super-basic building blocks (noun, verb, clause, etc.) as far as these sorts of unique or eccentric examples are concerned, there's no need to waste your time on terminology; just learn how they do work and how they don't work."

Front 282

each' AFTER the comma

Back 282

"analogy:

the USA comprises 50 states, each of which is united by a federal government --> wrong (the implication is that each state has its own federal government)

the USA comprises 50 states, all of which are united by a federal government --> correct

the USA comprises 50 states, (all) united by a federal government --> correct, whether you have 'all' or not "

Front 283

so that

Back 283

the phrases "so that" and "in that" would modify some kind of action, as in "He went to the store so that he could find Amy" or "It was a bad move in that it resulted in him getting dumped by Amy." We don't have an action we want to modify here

Front 284

by

Back 284

"this ""by"" must be part of a passive construction; e.g., I want to prevent my jewelry from being stolen by burglars while I'm on vacation.

this kind of thing would theoretically work with a dedicated noun form (e.g., I want to install a system that will prevent theft by burglars)."

"e.g.if 500 people actually died IN an explosion, you could write500 people were killed by the explosion.

on the other hand, if some or all of these people didn't actually die in the explosion itself, but died from other causes related to the explosion -- e.g., the explosion released carbon monoxide, which ultimately killed them later -- then that sentence would be inaccurate. in this case,

you could write 500 people were killed [i]as a result of the explosion[/i]."

Front 285

to + verb

Back 285

"Three times a week Matt lifts weights(,) to improve his strength.

for what purpose/goal is matt lifting?

to improve his strength.

(correct sentence)now consider the following:

*Three times a week Matt lifts weights(,) to perform most exercises in three sets of 8-10 repetitions each.

this sentence is incorrect, because ""to perform..."" is not the purpose/goal of the lifting--it IS the lifting. thus, ""to perform..."" is incorrect because it's nonsense.

in other words, here we're elaborating upon the action just described. ""elaborate upon the action just described"" is one of the functions of a ""comma+ing"" construction, so we may use such a construction here:

Three times a week Matt lifts weights, performing most exercises in three sets of 8-10 repetitions each. (correct sentence)"

Hint 285

"to + verb" should express the purpose or goal of whatever is described in the preceding clause.

Front 286

that

Back 286

"consider the following very familiar constructions:

the idea that he wrote that paper by himself is ridiculous.

i don't think that he is mature enough to understand the theme of the book.

etc.

these are definitely not subjunctive clauses, nor are the majority of other clauses starting with

'that'.

it is, however, important that you be able to recognize subjunctive clauses when they do appear

(like this one!) "

Hint 286

"the command subjunctive is used only for wishes, demands, requests, and other related things - which comprise a very tiny fraction indeed of all 'that'-clauses. "

Front 287

which is that

Back 287

"e.g.

G's hypothesis which is that X happens... --> excessively wordy (and contains a misuse of ""which"", as you pointed out above)

G's hypothesis that X happens... --> better

i couldn't believe my friend's story that was about his weekend in Vegas --> unnecessarily wordy

i couldn't believe my friend's story about his weekend in Vegas --> better"

Hint 287

the construction "which is that..." is unnecessarily wordy. (they won't create a choice that is ONLY incorrect because of wordiness, but excessive wordiness is a warning sign that something else is probably wrong, too.)

Front 288

"there is..."

Back 288

"consider the difference between the following two sentences:

first-aid supplies are in the drawer --> we already know that there are first-aid supplies; the point is to specify where they are located.

there are first-aid supplies in the drawer --> the point is to specify the existence of the first-aid supplies (their location is an afterthought)."

"same thing is going on here:

different mental functions are located in different parts of the brain --> we already know that there are different mental functions; the hypothesis is that they are located in different parts of the brain (THIS MAKES SENSE, since the existence of different mental functions is obvious to anyone)

there are different mental functions located in different parts of the brain --> this statement emphasizes the existence, not the location, of the different mental functions. that's the wrong emphasis."

Front 289

that

Back 289

"In sentences describing an association between possible cause and effect, or describing where people think something might originate, I've usually seen ""linked to""

. E.g., High intake of refined carbohydrates has been linked to the onset of cancer.

I wouldn't use ""linked with"" for this sort of thing, but I can't tell you whether GMAC would.(I'd use ""linked with"" in the more literal sense, e.g., Highway 101 links San Francisco with San Jose.)"

Front 290

"Which"

Back 290

"""Which"" can do either of these things.

New treatments for cancer, which are often prohibitively expensive, are only seldom covered by medical insurance.

(""which"" = ""new treatments for cancer"")

New treatments for cancer, which ranks among the leading causes of death in North America, are a high priority for research budget administrators.

(""which"" = ""cancer"")

As these examples illustrate, you'll have to use common sense to determine which of the two is modified."

Front 291

parallel

Back 291

"E.g.,

I have a bicycle and a truck.

I have a bicycle and a big red truck with a rusted-out body, two broken windows, and an engine that's gone 400,000 miles.

Both parallel.

Remember, language is a tool for expressing real-life ideas. In the real world, quite often, we just have more things to say about one thing than about another thing."

Hint 291

As long as the core elements are parallel, it doesn't matter how much decoration is on them. It also doesn't matter if one element is more extensively decorated than the other one.

Front 292

and

Back 292

"e.g.,

Today there was a traffic jam and I was late to work.

(here, ""and"" implies that these incidents are NOT related. ""Here are 2 bad things that happened today."")

Today there was a traffic jam and so I was late to work.(cause-effect relationship)

in this example, the addition of ""so"" produces a meaning that's not only different, but in fact specifically excluded by the first formulation."

Hint 292

right, but, when "and" is paired with a connector, the meaning of "two separate things" no longer holds.

Front 293

Aim

Back 293

"Aim to vs Aim at Vs with Aim of

Aim to (idiom)

Meaning - Try or intend to do something.

e.g : We aim to please our customers, or She aims to fly to California.

Correct usage: aim to + verb

With the Aim Of:

b. Joe is writing the book with the aim of finishing it by the end of this month.

Note:With the aim to is unidiomatic

Aim at (idiom)

Meaning - Direct a missile or criticism at something or someone; to plan, intend or to have as one's purpose

e.g: In his last speech the President took aim at the opposition leader.

He aims at finishing tomorrow. "

Front 294

Although/Even When

Back 294

"Although normally docile, elephants in captivity have been known to attack their trainers."

"Although normally docile, elephants in captivity have been known to attack their trainers."

Correct Intended meaning-Under high pressure and intense heat, graphite, the most stable form of pure carbon, changes into the substance commonly referred to as diamond and remains thus even when the heat and pressure are removed.

"As for ""although"" and ""even when"", the idea being expressed is that the carbon remains a diamond even in the absence of the conditions that caused the chance. By saying ""although heat and pressure are removed"", it makes it sound like that is a definite event. I don't think we can guarantee that.

This is a good example of when using the difference between the two ""best"" answers in your own sentence can help: "

"The successful GMAT student stays calm even when confronted with confusing questions."" "

"The successful GMAT student stays calm although confronted with confusing questions."" "

Front 295

first clause

Back 295

"COMMA + CONJUNCTION + SUBJECT + VERB implies a new, independent clause. In B, since and they use is preceded by a comma, we have to assume that use is the main verb of a separate, independent clause and is NOT serving to complete the first clause.

For use to serve as a continuation of the first clause, the sentence would need to say:

The normative model suggests that executives examine a firm's conditions...and THAT they use....

OR

The normative model suggests that executives examine a firm's conditions...and use..."

Front 296

"and", or "but",

Back 296

"E.g.,You should fill the form out, with blue or black ink, and then sign your name at the bottom.--> ""With blue or black ink"" describes how you should fill out the form. It doesn't necessarily describe how you should sign the form.

You should fill the form out and then, with blue or black ink, sign your name at the bottom.--> You should sign the form with blue or black ink. No information about how you should fill it out."

Hint 296

"Basically, when you have ""and"", or ""but"", or anything else that separates two thoughts from one another, that word forms a ""boundary"" that modifiers can't cross."

Front 297

can

Back 297

"E.g.,The cracks in the building's facade suggest that it can collapse at any time.--> perfectly logical. we're talking about what might happen."

Hint 297

This sentence is talking about a hypothesis about what executives actually do

Front 298

__ in __ing / __ to __

Back 298

"E.g.,Matthew used nothing but Pepsi bottle caps to make his 100-foot-tall sculpture of Väinämöinen.

(i.e., the sculpture is actually made of bottle caps)

But...

Matthew, who is afraid of heights, made extensive use of meditation techniques in making his 100-foot-tall sculpture of Väinämöinen.

Here, ""to make"" would be wrong, because meditation plays no part in the actual construction of a sculpture. This version, on the other hand, correctly conveys the indirect contribution of meditation, presumably to counter the sculptor's fear of heights."

Hint 298

"No, ""use __ in __ing"" is a perfectly respectable construction, provided that it actually makes sense.If ""x"" is a tool or process that's directly involved in doing ""y"", then the second version is better, because it conveys that idea. However, if ""x"" is NOT such a tool and makes only an indirect contribution, then ""use __ to __"" is wrong, while the first version can work."

Front 299

Rather than/Instead of

Back 299

"He wanted to see an action film rather than a comedy.

He wanted to see an action film instead of a comedy."

Hint 299

"Rather than" is used for contrast, you're correct. "Instead of" is used in a similar context, and can be interchangeable.

Front 300

independent OF

Back 300

"We use ""independent OF"" when we talk about two processes or situations that don't depend on each other. This phrase conveys the meaning similar to that of ""unaffected by."" "

"Independent FROM"", on the other hand, means ""not ruled by another country/person."""

Front 301

preposition

Back 301

"All of the following are correct:

the amount allocated THIS YEAR

the amount allocated LAST YEAR

the amount allocated THE PREVIOUS YEAR

the amount allocated THIS WEEK

the amount allocated LAST WEEK

the amount allocated THE PREVIOUS WEEK

the amount allocated TODAY

the amount allocated YESTERDAY

the amount allocated TUESDAY

the amount allocated THE PREVIOUS DAY."

Hint 301

No preposition is warranted.

Front 302

A study has found that

Back 302

"Initial phrases describing timeframes always describe actions, not nouns, so it's immaterial which noun follows them.

E.g., In 1993, I graduated from high school.

This sentence is fine. (It certainly does not imply that I have no existence outside of the year 1993.)

In fact, just look at this:

In 1993, _____

I don't think a noun even could make sense here. It's pretty clear that you're describing an entire action/clause. Something had to have happened in 1993."

Front 303

"a" or "the"

Back 303

"nope. that isn't a noun.if that were a noun,

it would have to have ""a"" or ""the"" in front of it.

xxxxxxxxxxxxx, a finding that revolutionized many fields of study.

xxxxxxxxxxxxx, the finding that led to the government's ban on Chemical Y.

also, you can just look at the way the word is used in the sentence -- it's used in the same way as ""They found that..."".

if you put a noun there—like ""result"" or ""statistic""—the sentence won't make any sense at all."

Front 304

changes in the measured strain/changes in measurements of the strain

Back 304

"remember that you have to read these sorts of things VERY, VERY LITERALLY.

* if you say ""changes in the measured strain"", then this means that the measured strain (i.e., the strain itself) has changed.

* if you say ""changes in measurements of the strain"", then this means that only the measurements have changed. in other words, there is no implication as to whether the actual strain has changed; only the measurements have changed.

the first of these is better, for two reasons:

(1) it's the meaning of the original sentence. remember that you are not allowed to change the original meaning, unless the original meaning is nonsense.

(2) it's parallel to the other things in the sentence. the other things in the sentence are GEOLOGICAL EVENTS; you have to stick to the script. changes in the strain itself are geological changes. changes in measurements of the strain, however, are not geological changes, and that's unacceptable parallelism."

Front 305

like

Back 305

"""like"" compares nouns.

if you write that X can think like Y, then the comparison is between ""X"" and ""Y"" (both of which/whom can think in a certain way)."

Front 306

NOT X BUT Y

Back 306

"When not serves to negate a verb, it must FOLLOW the helping verb or linking verb:

john DID not play the clarinet.

John WILL not attend the party.

John WAS not tall.

In every case, not follows the helping verb or linking verb.

This rule holds true even when not serves as part of the idiom NOT X BUT Y.

OA: The earliest writing WAS probably not a direct rendering of speech but more than likely began as a separate and distinct symbolic system of communication.

Here, not correctly follows the linking verb was."

Front 307

Although /Whereas

Back 307

"""Although xxxx, yyyy"" implies that, given xxxx, we normally wouldn't expect yyyy--but yyyy is true nonetheless.

e.g.,Although I left home twenty minutes late, I still arrived at work on time.

--> the point is that, given my late departure, i could reasonably have been expected to be late to work. nonetheless, for some reason, i still managed to make it on time."

"Whereas xxxx, yyyy"", on the other hand, is used to present two things that contrast in some way, but are essentially unrelated to each other.

e.g.,Whereas Dartmouth is in a remote area with harsh winters, Stanford is in a large metropolitan area whose climate is mild year-round.

--> it would make no sense to write this sentence with ""although"", because neither observation would yield any expectation about the other."

Front 308

which

Back 308

"The same principle applies to

___, who/whom/whose ...

It also applies to modifiers that have little words in front of who/whom/whose/which. E.g., it applies to

___, to which ...

___ of which ...

___, to whom ...

___, each of whom ...

___, because of which ...

and so on."

Hint 308

"The fact that ""which"" is so severely restricted is, in fact, the entire reason why ""which"" is notable!Most modifiers have more flexibility. If all modifiers were constrained in this way, then most descriptive sentences would become impossible to write."

Front 309

rule of coordinate conjunctions

Back 309

"The simple rule of coordinate conjunctions is that they join

1. two words ; e.g.: ‘Jack and Jill’ went up the hill

2. two phrases: e.g. : Jack wants ‘to eat the cake and(to) keep it too’, and

3. two ICs. E.g:Jack wants to play football with a hockey ball and Jill wants to play basketball with a hockey ball "

Front 310

rephrased

Back 310

"that construction is technically ok, but it's basically unreadable, and no decent writer would ever write it.

instead, you'd see that same idea rephrased into a different order, e.g., It became obvious that if A went away, then B would take its place.

and, no, there's nothing wrong with putting ""that"" in front of a clause starting with ""if"", as long as it's actually a legitimate clause."

Front 311

actually/inadvertently

Back 311

"these aren't very abstract concepts -- ""actually"" means ""in reality"", and ""inadvertently"" means ""not on purpose"

".hmm

i'll just try to make another example:

James plays an alcoholic on stage, but has never even had a drink in real life.--> this sentence makes sense.

james (presumably an actor) plays the role of an alcoholic in a play/movie/whatever, but james doesn't actually drink alcohol in real life.

James plays an alcoholic on stage, who has never even had a drink in real life.

--> this sentence doesn't make sense. it is inadvertently (= contrary to actual intentions) implying that the stage character has never had a drink before. (that's nonsense, since the stage character is an alcoholic.)"

Front 312

(al)though + adjective

Back 312

"If you just have ""(al)though + adjective"", it should come in one of the following 2 places:

1/In front of the entire sentence(Al)though exhausted from work, Sarah still played with the dogs for two hours when she got home.

2/After the subject (usually I've seen just ""though"" here, not ""although"")The two men, though not trained as pilots, were able to land the plane safely."

Front 313

"to do" and "for doing"

Back 313

"Cherry gave two examples:

""She has to go home to do the housework""."

"She has to go home for doing the housework"".

These really do not have the same meaning. An English speaker would use the first construction only for this sentence. You will not hear an English speaker say the second. Here is why...

The first will be understood to mean ""She has to go home IN ORDER TO DO the housework;"" or, ""She has to go home BECAUSE SHE NEEDS TO DO the housework."" And this is, in fact, what we mean.

The second will be understood to mean ""She has to go home AS A CONSEQUENCE FOR DOING the housework;"" or, ""She DID THE HOUSEWORK, AND SO she had to go home."" And this doesn't make sense."

Front 314

"to do" and "for doing"

Back 314

"Look at it in another set of examples. Any verb may be substituted for ""do"":

""to X"" (to sleep, to love, to give, etc.)"

"for X-ing"" (for sleeping, for loving, for giving, etc.)

1. He was sent home early from school TO SLEEP.

2. He was sent home early from school FOR SLEEPING.

The first means the teacher sent the student home IN ORDER TO sleep. He looked tired, and the teachers were merciful. They suggested that he go home FOR THE PURPOSE OF sleep.

In the second, the teacher sent the student home BECAUSE HE SLEPT in class. Going home was a CONSEQUENCE for sleeping when he should have stayed awake.

The only time these are interchangeable is when one of the following is true:

1. The meaning of ""in order to"" and ""as a consequence for"" will mean the same thing:

Ex. A: ""He was paid $1000 TO BUILD the wall.""

Ex. B: ""He was paid $1000 FOR BUILDING the wall.""

And, even here, be careful. The first (as Cherry pointed out) means he was paid BEFORE the work was done. The second means he was paid AFTER the work was done.

2. The meaning is about the INTENDED PURPOSE or SUGGESTED PURPOSE of an item (or person):

Ex. A: ""A hammer can be used TO REMOVE nails.""

Ex. B: ""A hammer can be used FOR REMOVING nails."""

Front 315

None

Back 315

"Examples:

None of the money was stolen from my wallet.

None of the documents were stolen from the bank.

The exception mentioned is: ""(Technically, none of + plural noun can take either a singular or a plural verb form.)"""

"No examples are given in the book, so I just made some up. I can't promise that they are correct, but they sound reasonable to me.

None of the tourists have taken pictures. (of plural - plural verb)

None of us sings well enough to perform in public. (of plural -singular verb)

None of the listeners seem to mind our singing, though. (of plural - plural verb)

None of these sentences is a wonderful example! (of plural -singular verb)

As a native English speaker, I'm noticing that the mental image conjured by these sentences is determined by the choice of verb number.

When the verb is singular, I imagine the object of the preposition as individuals: Individually, not one person among us sings well enough... Individually, each sentence is not a wonderful example.

When the verb is plural, I imagine the object of the preposition as a collection of many things: All the listeners are fine with our singing...All of the tourists have refrained from taking pictures.

It's truly a fine distinction, and one not likely to be tested by the GMAT. After all, if all of the tourists have refrained from taking pictures, then isn't it also true that each tourist individually refrained from taking pictures? Such a minor difference. The GMAT might take advantage of the freedom to use either a plural or singular verb after none of + plural noun, but there's NO WAY you will ever have to make a judgement call about it."

Front 316

gerund

Back 316

"Case 1:

John likes the woman's dancing.

Here, dancing is a gerund serving as the DIRECT OBJECT of likes, while the woman's is an

ADJECTIVE serving to describe dancing.

What type of DANCING?

THE WOMAN'S dancing.

Since the direct object of likes is DANCING, the conveyed meaning is that John likes THE DANCING.

To convey that the woman is performing the gerund action, we use a possessive: THE WOMAN'S dancing.

Case 2:

John likes the woman dancing.

Here, the woman serves as the DIRECT OBJECT of likes, while dancing is not a gerund but an

ADJECTIVE serving to describe the woman.

What type of WOMAN?

The woman DANCING.

Since the direct object of likes is THE WOMAN, the conveyed meaning is that John likes THE WOMAN.

Since dancing here is not a gerund but a MODIFIER, a possessive is not warranted."

Hint 316

A gerund is a VERBing that serves as a NOUN.

Front 317

Verb+ING

Back 317

"examples:

my brother, who ate bagel bites for breakfast every single day of his high school career, graduated in 1994. --> correct; his eating bagel bites had no impact on his graduation date.

my brother ate bagel bites for breakfast every single day of his high school career, graduating in 1994. --> incorrect; these are two unrelated observations, but this construction erroneously implies some sort of relationship."

Front 318

"X of Y, which..."

Back 318

"occasionally, when it is completely unambiguous, ""which"" can refer to a whole NOUN PHRASE that immediately precedes the comma.

in this case, this noun phrase is ""X's letters to Y"". (note that this noun phrase, as a unit, does immediately precede the comma.)

also, note the complete lack of grammatical ambiguity: ""which"" can't refer to dickinson, who is a person, and it's also followed by a plural verb. both of these pieces of evidence point to the noun phrase ""X's letters to Y""."

Hint 318

"here's the basic summary:

if you have ""X of Y, which...""then:

* if Y works as the antecedent of ""which"", then ""which"" should stand for Y.

* if Y doesn't work as the antecedent, but ""X of Y"" DOES work, then ""which"" can stand for ""X of Y"".

--i feel your pain, though. this problem is definitely a case of ""learn surprising lessons from the correct answers, but never question the officially correct answers."""

Front 319

parallelism

Back 319

"E.g.,

Ray joined the Air Force in 1989 and will be discharged in 2019.It should be clear that ""joined"" belongs in the active (Ray went and enlisted—HE did it), but that ""will be discharged"" belongs in the passive (that must be done by his superior officer(s)). Parallelism is satisfied as long as there are any two verbs. The rest is context.

(While you're at it, note also that the tenses are different—another issue that is 100% context, and that also has no bearing on the parallelism.)"

Hint 319

(While you're at it, note also that the tenses are different—another issue that is 100% context, and that also has no bearing on the parallelism.)

Front 320

it construction

Back 320

"if you see

""IT + is/was/seems/etc. + ________ + THAT + clause""

or

""IT + is/was/seems/etc. + ________ + TO + verb""

or

a construction derived from one of these, then the ""it"" DOES NOT have to stand for a noun.

examples: it is obvious that we are going to be late.

it was difficult to drive because of the rain.

the rain made it difficult to drive (note that this is a construction derived from the one above it) etc.

all of these constructions are correct; none of these instances of ""it"" have to stand for a noun. (note the necessary presence of ""that"" or ""to"" in each of these constructions.)

ALL other pronouns on the gmat must stand for nouns.

in order to confirm your knowledge of this type of construction -- and your ability to differentiate it from normal pronouns that have to stand for nouns -- take a look at OG12 problem 57 (i'm not allowed to reproduce that problem here, per copyright rules).

in that problem, there are four instances of ""it"" in the answer choices. two of them are examples of the construction above, and are thus exempt from having to stand for nouns; the other two are normal pronouns that must stand for nouns (and are thus incorrect, since there are no adequate referents present). see if you can tell which are which."

Front 321

redundant

Back 321

"what is definitely INCORRECT about these choices is their redundant construction. analogy:

to me, black and yellow are the best colors.

black and yellow are my favorite colors.

--> each of these two sentences is correct. neither is redundant.

[i]to me, black and yellow are my favorite colors.

--> redundant; this sentence says exactly the same thing twice. "

Front 322

as a means of/a means to

Back 322

"Means' is used in two idiomatically correct expressions as noted below. These expressions however have different meanings:

x {as a means of} y = x is a type of y

x {as a means to} y = x is a method to achieve y

For example:

Walking is a means of exercise.

Some people use walking as a means to stay fit.

We will now put this in the context of the sentence in question:

City is stressing arts as a means to greater economic development The usage of expression as a means to is appropriate here since ""arts"" is a method to achieve ""greater economic development.

Thus, whenever you have to make the decision between using ""as a means to"" or ""as a means of"" always check which of the two meanings will make sense: ""a type of"" or ""a method to achieve"" "

Front 323

parallelism

Back 323

"As I always say, read the sentence carefully and understand its meaning. As you completely understand the meaning you will be able to determine what constitutes a list in each of these sentences.

""Cities are stressing the arts as a means to greater economic development and investing millions of dollars""

In this sentence the list is as follows:

Cities are

1: Stressing...

2: Investing...

Thus, to maintain parallelism you should use ""investing"".

""Some ppl are running as a means to stay fit and remaining healthy."" In this sentence the list is as follows:

As a means to

1: Stay fit

2: Remaining healthy.

Thus, to maintain parallelism you should use ""remain healthy"". "

Front 324

not only-but also

Back 324

the idiom is not ‘not only-but also’. It is ‘not- but’. So, whatever is repeated after 'not' should be repeated after 'but' . Hence, it is ‘not by’ and ‘but by’ which has been used in B. Also, remember if you have ‘just’, it is always followed by ‘also’. Hence, the correct format is 'not just by-but also by’

Front 325

WITHOUT 'A'/'AN', you DO NOT use a comma.

Back 325

"if there's an article, you DO use a comma.

if it's an adjective, you DO use a comma.

example:

Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk ... --> correct

A jazz pianist and composer, Thelonious Monk ... --> correct

Creative and original, Thelonious Monk ... --> correct"

Hint 325

this is a special idiom. if you preface someone's name with a noun describing their occupation (or other word describing what that person does), WITHOUT 'A'/'AN', you DO NOT use a comma.

Front 326

both X and Y and "X and Y"

Back 326

"for the purposes of this exam, ""both X and Y"" and ""X and Y"" are equivalent.

the difference is purely stylistic. ""both"" is included (1) if ""X"" and ""Y"" are long (= long enough to make the sentence difficult to read without ""both""), or (2) for rhetorical reasons, such as emphasis.

style issues are not tested on this exam, so you only have to know that...

...""X and Y"" is a legitimate parallel structure,

...""both X and Y"" is also a legitimate parallel structure.e

end of story."

"incidentally, if ""X and Y"" is used to describe a relationship between X and Y, then ""both"" CANNOT be used.

if you want, you can just memorize this. the reason, though, is that ""both X and Y"" implies that both ""X"" and ""Y"" can be described individually by whatever the sentence says.

as a test, you can make 2 sentences, one using ""X"" individually and one using ""Y"" individually, and see whether those sentences make sense (and deliver the same meaning as the original). if you get nonsense by using ""X"" and/or ""Y"" individually, then ""both X and Y"" can't be used.

e.g.,

between X and Y (""between both X and Y"" is incorrect)

note that ""between X"" and ""between Y"" are nonsense constructions.

X and Y are the same (""both X and Y are the same"" is incorrect)

note that ""X is the same"" makes no sense.

X and Y share several traits (""both X and Y share..."" is incorrect, unless you mean that each of them shares things with other, unnamed, entities)

note that ""X shares..."" doesn't make sense, unless the meaning of the sentence is fundamentally different from ""X and Y share...""."

Front 327

while + VERbing

Back 327

"while + VERbing is an example of a VERBLESS clause: a dependent clause in which the subject and verb are omitted.

Generally, the implied verb will be in the SAME TENSE as the verb in the main clause.

John ate dinner while watching TV.

Conveyed meaning:

John ate dinner while {he was} watching TV.

Every night, John eats dinner while watching TV.

Conveyed meaning:

Every night, John eats dinner while [he is] watching TV. "

Front 328

although

Back 328

"Here's the deal with ""although"":

* If Although xxxxx comes BEFORE the main sentence, the ""xxxxx"" can be ...

... an adjective (Although exhausted, Rob continued to work);

... a modifier describing the following subject (Although in considerable debt already, Tom spent two thousand dollars on a new designer suit);

... an entire sentence.

* If although xxxxx comes AFTER the main sentence, the ""xxxxx"" must be another sentence in its own right."

"As long as we're on the topic, there's also ""though"".

* Though can do everything that although can do (as listed above).

* Off the top of my head, there's one extra job ""though"" can perform that ""although"" can't. Specifically, it can separate two adjectives, or other descriptions, that contrast with each other.Dogos Argentinos are beautiful, though dangerous, dogs.Ray looked happy, though exhausted."

Front 329

modifiers

Back 329

"Again, I don't know these terms, but you're putting ""but"" in the same box as ""although"" and ""while"".

That's incorrect. ""But"" is like ""and"" and ""yet"", not like ""while"" and ""although"".

The principal difference is that the latter kind can go in front of the whole thing (While xxxxx, yyyyy) OR in the middle (Xxxxx, while yyyyy).

The former kind can't do both; only the second. I.e., sentences like But xxxxx, yyyyy or And xxxxx, yyyyy are impossible.

Also, you're asking what is ""modified"" by these kinds of things""”another fundamental misunderstanding.

The whole point of these constructions is that they are NOT modifiers.

Think about what a modifier is. It's a piece of description that has to be ""stuck onto"" some noun or action""”because it's not already a sentence. It's a PIECE of a sentence, and that's why it has to ""modify"" something IN a complete sentence.

The job of things like and/but/yet and although/while, etc., is to link two already complete sentences. As such, they are not modifiers at all; they just indicate the relationship between the two sentences."

Front 330

When/even though

Back 330

"even though'—i can tell you with %99.9 certainty that this should come only before an entire sentence.

'when'—can do all of the first 3 things; also NOT subject to the last restriction (e.g., you can write sentences like Peter calls me when in desperate situations, or Molly says stupid things when drunk)."

Front 331

two interpretations of this sentence

Back 331

1) The government required citizens to pay for diplomats' lavish banquets, creating active resentment. --> Here, the clearly intended meaning is that the government creates the active resentment. This is generally considered a good sentence, because government is the MAIN SUBJECT OF THE PRECEDING CLAUSE (in the same way that 'health insurance plans' is the head of the subordinate clause in the example).

(2) The government required citizens to pay for diplomats' lavish banquets, depleting savings accounts and IRAs in the process. --> Here, common sense makes it clear that the citizens are depleting savings accounts and IRAs. This is still a bad sentence, though, because the 'default' subject based on solely grammatical considerations is the government (which is absurd).

Front 332

parallelism

Back 332

At worst, it creates bad parallelism between the two segments of the 'and'-compound: has moved away from the Spanish classics and now it draws on the works... Since the first part of this parallel pair lacks a pronoun, the second shouldn't have one either.

Hint 332

redundant / bad parallelism

Front 333

parallelism

Back 333

Correct-an investigation of twelve hospitals by state medical officials has found that all twelve consistently break the laws, that many residents work longer than 24 hours straight, and that more than half the surgical residents work

Incorrect-an investigation by state medical officials has found that, of twelve hospitals, all twelve consistently break the laws, that many residents work longer than 24 hours straight, with more than half the surgical residents working

Hint 333

THAT X, THAT Y, and THAT Z.

Front 334

A study has found that..." can be put in front of ANY tense

Back 334

A study has found that most of the world's languages will go extinct in the next 100 years.

A study has found that the dinosaurs once dominated the earth.

A study has found that the human body excretes surplus calories on a ketogenic diet, rather than storing them as fat.

Front 335

half

Back 335

it's correct to write "half of the x's"; it's also correct to write "half the x's".

Front 336

such purposes as

purposes such as

Back 336

I think it's easier to decide between them if you reword the "such purposes as" part to read "purposes such as"

Front 337

two infinitive

Back 337

Judge Bonham denied a motionto allow members of the jury to go home at the end of each day rather than be confined to a hotel.

to (go home) rather than (be confined)

I allow my students to X rather than (to) Y. The "to" applies to both X and Y, so I actually have "to go" and "to be" = both infinitives.

Hint 337

Here is the generally accepted principle: When two infinitive structures are connected by and, or, except, but , than, or as, it is normal practice to omit to in the second clause.

Front 338

data

Back 338

Those skeptical of the extent of global warming argue that short-term temperature data arean inadequate means of predicting long-term trends and point out that the scientific community remains divided on whether significant warming will occur and what impact will it have if it does

Now that so much data travels via light--i.e., is carried in glass fibers rather than by electrical current--one goal of semiconductor research isto develop a silicon chip that can transmit and receive light signals directly, a development that may one day lead tosmaller, faster semiconductors.

Hint 338

Data can either take singular or plural verb. But GMAT does not test this.

Front 339

they, them, their)

Back 339

wrong--The data being collected in the current geological survey are providing a strong warning for engineers as they consider the new dam project, but their greatest importance might lie in how they influence the upcoming decision by those same engineers on whether to retrofit 75 bridges in the survey zone.

Hint 339

On the GMAT, forms of the same pronoun (they, them, their) cannot have different antecedents.

Front 340

data

Back 340

Outside the GMAT, data is often treated as a synonym for information.

In such cases, data will take a singular verb.

In fact, data + singular verb has become so common in conversational speech that most people now find data + plural verb a bit odd-sounding.

However, GMAC seems to favor treating data as a plural noun -- the PLURAL form of datum.

Front 341

NOT X BUT Y.

Back 341

OA: The earliest writing WAS probably not a direct rendering of speech but more than likely began as a separate and distinct symbolic system of communication.

Here, not correctly follows the linking verb was.

If the verb attributed to not were a regular verb form such as evolve, the result might be the following:

The earliest writing did not EVOLVE from speech but BEGAN as a separate and distinct symbolic system.

Here, not and but are each followed by a verb form.

The result is a structure that is clearly parallel.

But in the SC above, the verb attributed to not is a LINKING VERB (was).

As I noted in my initial post, not cannot precede a linking verb.

For this reason, the OA has no choice but to place the linking verb was BEFORE not, yielding the following structure:

The earliest writing was not a direct rendering of speech but began as a separate and distinct symbolic system.

Since the resulting sentence is as parallel as possible, there is no error.

Front 342

idiom

Back 342

Case 1:

The earliest writing was not a direct rendering of speech but began as a separate and distinct symbolic system.

Here, X and Y are both VERB FORMS (was a direct rendering of speech and began as a separate and distinct symbolic system). The first verb (was) precedes not for one simple reason: a linking verb such as was cannot follow not.

Case 2

The design emerged not in a rapid manner but was painstakingly developed.

Here, in a rapid manner is an ADVERB, while was painstakingly developed is a VERB form. Not X but Y cannot serve to connect an adverb to a verb form.

Hint 342

In the idiom not X but Y, X and Y must serve the SAME PURPOSE.

Front 343

Parallelism

Back 343

Researchers have found that individuals who have been blind from birth, and who thus have never seen anyone gesture, nevertheless make hand motions when speaking just as frequently and in virtually the same way as sighted people do, and that they will gesture even when conversing with another blind person.

Hint 343

Researchers have found that individuals who have been blind from birth , and that they .

Front 344

Parallelism

Back 344

A recent poll indicates that many people in the United States hold a combination of conservative and liberal political views; i.e., they denounce big government, saying government is doing too much and has become too powerful, while at the same time supporting many specific government programs for health care, education, and the environment.

Hint 344

that is a standard "comma + -ing" modifier:, saying + xxxxxit describes the previous clause ("they denounce big government").there are some verbs in there, but they are all part of the "xxxx" thing. the modifier itself is comma + saying.

Front 345

"while" + verbING

Back 345

if you have X while Y as a single modifier, then parallelism would be ideal (e.g., James executed the stunt perfectly, balancing the plates while jumping across the pit); however, in the kind of structure that appears here, it's not necessary

Hint 345

"while" + verbING does not require parallelism.

Front 346

while

Back 346

in general:

when 'while' is used to indicate a contrast, the two contrasting things should be true simultaneously.this is basically the entire point of 'while' as an indicator of contrast.

if you're talking about two things that are NOT simultaneous, then there are plenty of other transition words that you can use.e.g.,Although Dan ate nothing but vegetables yesterday, he is eating mostly meat today.(not 'while', because these things are not in the same timeframe)

vs.

While Ron ate mostly meat and cheese, his wife ate mostly vegetables and pasta.(...at the same meal)

Front 347

parallel

Back 347

(C) like an expert-computers that will be used for such purposes as diagnosing equipment breakdowns or deciding whether to authorize a loan (best option; "diagnosing" and "deciding" are parallel)

(E) like an expert-computers that will be used for such purposes as to diagnose equipment breakdowns or to decide whether to authorize a loan (parallel, but the use of infinitives is less preferable than the -ing forms in C)

Hint 347

the use of infinitives is less preferable than the -ing forms

Front 348

and

Back 348

using brainlike circuits called neural networks and learning to walk through trial and error

this ^^ implies that 'using brainlike circuits...' is SEPARATE FROM, and INDEPENDENT OF, 'learning to walk...'.oops.

Hint 348

the biggest problem is 'and'.

Front 349

state general facts

Back 349

e.g.,

My dad is working as a contractor --> this implies a short-term job. (maybe he's doing this until he finds a more satisfactory job in another field.)

My dad works as a contractor --> this implies a permanent, or at least long-term, career choice.

so, 'is/are __ing' does not capture the point here.

Hint 349

GENERAL FACTS are correctly stated in the present tense:they are not programmed to walk they use neural networks...

'is/are __ing', on the other hand, is used to express what's happening right now—with the implication that it is NOT permanent.

Front 350

'X, in which...' is just a flipped version of '...in X'

Back 350

maybe a physical location:

I placed my keys in the box....so, that box is the box in which I placed my keys.

maybe not:

Sarah first gained experience in an unpaid internship....so, that job was the internship in which Sarah first gained experience.

Hint 350

whenever you can write 'in X', you can also use 'in which...' to modify 'X'.

Front 351

if a comma + -ING modifier follows a complex expression

Back 351

i carried a bag containing six incubators that enclosed baby chicks, supporting them with nutrients and heat.

VS.

i dropped a bag containing six incubators that enclosed baby chicks, breaking two of them and endangering the chicks' lives.

Hint 351

also, bear in mind that there is some flexibility here -- if a comma + -ING modifier follows a complex expression that has more than one subject+verb pair, then you may have to use a certain amount of common sense to distinguish what is modified. the modifier still must modify the same rules, but could refer to either of the subject/verb combinations.

Front 352

they will go out of their way to avoid "X of Y of Z", "X that Y that Z", "X to Y to Z", etc.

Back 352

if you wrote "to plan to practice", you'd create that sort of undesirable repetition. so this makes "to plan on practicing" more acceptable than it otherwise would be.

Front 353

no causal relationship being expressed in the original sentence

Back 353

His campaign for sanitary conditions in operating rooms finally successful, Sir Joseph Lister lent his name to the company that developed Listerine, the first antibacterial liquid.

Hint 353

Eliminate B and C because each expresses a causal relationship that changes the intended meaning of the sentence.......Because ,Although is not casual

Front 354

absolute phrase

Back 354

His work done, John hopped into his car and drove home. (The absolute phrase his work done modifies not only John but also hopped, telling us in what context John hopped into his car.)

Mary ran down the street, her face beaming. (The absolute phrase her face beaming modifies not only Mary but also ran, telling us in what context Mary ran down the street.)

Hint 354

Aspects of an absolute phrase: -- typically composed of a noun + noun modifier, perhaps with a few other words -- often includes a participle -- does not include a main verb -- does not include a conjunction (such as and) -- connected to the rest of the sentence by a comma or dashes -- supplies context for the rest of the sentence

Front 355

Long before

Back 355

Long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate, Josephine Baker made Paris her home(CORRECT)

Long before I was born, my parents decided to ... (CORRECT)

Long the highest-paid actor in Spain, we saw Antonio Banderas ... (INCORRECT)

Front 356

Maria

Back 356

Maria had finished her dinner when the rest of the group arrived. ("had" says that the finishing of dinner happened BEFORE the rest of the group arrived)

Maria finished her dinner when the rest of the group arrived. (all simple past makes it sound as if the finishing and arriving happened at the same time - ie. when they got there she finished it, the time sequence is NOT the same)

Maria finished her dinner before the rest of the group arrived. (adding the "before" now makes it clear using only simple past that the finishing happened before the group arrived)

Front 357

another corect use of nor

Back 357

without the X nor the Y

Front 358

But, however, and although

Back 358

Correct:Although one link in the chain was demonstrated to be weak, it was not sufficiently so to require the recall of the automobile. (It = link in the chain, and is the subject of the main clause that now has "was" as the verb.)

Correct:Although the engineers showed that one link in the chain was weak, but not so weak as to require the recall of the automobile, company executives decided to exercise caution and recall the vehicle.

Hint 358

I was trying to think of a case where using both "although" and "but" could be justisfied, and I think this one works. Why? Because they are used for different contrasts within the same sentence:

(1) the link in the chain was weak BUT not too weak

(2) ALTHOUGH the engineers thought one thing, the company executives thought another

Front 359

"to"

Back 359

He is thought to be a great man.

He is known to be a great golfer.

He admits to being a terrible person.

Hint 359

"to" is not being used for intention here. It's an idiom

Front 360

THE better

Back 360

Correct:Anyone who sees a film featuring the team of Adam and Bob invariably concludes that Adam is THE better actor.

Correct:Although Elizabeth Barrett browning's success was later overshadowed by that of her husband, among her contemporaries she was considered the better poet.

Incorrect:Although she was considered among her contemporaries to be the better poet than her husband, later Elizabeth Barrett Browning was overshadowed by his success.

Hint 360

To convey a clear comparison, THE better must be PRECEDED by the the two nouns being compared.

Front 361

illogical to compare

Back 361

Incorrect:Although Elizabeth Barrett Browning was considered among her contemporaries as a better poet than her husband, she was later overshadowed by his success.

Hint 361

Here, it is illogical to compare she (a PERSON) to his success (a non-person NOUN).