Global Studies 2 Honors Midterm Study Guide

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secularism

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the rejection of supernatural religion as the arbiter of earthly action; emphasis on worldly affairs.

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Humanism

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the intellectual movement that sees humans as the sole valid arbiter of their values and purpose.

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christian humanism

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the belief that human freedom and individualism are intrinsic (natural) parts of, or are at least compatible with, Christian doctrine and practice.

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Erasmus of Rotterdam

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Dutch Renaissance scholar and Roman Catholic theologian who sought to revive classical texts from antiquity, restore simple Christian faith based on Scripture, and eradicate the improprieties of the medieval Church. His works include The Praise of Folly (1509) and On Free Will (1524), a challenge to Luther's views.

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Utopia

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a book written by Sir Thomas More (1516) describing the perfect society on an imaginary island

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John knox

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Scottish theologian who founded Presbyterianism in Scotland and wrote a history of the Reformation in Scotland (1514-1572)

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Machiavelli

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a statesman of Florence who advocated a strong central government; wrote The Prince (1513) describes the achievement and maintenance of power by a determined ruler indifferent to moral considerations.

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Renaissance

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a revival or rebirth, esp of culture and learning

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northern Italy- renaissance

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a difference:
northern artists were more concerned with what their art looked like.

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Medicis

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Italian noble family that produced three popes (Leo X, Clement VII, and Leo XI) and two queens of France (Catherine de Médicis and Marie de Médicis).

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vernacular

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the native oral language of a given people.

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perspective

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the theory or art of suggesting three dimensions on a two-dimensional surface, in order to recreate the appearance and spatial relationships that objects or a scene in recession present to the eye

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Renaissance sculptors

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Michelangelo (David)
Donatello (Magdalen)

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Gutenberg

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German printer who is traditionally considered the inventor of movable type. His Mazarin Bible (c. 1455) is believed to be the first book printed with such type.

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Boccaccio

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Italian poet and writer whose classic work, the Decameron (c. 1350), is a collection of 100 tales set against the melancholic background of the Black Death.

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sales of indulgences

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the selling of forgiveness for ones sin by the church.

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95 thesis

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a document written by Mkartin Luther protesting the practices of the church.

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spread of lutheranism "pope of geneva"

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Lutheranism quickly spread throughout Germany and Scandanavia, and the Protestant movement in various forms could soon be found throughout Europe.
the pope of geneva was John Calvin

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The Act of Supremacy (1534)

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A law enacted by the English Parliament making the monarch the head of the Church of England.

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Mary I of England

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(Mary Tudor), 1496–1533, queen consort of Louis XII of France, daughter of Henry VII of England and sister of Henry VIII.

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Puritans

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The English Calvinists who were dissatisfied by the theology of the church of england and wished to "purify" it.

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Edit of Nantes

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A law granting toleration to French Calvinists that was issued in 1598 by King Henry IV to end the religious civil war.

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St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

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a massacre of over 3000 Huguenots, instigated by Catherine de Médicis and begun in Paris on St. Bartholomew's Day, August 24, 1572.

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Philip II

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King of Spain (1556-1598), of Naples and Sicily (1554-1598), and of Portugal (1580-1598) as Philip I. In 1588 he launched the Spanish Armada in an unsuccessful attempt to invade England.

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Henry IV

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King of France (1589-1610) who founded the Bourbon royal line, successfully waged war against Spain (1595-1598), and gave political rights to French Protestants in the Edict of Nantes (1598).

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England's system of government

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monarchy?

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Lutheranism

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teachings of Martin Luther emphasizing the cardinal doctrine of justification by faith alone

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counter-reformation shogunate

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the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected); many leaders were Jesuits

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Daimyo

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Japanese nobles who controlled feudal domains under the shogun.

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Diaz

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Portuguese explorer who in 1488 was the first European to get round the Cape of Good Hope (thus establishing a sea route from the Atlantic to Asia) (1450-1500)

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Vasco da Gama

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(1460-1524) Portuguese explorer who found the sea route to India

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Henry the navigator

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1394-1460.
Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.

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mestizos

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A person of mixed Amerindian and European blood.

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Mullato

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A person of mixed African and European blood.

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Dutch East India Company European impact on Amerindians

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?

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Treaty of Tordesillas

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On June 7, [1494], the Spanish and the Portuguese signed a treaty to divide the world in two. The dividing line ran through the Atlantic with Spain gaining lands to the west including all the Americas.

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Bartolommeo de Las Casas

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Spanish missionary and historian who sought to abolish the oppression and enslavement of the native peoples in the Americas.

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Kabuki

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A type of popular Japanese drama depicting heroic and romantic themes and stories.

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Treaty of Westphalia

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The treaty that ended the thirty years war in 1648; the first modern peace treaty in that it established strategic and territorial gains as more important than religious or dynastic ones.

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John Locke

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English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704

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intendants

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An administrative official serving a French, Spanish, or Portuguese monarch.

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Louis XIV

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King of France (1643-1715). His reign, the longest in French history, was characterized by a magnificent court and the expansion of French influence in Europe. Louis waged three major wars: the Dutch War (1672-1678), the War of the Grand Alliance (1688-1697), and the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714).

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Revocation of the Edict of Nantes English government in chronological order

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what the hell?

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English Royal families

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inquire about this.

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Leviathan

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A book by Thomas Hobbes that supported the necessity of the state and, by inference, royal absolutism.

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Thirty Years' war

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A series of wars in central Europe beginning in 1618 that stemmed from conflict between Protestants and Catholics and political struggles between the Holy Roman Empire and other powers. It ended with the Peace of Westphalia (1648).

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James II

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King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1685-1688). The last Stuart king to rule both England and Scotland, he was overthrown by his son-in-law William of Orange.

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Jean Bodin

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(1530–1596), born in Angers, was a French jurist and political philosopher, member of the Parlement of Paris and professor of law in Toulouse. He is best known for his theory of sovereignty

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Cardinal Mazarin

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was an Italian[1] cardinal, diplomat, and politician, who served as the chief minister of France from 1642 until his death.

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Cardinal Richelieu

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French prelate and statesman; principal minister to Louis XIII (1585-1642)

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James I's achievement was his

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King James bible

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Montesquieu

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French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)

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"common sense"

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written by Thomas Payne:presented the American colonists with a powerful argument for independence from British rule at a time when the question of independence was still undecided.

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whigs

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a nickname for British nineteenth-century liberals; opposite of Tories.

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loyalists

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One who maintains loyalty to an established government, political party, or sovereign, especially during war or revolutionary change.

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patriots

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One who loves, supports, and defends one's country.

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George III

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King of Great Britain and Ireland (1760-1820) and of Hanover (1815-1820). His government's policies fed American colonial discontent, leading to revolution in 1776.

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Salutary neglect

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an undocumented,though long-standing, British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws meant to keep the American colonies obedient to Great Britain.

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Rousseau

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a philosopher of the Enlightenment whose political ideas influenced the French Revolution, the development of both liberal and socialist theory, and the growth of nationalism.

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Descartes

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a highly influential French philosopher, mathematician, scientist, and writer. He has been dubbed the "Father of Modern Philosophy" and the "Father of Modern Mathematics," and much of subsequent Western philosophy is a reaction to his writings, which have been closely studied from his time down to the present day.

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Francis bacon

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His works established and popularized an inductive methodology for scientific inquiry, often called the Baconian method or simply, the scientific method.

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Pascal

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a French mathematician, physicist, and religious philosopher. pascal's triangle?

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scientific revolution

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In the history of science, the scientific revolution was a period when new ideas in physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other sciences led to a rejection of doctrines that had prevailed from Ancient Greece through the Middle Ages, and laid the foundation of modern science

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enlightenment

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the intellectual reform movement in eighteenth century Europe that challenged traditional ideas and policies in many areas of theory and practice.

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copernicus

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Polish astronomer who advanced the theory that Earth and the other planets revolve around the sun, disrupting the Ptolemaic system of astronomy.

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galileo

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He discovered that falling bodies of different weights descend at the same rate.He perfected the refracting telescope, which led to his discovery of Jupiter's satellites, sunspots, and craters on the moon

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Brahe

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Danish astronomer whose accurate astronomical observations formed the basis for Johannes Kepler's laws of planetary motion.

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Kepler

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German astronomer and mathematician. Considered the founder of modern astronomy, he formulated three laws to describe how the planets revolve around the sun.

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Newton

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English mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. His treatise on gravitation, presented in Principia Mathematica (1687), was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple.

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scientific method

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a method of investigation in which a problem is first identified and observations, experiments, or other relevant data are then used to construct or test hypotheses that purport to solve it

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Philosophes

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Any of the leading philosophical, political, and social writers of the 18th-century French Enlightenment.

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Boyars

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A member of a class of higher Russian nobility that until the time of Peter I headed the civil and military administration of the country and participated in an early duma.

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Junkers

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member of the Prussian aristocracy noted especially for militarism

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Sejms

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the unicameral parliament of Poland.

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janissaries

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A soldier in an elite Turkish guard organized in the 14th century and abolished in 1826.

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Prussia

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a former kingdom in north-central Europe including present-day northern Germany and northern Poland; "in the 19th century Prussia led the economic and political unification of the German states

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Habsburg

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a royal German family that provided rulers for several European states and wore the crown of the Holy Roman Empire from 1440 to 1806

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Romanov

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Russian ruling dynasty (1613-1917) that began with the accession of Czar Michael (1596-1645; ruled 1613-1645) and ended with the abdication of Nicholas II during the Russian Revolution.

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Hohenzollern

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German royal family who ruled Brandenburg from 1415 and later extended their control to Prussia (1525)

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Peter the Great

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czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government; he extended his territories in the Baltic and founded St. Petersburg (1682-1725)

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Eastern European Peasants

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peasants in Eastern Europe?

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Mongol Yoke

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The Mongol invasion of Russia... I think

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Eastern Orthodox Religion

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The body of modern churches, including among others the Greek and Russian Orthodox, that is derived from the church of the Byzantine Empire, adheres to the Byzantine rite, and acknowledges the honorary primacy of the patriarch of Constantinople.

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Ottoman Turks

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a member of a Turkish people who invaded the Near East in the late 13th century

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Frederick William, the great elector

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the Elector of Brandenburg who rebuilt his domain after its destruction during the Thirty Years' War (1620-1688)

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Maria Teresa

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Queen of Hungary and Bohemia (1740-1780) whose reign was marked by the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) and the Seven Years' War (1756-1763).

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Poland

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I know where Poland is