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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Who were the Elamites?
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- Non-Semitic people, built a flourishing civilization in eastern Mesopotamia.
- Always at war with Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians - Destroyed by Assyrian Empire - Language outlived the state and became one of the three official languages of the Persian Empire |
Outlast
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Who was Zoroaster? Describe the Zoroastrian tradition.
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- Iranian religious prophet/reformer who urged moral reform in an age of materialism
- Called people to abandon worship of and sacrifice to lesser deities who he dismissed of demons, not gods - Reform morality, warned of final reckoning when good would be rewarded with future glory, wickedness rewarded with long-lasting darkness, ill food and waiting - Influenced ideas of angels/devils/last judgment/afterlife in Judaism, Christianity, and Muslim |
Influenced other religions
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Who was Ashoka and what were his contributions to the Mauryan Empire?
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- Greatest ruler, Provoked by Kalinga war to religious conversion, devoted himself to Buddhism, “middle path” in personal and public affairs
- Conquest by righteousness rather than aggression, humanitarian values, tolerance for tradition, appointed dharma officials to investigate public welfare problems and foster just government - Eased burdens imposed on people from earlier rulers and instituted beneficial public works - Empire fell under successors, but Ashoka set the model for ideal kings |
Ruler held popular religious belief
"Conquest" "Good ruler" |
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Describe the bureaucracy of Mauryan Empire and who ran administration.
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- Marked by centralization, standardization and efficiency in communications, civil and military organization, tax collection, and information gathering
- Fundamental unit of government was village, with headman and council - Providences controlled by governors, king directed administration in the empire with the aid of a council - Revenues came from taxing land and trade |
-ization and ency
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Describe High Culture in the post-Mauryan period.
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- Highest achievements in art inspired by Buddhism
- Hellenistic naturalism with recent Indian tradition of Buddha images, created relief and free standing sculpture figures with draped garments - Artists produced stone-relief sculpture with plastic human and animal forms that became earmarks or classical style of Indian art |
Inspired by religions and other cultures
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Describe the early Saharan Empire and how it changed.
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- Until 2500 B.C.E Sahara had lakes, rivers, grasses, trees, reasonable climate
- population explosion around water sources - Climate changed, uninhabitable desert |
"________ of flavor"
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Describe the Kingdom of Kush.
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- Egyptianized segment of Nubians built the earliest know literate and politically unified civilization in Africa
- Independent kingdom - It’s capital, Kerma, became major trading outpost for Middle Kingdom Egypt - Prospered from gold mines, wealthy kingdom |
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Where was the Napatan Empire, who did they model themselves after, what ended their reign?
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- Meroe
- Kings who ruled at Napata saw themselves as Egyptians - Practiced pharaonic customs such as marrying sisters and burying in pyraminds - Egyptian protocol and titles - Conquered and ruled Egypt for a century as the 25th dynasty - Driven out by Assrians in the 7th century B.C.E |
"Walk like a ______"
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Who were the Gracchi, and how did they attempt to reform Roman society in Late Republic?
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- Tiberius Gracchus tried to solve problems caused by Rome’s rapid expansion; he became a tribune on a program of land reform which was vetoed; persuade council to remove tribune who had blocked his popular legislation
- Showed the Romans how to built a political career that was not on aristocratic influence but pressure from people - Did not support traditional roles of the Sanate - Brother Gaius: could be no veto, tribunes could be reelected and monopolize power, established colonies for landless veterans, stabilized price of grain, divided wealth, proposed citizenship to Italian allies (common people opposed/didn't want to share advantages of being a Roman citizen) |
Powerful brothers
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Describe the contributions of Cicero, Lucretius, and Catullus to Roman Literature.
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- Hellenistic literacy theorists believed poetry should educate as well as entertain; what Lucretius did in his epic pom “On The Nature of Things” which explained scientific/philosophic theories of Epicurus and Democritus to liberate people from superstition and fear of death
- Catullus’ poems were personal, joys and pains of love, exotic poems, illustrated mindset of proud, independent, pleasure-seeking, late-republican nobility |
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Give an overview of Golden Age of literature, prominent authors and their writings.
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- “Age of Augustan”, reflected new conditions of society, as old aristocratic order declined poets lost traditional patrons, support came from princes
- Virgil: the Aeneid, epic that linked history of Rome with Homeric tradition of Greeks - Horace: “Odes”, glorified the new Augustan order, imperial family, and empire - Ovid: “Metamorphoses”, epic about Greek myths - Livy: “A History of Rome”, traced Rome’s origins to 9 B.C.E |
Augustus, Rome
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Who was Paul of Tarsus and what was his role in spreading teachings of Christ?
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- Saul, Hellenistic education, Roman citizen, Pharisee (group strict in adherence to Jewish law), persecuted early Christians until converted during travels
- Christianity did not adhere to Jewish laws - Supported position of Hellenists, won many converts among gentiles, followers of Jesus were called to be messengers of the gospel. God’s gift of salvation |
Paul rhymes with _______.
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What were the efforts made by Diocletian to maintain control over the Roman empire?
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- Rose to the throne through the army
- Decided the job of ruling the empire was too great for one man; devised the new administrative system; tetrarchy, a division of territorial responsibility for the empire among four men; two emperors and two assistants, who were designated as their successors. - They governed their own lands, had own imperial courts and armies, joined by blood and marriage. |
He named a specific system (4+2)
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What was the most important controversy in early Church and how it was resolved?
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- Arianiam, began with the priet Arius, who said Jesus was not co-equal and co-eternal with God the Father
- Orthodox opponents argued that this undercut Jesus’ power as Savior - Constantine summoned the Council of Nicaea to settle - Council endorsed the doctrine of the Trinty: God is God the Father, the Son, and Holy Spirit who share one substance |
We say it in Church
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Give an overview of early Iron Age and development of Nok culture.
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- Iron-working technology was invented within Africa
-Development of iron tools and weapons in hunter-gatherer societies, spread, making Africa wealthy and powerful - Nok people mastered art of smelting iron - Nok culture offers sculptural art, burial/ritual masks |
Think Neolotic mets Paleolithic, funerals, and festivals
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Describe the actions generals Marius and Sulla took that led to downfall of republican government in Rome.
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- Marius won a consulship by promising voters that popular military reforms would lead to a speedy victory, he wanted to be a Roman citizen
- when the oligarchy failed to resolve the military problems Marius and Sulla recruited private armies who were more loyal to themselves than the state - Marius eliminated traditional property qualification to military service and opened ranks to volunteers - Sulla was able to persuade his field army in southern Italy to march on the city of Rome to expel Marius and his followers, beginning the first civil war in Rome - Sulla became Roman dictator |
Loyalties
Specific city in Italy.... War |
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Describe the expansion of Rome from conquest of Italy.
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- Romans became chief power in Italy. The city’s Latin neighbors formed the Latin League to curtail Rome’s expansion, but Rome defeated the league and dissolved it
- Rome granted citizenship to some Latin cities, to cities farther away they granted municipal status, giving the right to local self-government, trade and intermarry with Romans - Romans established permanent colonies for veteran soldiers - Rome extended influence through military force and diplomatic skill |
Latins
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Describe Rome's war with Carthage.
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- Carthage became an independent and expanded, claiming monopoly on trade in the Mediterranean
- First Punic War to gain Sicily, either side was equally strong in military and navy, but Rome built a fleet to blockade Carthage ports and Carthage gave up Sicily - Carthage built an empire in Spain with Hannibal in command, but Rome was an ally of the Saguntines in Spain; Hannibal captured them; Rome declared war - Roman army suffered loss of 80,000, losing some allies - Philip V of Macedon allied with Hannibal - Rome appointed Scipio to command in Spain who conquered Hannibal and striped Carthage of it’s empire |
War and city in Italy + another popular country
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Rome's conquest of Hellenistic World.
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- Philip V of Macedon and Seleucid emperor Antiochus threatened the peace; Philip refused to not attack Greek cities ; Rome defeated him and declared the cities he took free
- Antiochus landed his army in Greece, Rome drove him away - Philip’s successor Perseus tried to gain popularity in Greece by favoring democratic forces; Romans defeated him and divided Macedon into four republics - Rome abolished direct property taxes on its citizens - Foreign campaigns brought profit to the state, rewards to soldiers, and wealth and fame to generals. |
"Oh no you didn't, Greece!"
War brought peace and _____ |
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Give an overview of the Meroitic Empire.
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- Napatan kingdom began isolated and evolved in distinct ways; after being sacked by the Egyptain army, Meroe became the political and cultural capital
- Center for iron industry which spread knowledge of iron smelting to the Saharan world - Meroitic state maintained wide network of internal Africa and external relations - Survived until it was defeated and divided by Nuba people west of the Nile which replaced the dominant regional trade power - Mediated good such as animal skins, ivory, and gold, traded with Hellenistic-Rome - Renowned for pottery: wheel turned by male to meet market demands, and others were hand-thrown by women for domestic use |
Better than stone...
Think clay |
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Give an overview of the Askumite Empire.
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- The newly Christianized state of Aksum developed their own commercially powerful trading state, largest ivory and elephant market
- People were a mix of language, culture, and genes from Arabia - Gained control of the most fertile cultivated regions - Empire ruled by kings if kings, minted gold, silver, and copper coins - King Ezana converted to Christianity, the start of the Christianizing of the kingdom |
Religion
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Who were the Achaemenids? Describe their empire.
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- Empire found by Cyrus the Great, beginning with the conquest of Babylon
- Utilized local entities rather than impose new political superstructures - Adopted many Median administrative practices - Cambyses added Egypt to the Empire - Utilized diplomacy to keep Greeks at bay, but Greek influence grew - Egypt’s rebellion and succession struggles weakened the empire |
Are you serious?
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Development of Achaemeind state.
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- Shahanshah- “King of Kings
- Built powerful army - Preserved community as their state evolved from tribal confederation to sophisticated monarchy supported by a noble class - Built the King’s Road, highway for trade |
_____ of _______.
Road |
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Describe Achaemeind economy.
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- Coinage replaced in-kind payments and stimulated banking
- Taxes on estate, livestock, mines, trade, and production - Facilitated Hellenistic world - Surfs and slaves provided much labor |
Money
Boston Tea Party |
