Gi System

Front 1

GI system includes?

Back 1

Esophagus all the way from mouth to anus.

Stomach.

Intestines/Colon.

Liver.

Front 2

Roles of GI system?

Back 2

Digestion

Absortion

Metabolism (breaking down complex carbs)

Excretion

Front 3

Secretion helps_______.

Back 3

Start digestion process.

Lubricate food particles.

Secrete enzymes and acids in stomach.

Front 4

Which of the following substances isreleased from neurons in the GI tract andproduces smooth muscle relaxation? (A) Secretin (B) Gastrin (C) Cholecystokinin (CCK) (D) Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) (E) Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

Back 4

(D)-VIP, mediates therelaxation response of the lower esophageal sphincter when a bolus of food approaches it,allowing passage of the bolus into the stomach.

Front 5

4 main activities of the GI tract?

Back 5

1.Digestion●2.Absorption●3.Secretion●4.Motility

Front 6

Cells in esophagus?

Back 6

Sampled squamous epithelium

Front 7

Stomach has ____ glands.

Back 7

gastric

Front 8

Which parts of vili?

Back 8

Duodenum, Jejunum, & Ileum

Front 9

What makes up the mucosa?

Back 9

Epithelium lining, Lamina propria (connective tissue), and muscular mucosa.

Front 10

Villi is lined with__________.

Back 10

Columnar epithelium

Front 11

Intestinal gland is __________.

Back 11

Sometimes called crypts.

Where villi dips down.

Has cells for secretory activity.

Front 12

Stem cells?

Back 12

Able to make cells to repopulate epithelium.

Front 13

Types of CBC (Crypt stem cells)?

Back 13

Enterocytes, Paneth cells, enter endocrine, mucus cells, and tuft cells.

Front 14

Which crypt cell(s) is/are involved in absorption?

Back 14

enterocytes

Front 15

Are enterocytes short or long lived?

Back 15

short

Front 16

Which crypt stem cells are involved in secretion?

Back 16

Paneth cells (fight bacteria in the Lumen), Entero endocrine (hormone secretion), mucus cells (lube up GI tract), and tuft cells (sensory cage)

Front 17

Enter endocrine cells are __________?

Back 17

endocrine-paracrinecells of the gut

Front 18

Voluntary system engagement?

Back 18

When you swallow and deficate

Front 19

Features of endocrine-paracrine cells?

Back 19

•Sensitive to luminal contents•Release hormones••Can act locally (ex. Gastrin secreted by G cells acting onparietal cells)•Can act on more distance organs (ex.Secretin secreted in duodenum acting on pancreatic duct cells)

Front 20

Parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system make up the _______ system.

Back 20

Extrinsic

Front 21

_________ makes up the intrinsic system.

Back 21

Enteric nervous system.

Front 22

Parasympathetic system is used through the ____ nerve and ____ area.

Back 22

Vagus, sacral

Front 23

Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system act upon the ___________.

Back 23

Enteric nervous system

Front 24

Sympathetic system and GI?

Back 24

CNS and sympathetic ganglia

Front 25

Sympathetic ganglia acts upon the _____ and the ______.

Back 25

Enteric system and blood vessels

Front 26

Enteric nervous system has approximately ____ neurons.

Back 26

100 million

Front 27

Enteric nervous system neurotransmitters?

Back 27

•Acetylcholine•Norepinephrine•ATP•Serotonin•Dopamine•Cholecystokinin•SubstanceP•Vasoactiveintestine polypeptide•Somatostatin•Leu-enkephalin•Met-enkephalin•bombesin

Front 28

____ and Innervation tend to go together.

Back 28

Musculature

Front 29

Muscle types of Gi tract?

Back 29

Striated or smooth

Front 30

Striated muscle is found in the _______.

Back 30

anus and esophagus

Front 31

Major functions of muscles in GI tract?

Back 31

Churning (MIXING FOOD), Propulsion(peristalsis), and Reservoir (contain stuff)

Front 32

Variations in GI tract muscles?

Back 32

•location:mucularis mucosa(thin), muscularis externa(robust)

• thickness (sparse vs robust)•

•innervation •

•function

Front 33

There are as many neurons in the enteric system as the spinal cord, true or false?

Back 33

TRUE

Front 34

The striated muscle type in the GI tract?

Back 34

Visceral

Front 35

Smooth muscle is made up of_________.

Back 35

Myofibers

•Spindle-shaped fibers

•Nucleus – ‘Corkscrew’ shape when cell contracts

DenseBodies

Slide against each other to cause contractions

Front 36

Magnitude of resting membrane potential?

Back 36

•mean -60mV

Front 37

_____ fluctuations in the circular layer of the smooth muscle.

Back 37

Rhythmic

Front 38

Rhythmic fluctuations in smooth muscle are called ______________.

Back 38

Myogenic slow waves

Front 39

•Basal electrical rhythm (BER) ?

Back 39

= frequency of slow waves.

5-15 mV

Front 40

Do myogenic waves ALWAYS lead to contractions?

Back 40

No

Front 41

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC)?

Back 41

"Pacemakers" - make slow wave on to the smooth muscle

Front 42

BER?

Back 42

Basal electrical rhythm.

determines the frequency of the contractions in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract

3-12 contracts per minute.

Front 43

Most contractions per minute (BER) is in the?

Back 43

Duodenum

Front 44

Muscle contractions only occur at _________.

Back 44

peaks

Front 45

The threshold for GI muscle contracts is at _________.

Back 45

-40mV

Front 46

Peaks last about?

Back 46

10-20ms, 10-40x as long than nerve

Front 47

What type of channels does the gI tract use?

Back 47

Calcium-sodium.

These channels are slow, offer more action potential.

Front 48

Slow waves don't lead to__________.

Back 48

Contractions and calcium entry.

Front 49

Spikes lead to ______________.

Back 49

Contractions and calcium entry.

Front 50

Slow waves determine?

Back 50

timing, rate and STRENGTH

Front 51

Sphincters:

Back 51

• Areas of high intraluminal pressure

• Divide the tube into functional segments

• Prevent reflux of contents

Front 52

Where are sphincters located?

Back 52

esophagus – upper and lower pyloric ileocecal anal – internal and external

Front 53

Tongue is a ___________.

Back 53

•Fibromuscularorgan with roles in movement and lubrication of food, vocalization, immunedefense, innate defense, etc.

Front 54

Ectoderm forms ____ of tooth.

Back 54

top

Front 55

Mesenchyme forms the ________of a tooth.

Back 55

Inside, dentin/root

Front 56

•Ameloblasts become?

Back 56

Enamel

Front 57

Odontoblasts become?

Back 57

Dentin

Front 58

Types of salivary glands?

Back 58

Major and Minor.

Front 59

Minor Salivary glands?

Back 59

Lips, Lingual, and Buccalmucosa

Front 60

Major Salivary glands?

Back 60

Parotid, Sublingual, and Submandibular

Front 61

Which salivary gland produces most of secretions when you smell something?

Back 61

Submandibular

Front 62

What is saliva made of?

Back 62

*Water - about 1-1.5 liters/day

*Ions - esp. K, Na, Bicarbonate, Chloride

*Enzymes and other glycoproteins

*Antibacterial agents (“licking your wounds”) §Immunoglobulins

*Cells - including lymphocytes, ‘shed’ epithelia *Other - including R protein (facilitates binding of Vitamin B12 by Gastric Intrinsic Factor) (R protein is now known as Haptocorrin. Sometimes called transcobalamin I)

Front 63

Ions in saliva are mainly?

Back 63

Potassium, sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate

Front 64

Functions of saliva?

Back 64

*Moisten/lubricatefood; wash out salts/sugars that stimulate taste buds - thus triggeringcephalic phase of gastric and intestinal activities; provide buffering solutionto keep pH near neutral (6-8)

*Initiatedigestion of carbohydrates (amylase) and fats (lingual lipase)

*Bacteriostatic/bacteriocidalactions; also contains IgA (produced by plasma cells, modified by acini)

*Facilitatespeech by lubricating surfaces of tongue, cheeks, teeth, lips

*Cleanseteeth, kill bacteria, and provide ionic milieu that “stabilizes” enamel;reduces incidence of caries

Front 65

ionicmilieu?

Back 65

Stabilizes enamel

Front 66

Acini dump their material into ______.

Back 66

Ducts

Front 67

Two main secretory cells?

Back 67

Serous– alpha- amylase

Mucous– mucinglycoprotein and proline–rich glycoprotein

Front 68

Ion transportdrives _____ transfer to lumen.

Back 68

Water

Front 69

Fluid is _______ at low flow rates

Back 69

hypotonic

Front 70

At_____ flow rates, the ductalcells have less time to modify the saliva and final saliva most closely resembles plasma

Back 70

high

Front 71

Compositionof saliva varies based on _____.

Back 71

flow rate

Front 72

HCO and saliva

Back 72

Lowest at low flow rates andhighest in saliva at high flow rates due to the fact that secretion isselectively stimulated when saliva production is stimulated by parasymstimulation.

Front 73

1)Salivary secretion is exclusively underneural control by the ____________,whereas the other GI secretions are under both neural and hormonal control

Back 73

autonomic nervous system

Front 74

Salivary secretion is increased by both __________, although parasym is dominant

Back 74

parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation

Front 75

Parasympathetic

Back 75

Leadsto copious flow &vasodilation; lowin organic contents

Up to a 20-fold increase in blood flowand 10 fold increase in secretion

anti-cholinergic medications can lead to”dry mouth”

Menopause and lower estrogen tend todecrease salivary rates.

Front 76

Sympathetic system?

Back 76

increasesflow butalso causes vasoconstriction)

rich in organic content

Stimulates myoepithelial cells

Front 77

Esophagus is made up of what two muscle layers?

Back 77

Longitudinal and circular

Front 78

Upper part of esophagus is _____ muscle?

Back 78

striated

Front 79

Middle 1/3 of esophagus is ________.

Back 79

Smooth and striated

Front 80

Lower 1/3 of esophagus is _________.

Back 80

Smooth muscle.

Front 81

No _______ in the esophagus.

Back 81

Serosa (maybe some near stomach)

Front 82

Nerves involved in swallowing?

Back 82

nucleus retrofacialis and nucleusambigus

Projectsto the Upper third of the esophagus

Somaticnerves – acetylcholine via nicotinic receptors

Front 83

Parasympathetic?

Back 83

Dorsalmotor nucleus

Front 84

Sympathetic nervous system?

Back 84

•T5-T6to lower 2/3 esophagus and T6-T10 to theLES

Front 85

Sensory affects?

Back 85

•Vagusto the nucleus tractus solitarius- connection back to the n. ambiguus to complete the circuitry

Front 86

Swallowing is ___________.

Back 86

Conscious and voluntary.

Front 87

Everything after swallowing is ________.

Back 87

Autonomic

Front 88

Tongue moving back prevents _________ and pushes down on the _________.

Back 88

food going up the nose, pushes down on epiglottis and pulls up hyoid to prevent food from going into trachea

Front 89

Constriction from upper espousal sphincter causes pressure which drives ______.

Back 89

food down the throat

Front 90

Primary peristaltic wave?

Back 90

First wave from pressure of UES closing.

Front 91

Secondary peristaltic wave?

Back 91

Food continuing down tube.

If food is stuck in throat, muscles keep contracting.

Front 92

UES has most or least pressure?

Back 92

Most, +100 mm Hg

Front 93

Esophagus has about _____ pressure.

Back 93

-5 mm Hg

Front 94

LES has _____ pressure.

Back 94

+20 mm Hg

Front 95

Stomach has _____ pressure.

Back 95

+5 mmHg

Front 96

If LES doesn't work properly, leads to?

Back 96

acid reflux

Front 97

Peristalsis is controlled by what two mechanisms?

Back 97

Smooth Muscle and striated muscle involved.

Front 98

Instriatedportion, because CNS neurons areactivated sequentially; suppressed by ________.

Back 98

vagotomy

Front 99

In smoothmuscle portion, because of a latency gradient for __________.

Back 99

"Off response“.

Front 100

Intrinsic characteristicof _____________ causes delay ofcontraction keyto peristalsis

Back 100

smooth muscle

Front 101

Which hormones increases pressure in LES?

Back 101

1.Gastrin2.Motilin3.Substance P4.Pancreatic polypeptide5. Pitressin(vasopressin)6.Angiotensin II

Front 102

Which hormones decrease pressure in LES?

Back 102

1.Secretin2.Cholecystokinin3.Glucagon4.Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP)5.Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP)6.Progesterone.

Front 103

Atomic areas of the stomach?

Back 103

Cardia, Fundus, Corpus, Antrum, and Pylorus.

Front 104

Functional/physiologic areas of stomach?

Back 104

Oxyntic and Pyloric

Front 105

Parietal cells secrete?

Back 105

Protons and chloride ions

Front 106

Chief cells?

Back 106

Make enzymes that begin to breakdown protein, zymogens.

Front 107

Entero endocrine cells?

Back 107

Hormones for controlling GI activity.

Front 108

Exocrine secretions?

Back 108

H+, Ions (Na+, K+,Cl-, HCO3-), Pepsinogens, Water, Intrinsicfactor, and Mucus

Front 109

What does hydrogen ions do in the stomach?

Back 109

generated by parietal cells - kills bacteria and denatures proteins

converts pepsinogen to pepsin

Front 110

What do Ions (Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-) do in the stomach?

Back 110

protect mucosa

Front 111

Pepsinogens do what?

Back 111

Secreted by chief cells - secretion stimulated by vagal impulses - converted to pepsin, which digests proteins •

Front 112

Water?

Back 112

Dissolves and dilutes ingested materials

Front 113

Intrinsic factor?

Back 113

secreted by various GI epithelial cells

Front 114

Mucus in the stomach does what?

Back 114

(merocrine secretion, i.e. exocytosis)

protects surface of stomach from high concentration of protons

Front 115

Parietal cell makes HCL, which is?

Back 115

stomach acid

Front 116

What activates the chemical pathway for gastric secretion?

Back 116

Histamine, gastrin, and acetylcholine.

Front 117

Inhibitory hormones for gastric secretion pump?

Back 117

prostaglandin and somatostatin

Front 118

Entero Chromaffin like cell?

Back 118

Like an endocrine cell.

Secrete histamine.

Front 119

In an entero chromatin like cell, what are the excitatory hormones on the pathway?

Back 119

catecholamines, acetycholine, gastrin, and prostaglandins.

Front 120

In an entero chromatin like cell, what are the inhibitory hormones on the pathway?

Back 120

TGFa, Somatostatin, and histamine.

Front 121

Cephalic phase?

Back 121

Haven't eaten in awhile, walk by cafeteria and smell food.

Haven't tasted food yet.

Front 122

What happens during cephalic phase?

Back 122

1) Parietal cells stimulated by vagus nerve to create HCL.

2) vagus nerve can also stimulate ECL to make histamine.

3) Stimulates g-cell (entero-endocrine), secretes gastrin. Gastrin acts on parietal cell, activates it even more.

Front 123

Gastric phase?

Back 123

Food in stomach.

Front 124

What happens during gastric phase?

Back 124

1) food stimulates G cells

2) Acid stimulates D cells (Somastatin)

3) Acid inhibits G cells

Front 125

Intestinal phase?

Back 125

Food moves out of stomach into intestinal.

Digestion and absortion.

Front 126

What happens during the intestinal phase?

Back 126

Act to inhibit

I cell (CCK) - acts upon pancreas, stimulates enzyme secretion

S cell (Secretin) -acts upon pancreas, alkaline secretion

Pancreas secretes information to beginning of intestines.

Front 127

Mucus cells prevent?

Back 127

Stomach acid from boring through stomach.

Front 128

pH of lumen is around ____.

Back 128

1.5

Front 129

pH of mucus cells are approximately ________.

Back 129

7

Front 130

Histamine receptors antagonists do what?

Back 130

Block histamine receptor, parietal cell won't feel effects.

Front 131

Other types of inhibitory drugs on parietal cells?

Back 131

Anticholinergic or proton pump inhibitor (most effective)

Front 132

Food enters and then....

Back 132

vagovagal reflex and possibly lower muscle tone.

Ex. if you wait a little after eating then you won't feel as full.

Front 133

Gastric transit?

Back 133

1) start in fundus

2)moves to antrum

Front 134

Larger food tends to be in the _______, while smaller food is in the __________.

Back 134

Fundus, antrum.

Contents get layered, like pebbles at a river.

Front 135

THE GASTRIC TRANSIT tends to be slow or fast?

Back 135

Pretty fast (100 ml/min, w/o increased pressure

Front 136

Weak peristalsis starts in the middle of the stomach and moves toward the _______.

Back 136

antrum and becomes stronger.

Front 137

How often is a new wave in the stomach?

Back 137

low rhythmic contractions every 20 seconds

Front 138

Retropulsioncreatesmore mixing by the ________.

Back 138

Duodenum

Front 139

Sphincter by duodenum narrows as wave approaches.... leads to...

Back 139

Enhanced retropulsion.

Front 140

Keeping contents around longer puts the stomach at more danger for acid problems, true or false.

Back 140

False. Breaking food down helps the duodenum be protected from the acid.

Front 141

Emptying contractions in the stomach are _____ times stronger.

Back 141

6X, 20% of the time that food is still in stomach.

Front 142

Gastric motor patterns?

Back 142

Fed and Fasting.

Front 143

Fed state?

Back 143

–Receptive Relaxation

•Initiated by swallowing, enhanced by vasovagal reflex

–Slow sustained contractions

•Mixing contractions.

–Gastric emptying and peristaltic contractions

Front 144

Fasting state?

Back 144

Migrating Motility Complex

Front 145

During fasting state, you get a strong contraction every _____ that travels all the way down GI tract.

Back 145

an hour and a half.

Migrating mortality complex.

Front 146

If you snack all the time_____.

Back 146

Never enter an MMC.

Front 147

If you have fatty substances in the illeum?

Back 147

Fat takes awhile to digest, so they tell the stomach to slowwww everything down.

Ileum brake.

Front 148

Gastric ileum reflex?

Back 148

Potty training.

When you eat food, the body sends a signal to use the bathroom.

Feed dog in morning...natural reflex to use the bathroom.

When you eat...body stimulated to dedicate.

Front 149

MCC?

Back 149

time 0 -nothing

time 2- infrequent contractions

time 3 - intense contractions, small intestines sweeps food through.

Front 150

Small intestines comprised of?

Back 150

Duodenum(~25 cm), Jejunum(~2.5 m), &Ileum(3.5 m)

Actual living person may be smaller.

Front 151

Function of small intestines?

Back 151

Digestion,absorption (transportation), and motility.

Front 152

Structure of small intestines?

Back 152

Mucosa (large surface area made up of place, villa, and microvilli).

Muscular externa, enteric nervous system.

Front 153

Place circulares?

Back 153

Small folds that increase surface area of small intestines.

Front 154

EM of enterocytes

Back 154

tall columnar absorptive cell

Front 155

Brush border is made up of?

Back 155

microvilli, sub cellular projections.

Increase surface area.

Front 156

Lymphocytes fight off ______ that have snuck into small intestines.

Back 156

bacteria

Front 157

Digestion occurs in what 3 places?

Back 157

1) Inthe lumen of the intestine: Intraluminal

2) Atthe apicalmembrane of enterocytes

3) Withinthe cytoplasm of enterocytes

Front 158

Paneth cells secrete products in the lumen of intestines to...

Back 158

fight off bacteria

Front 159

Three things we break down?

Back 159

Protein, Carbs, and fat

Front 160

Major source of carbs?

Back 160

Starches

Front 161

Breakdown of starch?

Back 161

1) Starts in salivary gland area

2) Continues in stomach w/ pancreatic amylase

3) Breakdown to glucose and oligomers

4) hydrolyzed by sucrase, lactase, and lathes into glucose, fructose, and galactose.

5) transported out of the cell into interstitial and blood.

Front 162

Protein digestion in small intestine?

Back 162

1) Protein becomes pepsin in stomach

2) peptidases come from pancreas into the lumen

3) broken down into amino acids and oligomers

4) Hydrolyzed at the brush border of the cell

5) turned into di and try amino acids

6) hydrolyzed by cytoplasmic proteases

7) turns into amino acids

Front 163

Fat is water soluble, true or false?

Back 163

False

Front 164

Digestion of lipids and absorption?

Back 164

1) Emulsification/solubilization: bile salts, lecithin.

2) digestion by lipase (fat triggers CCK release that triggers pancreatic enzyme secretion)

3) Uptake

4) intracellular metabolism

Front 165

Lacteals are?

Back 165

Specialized capillaries of the sympathetic system.

Front 166

Intestinal motility?

Back 166

Aid absorption, substances moved through small intestines.

Front 167

How long does it take food to go down the esophagus?

Back 167

2-5 seconds

Front 168

How long does it take food to go through the stomach?

Back 168

1.5-2 hours

Front 169

How long does it take food to go through the small intestines?

Back 169

2-5 hours

Front 170

BER faster or small intestine motility?

Back 170

BER is faster.

Peristaltic waves occur but don't travel the entire length.

Front 171

Speed of food in small intestines?

Back 171

12 in duodenum area and slows down to 8-9 by ileum area.

Front 172

Fed patterns?

Back 172

Irregular contractions and periodically brief squeezing contractions which stimulate peristalsis

Front 173

Peristalsis controlled by _____ nervous system?

Back 173

Enteric.

Front 174

Peristalsis can't occur unless there are two layers of muscle, true or false?

Back 174

TRUE

Push and release

Front 175

MCC occurs in the small intestines in the same pattern as the stomach, true or false?

Back 175

TRUE

Front 176

Water transport in the colon is active, true or false?

Back 176

FALSE, it is passive.

Front 177

Water follows the ______ gradient?

Back 177

osmotic

Front 178

Stomach intakes about ____ L of water.

Back 178

2

Front 179

Endogenous secretions put in about ____ L of water.

Back 179

7

Front 180

The duodenum and jejunum absorb about ____ L of water.

Back 180

5.5

Front 181

Ileum and Colon absorb less water at ___ and ____, respectively.

Back 181

2, 1.3

Front 182

Actual feces contains about ____ ml of water.

Back 182

<200mL

Front 183

If we absorb too much water....

Back 183

constipation

Front 184

If we secrete too much water then it may lead to...

Back 184

diarrhea

Front 185

Water movement in the colon can be_________.

Back 185

Bidirectional.

Through water actual channels through the cell (aqua pores).

Or through para sailor fashion (junctions hold epithelial cells together).

Tight epithelial cell junctions don't let stuff pass through the cells.

Front 186

Pancreas,liver and gall bladder are considered the _______.

Back 186

Accessory organs.

Front 187

Pancreas is similar to a ___________.

Back 187

Salivary gland.

Front 188

Isletsof Langerhans are the?

Back 188

Endocrine portion of the pancreas.

Cells are located that secrete insulin.

Front 189

In the acinus of the pancreas...

Back 189

1) CCKand acetylcholine stimulated and have spontaneous secretion.

2) Sodium, Potassium, HCO3, and Cl act upon the protein.

3) Secretin is then stimulated and higher bicarbonate levels result.

Front 190

Secretions from the pancreas combine with _____ secretions and empty into the duodenum, through the major duodenum papilla.

Back 190

bile

Front 191

Liver is a _____.

Back 191

•Large and important organ withmultiple functions, involving both EXOCRINEand ENDOCRINE secretions - by same cells(HEPATOCYTES)

Front 192

Liver helps break things down and synthesize ______.

Back 192

proteins, except hemoglobins

Front 193

Functions of the liver?

Back 193

•Regulatesmetabolism (carbohydrates, lipids, protein)

* Breaksdown proteins and dissipates ammonia•Synthesizesproteins and other molecules (almostall of plasma proteins)

•ProducesBile

•Storesvitamins and iron

•Degradeshormones and inactivates and excretes drugs and toxins

Front 194

Bile is needed to digest _____ substances.

Back 194

fatty

Front 195

Liver vein still needs _____ from the veins to sustain cells.

Back 195

oxygen

Front 196

Portal triad?

Back 196

Blood coming in (venous blood w/ nutrients) coming in through portal vein, arterial blood with oxygen and they meet in sinusoids (mix together).

Bile goes in opposite direction, through small spaces into bile duct.

Front 197

in sinusoids Oxygenated blood mix, where and blood vessels come together.

Back 197

"hepatocytes"

Front 198

pH of liver bile?

Back 198

7.5

Front 199

pH of gallbladder bile?

Back 199

6.0

Front 200

The liver is primarily made up of?

Back 200

Sodium (141-165), Potassium (2.7-6.7), Calcium (1.2-3.2), Chloride (77-117), HCO3(12-55), total phosphorus (.15), bile acids (3-45), total fatty acids (2-7), bilirubin (1-2), phospholipids (1.4-8.2), cholesterol (1-3.2), and proteins (2-20).

Front 201

The gallbladder is primarily made of?

Back 201

Same composition as the liver but mostly Sodium (220), Chloride (31), Bile acids (32), total fatty acids (24), Chloride (15), and HCO3 (19)

Front 202

Live is comprised of both?

Back 202

Inorganic (electrolytes) and organic (bile acids, bile pigments, cholesterol, phospholipids, and protein.

Front 203

The primary section of both pancreas andliver are stimulatedby ____.

Back 203

CCK

Front 204

In both the liver and the pancreas, the primary is isotonic to _____, and the levels of Na, K and Cl areclose to plasma levels.

Back 204

plasma

Front 205

When stimulated by secretin, the ductular epithelial cells in the pancreas andliver contribute an _________with a high bicarbonate concentration.

Back 205

aqueous secretion

Front 206

Bile collects in the ________.

Back 206

gallbladder

Front 207

Relaxation of the schihphter allows bile to flow down to the _________.

Back 207

intestines

Front 208

Bile helps _____ break down.

Back 208

fat

Front 209

Enterohepatic circulation?

Back 209

bile recycling back from the intestines to the liver.

Front 210

Phases of gallbladder activity?

Back 210

•Interdigestive phase

•Cephalic phase

•Gastric phase

•Intestinal phase

Front 211

Interdigestive phase?

Back 211

Gallbladder–Stores & concentrates bile (5 to 15 fold)

–Capacity of 15 to 60 ml

–Absorbs Na +, Cl-, HCO3- and water

Front 212

Cephalic phase?

Back 212

Gall bladder contraction and sphincter of Oddi relaxation (vagal)

Front 213

Gastric phase?

Back 213

Gallbladder –Vago-vagal

Front 214

Intestinal phase?

Back 214

CCK major stimulant –Highest rate of emptying

Front 215

The bile in the gallbladder contains_____concentrations of bile acids, phospholipids and cholesterol as a resultof the reabsorption of water and electrolytes.

Back 215

higher

Front 216

Epithelial cells in the GI tract are?

Back 216

Specialized in different parts for secretion and absorption.

Front 217

Muscular mucosa contractions causes?

Back 217

A change in surface area.

Front 218

Circular muscle contraction causes?

Back 218

decrease in diameter of the lumen and GI tract.

Front 219

Longitudinal muscle contraction causes?

Back 219

shortening of GI tract segment.

Front 220

Submucosal plexus and mesenteric plexus comprise?

Back 220

The enteric nervous system and integrate/coordinate the morality, secretory, and endocrine functions of the GI tract.

Front 221

efferent fibers carry information from the ___ and ____ to the GI tract.

Back 221

brain stem and spinal cord

Front 222

Preganglionic parasympathetic fivers synapse in the ____ and _____.

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myenteric and submucosal.

Front 223

Vasovagal reflexes are?

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Reflexes in both afferent and efferent pathways in the vagus nerve.

Front 224

Myenteric plexus primarily controls what?

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Motility of the GI smooth muscle.

Front 225

Submucosal plexus primarily controls what?

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secretion and blood flow. Receives sensory information from chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors in the GI tract.

Front 226

4 official GI hormones?

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gastrin, CCK, secretin, GIP.

Front 227

Gastrin is?

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In the G cells of the stomach.

Stimulated by small peptides and amino acids, distention of stomach, vagus, inhibited by hydrogen ions in the stomach, and inhibited by somatostatin.

Causes increased gastric hydrogen ion secretion and stimulates growth of gastric mucosa.

Front 228

CCK is?

Back 228

In the I cells of the duodenum and jejunum.

Stimulated by small peptides and amino acids, and fatty acids.

Causes contraction of gallbladder and relaxation of the Oddi sphincter. Increased pancreatic enzyme, growth of exocrine oancrease, and inhibits gastric emptying.

Front 229

Secretin?

Back 229

S cells in duodenum, stimulated by hydrogen ions in duodenum, fatty acids and duodenum.

Causes increased pancreatic HCO3 secretion, increases billiard secretion, and decreased gastric secretion.

Front 230

GIP?

Back 230

In the duodenum and jejunum

Stimulated by fatty acids, amino acids, and oral glucose.

Causes insulin secretion and decreases hydrogen ion secretion

Front 231

Paracrines?

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released from endocrine cells in the GI mucosa.

Diffuse over short distance to act on target cells.

somastatin and histamine

Front 232

Somatostatin?

Back 232

secreted by cells throughout GI tract in response to H+ in the lumen. Inhibits release of GI hormones.

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Histamine

Back 233

secreted by mast cells of the gastric mucosa.