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58 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is the function of Auerbach's plexus? What is the function of Meissner's plexus?
Auerbach's plexus (Myenteric) = MOTILITY

Meissner's plexus (Submucosal) = SECRETIONS
Local Reflex Arcs are associated with what plexus?
It is associated with the submucosal and myenteric plexuses
T/F Central Reflex Arcs have cell bodies in the submucosa
FALSE!

Cell bodies are in the DRG
What cells located between that longitudinal and smooth muscle layers, generate slow waves?
Interstitial cells.
Do slow waves have input from the CNS?
No.
What determines the rate of peristalsis?
slow waves
Does the esophagus have slow waves? Where are slow waves first seen?
the esophagus does not have slow waves and the slow waves are first seen in the stomach
Where is the masticatory center which is responsible for oscillatory pattern of movements seen during mastication located?
in the BRAINSTEM
What is deglutition?
swallowing
The involuntary phase of deglutition is controlled by what part of the CNS?
The pons and medulla
Where are tactile receptors that are stimulated by a bolus for swallowing located ?
They are located in the pharynx
What forces the bolus into the esophagus?
a peristaltic wave of contraction in the muscles of the pharynx
Primary Peristalsis takes ____ seconds to go from ____ to stomach and it is controlled by the ____ nerve.
10 seconds, esophagus, vagal
What controls the second peristalsis?
intrinsic nervous system
T/F Esophageal peristalsis is influenced the the rate of swallowing and size of bolus
TRUE
What plexuses are responsible for motility and secretion in the stomach?
vagus and celiac plexus
T/F in response to gastric filling, FUNDUS and BODY are induced to relax by the the vagus
TRUE
In which anatomical part of the stomach does most mixing occur?
ANTRUM
What factors slow emptying?

- low or high ph?
-hyper/hypo tonic?
-peptides/amino acids/or fats?
LOW pH, HYPERtonicity, and PEPTIDES and AMINO ACIDS

- because they have a high nutritive value.
What is responsible for emptying large chunks of undigested material from the stomach?
Migrating Myoelectric Complex
Vomiting is controlled by the _____ through ______ innervation and it is ______movement
Medulla, Extrinsic, retrograde
What is the most common type of movement in the small intestines?
Segmentation - contraction of CIRCULAR muscle layer

(Peristalsis is also responsible but much less)
What is absorbed in the colon?
salts and water
In the fasting state, what is responsible for the contractile behavior of small intestines?
Migrating myoelectric complex
What innervates the proximal colon? what innervates the descending colon through anal canal ?
proximal colon - vagus

descending colon through anal canal - pelvic nerves
What is Hirschsprung disease?
absence of intramural plexuses colon remains constricted.
What are the contractions in the colon?
Haustral contraction- haustral shuttling of chyme

Mass movements - haustra disappear and are replaced by wakes of contraction resembling intesnse peristaltic waves - 1-3 times a day

NO MMC IN COLON
What is secreted by the Parotid gland? Submandibular and sublingual?
Parotid is Purely SEROUS AMYLASE

Submandibular and sublingual is mixed, more viscous saliva with mucins and amylase
What do acinar cells secrete?
protein rich glycoproteins
What happens to the concentration of Na, HCO3, CL, and pH as flow rate of saliva increases?
ALL INCREASE. => saliva becomes LESS hypotonic.
When saliva is first secreted it is ______, then as excretory ducts modify the secretions through removal of Na, Cl, and adding K+ and HCO3, it becomes HYPOTONIC
Isotonic
T/F Parasympathetic innervation in salivary glands stimulates low volume, low protein secretions.

Sympathetic?
FALSE!!

Parasympathetic stimulates high volume, protein containing secretions

Sympathetic stimulates low volume, high protein saliva.

(NOTE: removal of sympathetic nerves does not really affect salivary glands, but removal of parasympathetic glands causes ATROPHY)
What is the only gastric secretion required to maintain life?
Intrinsic factor - binds to B12 and allows it to be absorbed
What cells secrete HCL?
parietal
T/F Vomiting leads to hypokalemia
TRUE
What is the neurotransmitter, paracrine, and hormone involved in gastric acid decretion?
Neurotransmitter - Ach that binds to muscarinic (M3) receptors

Paracrine - from enterochromaffin cells and stimulate acid secretion through H2 receptors

hormone - gastrin produce histamine release.
What drug block the action of Ach binding to muscarininc receptors and what drug blocks action of histamine.
Atropine and Cimetidine
Do prostaglandins, somatostatin, and Epidermal growth factors inhibit or stimulate secretion of acid?
INHIBIT
Sight, smell, taste of food stimulates what phase of increased acid secretion?
cephalic

- mediated by vagus
How does somatostatin inhibit secretions of gastric acids?
It inhibits HCL from parietal cells, gastrin from G cells, and histamine from ECL cells
What stimulates the gastric phase?
distention of stomach and amino acids which bind to antral G cells to stimulate release of gastrin
T/F Increase in pH blocks the increase in gastric acid secretion induced by distention
FALSE.

a DECREASE <3 in pH will do this
What stimulates pepsinogen secretion ?
Activation of vagal cholinergics is the most important stimulus, low gastric pH.
What does the sphincter of Oddi connect?
it connects the main collecting duct into the duodenum
Does the pancreatic juice contain high levels or low levels of enzymes in the cephalic stage?
lov volume, high enzyme content
Acid in the small intestine stimulates secretion of _____
secretin
CCK stimulates secretion of ______, Secretin stimulates aqueous secretoin
enzymes
CCK is released by the _____ in response to fat
duodenum
CCK causes ______ of glallbladder and _____ of sphincter of Oddi
contraction, relaxation
T/F: Enteric nervous system is independent of CNS
TRUE
Receptive Relaxation is dependent on innervation by what nerve?
vagus
Fats in duodenum stimulates secretoion of ___ volume and ____ high protein content
low, high
What inhibits gastric juice emptying ?
antral pH 3.0
Contraction unique to colon?
Mass movement
Is saliva hypotonic or hypertonic to plasma?
hypotonic
Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system stimulates ___ volume, ___ protein content of saliva
low, high
What is the main stimulus for bile secretion?
presence of bile in hepatic portal system
Which type of motility is most common in fed state for small intestine?
segmentation